Learning Theories and Processes
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What was the outcome for dogs in the No-Escape Group during the shock experiment?

  • They became overly aggressive in response to the shocks.
  • They passively endured the shocks without learning avoidance. (correct)
  • They successfully escaped the shocks every time.
  • They learned to jump over the barrier to avoid shocks.

    • Which of the following concepts is associated with learned helplessness?

  • People may stop trying to escape uncontrollable situations. (correct)
  • Control over situations leads to learned behavior.
  • Negative experiences enhance problem-solving skills.
  • People become more motivated after negative experiences.

    • What is one drawback of focusing solely on the principles of rewards in learning?

  • It provides clear incentives for learning.
  • It may enhance critical thinking skills.
  • It can lead to irrelevant rewards that distract learners. (correct)
  • It encourages active participation from students.

    • What do behaviorist theories primarily concentrate on?

    <p>Observable responses and behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical guideline must be followed when conducting research involving humans?

    <p>Strict oversight by Institutional Review Boards. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the development of a learning environment benefit from understanding the role of attention?

    <p>By providing engaging and challenging materials. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of researchers biasing published research?

    <p>Limited progress in understanding learning processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect do cognitive theories primarily investigate?

    <p>Processes of interpretation and memory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the deficiency needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

    <p>They must be met before growth needs become motivating. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following critiques has been made about Maslow's hierarchy?

    <p>It has insufficient empirical support. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which need is considered typically the highest in Maslow's hierarchy?

    <p>Self-actualization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of behavior does behaviorism primarily focus on?

    <p>External rewards and punishments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Covington, self-worth is primarily about:

    <p>Achieving success and protecting competence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results when deficiency needs are met, according to Maslow?

    <p>They no longer drive behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Robert White's concept of competence refers to what fundamental human need?

    <p>The belief that one can handle their environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about self-actualization in Maslow's theory?

    <p>It often remains unfulfilled and is rarely fully attained. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vicarious reinforcement in social learning?

    <p>To inform the observer about appropriate behaviors in various settings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is NOT part of social learning theory?

    <p>Emotional transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In reciprocal causation, which elements interact to influence each other?

    <p>Behavior, personal factors, and environmental conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do infants demonstrate the ability to imitate behaviors according to the content provided?

    <p>By imitating facial expressions using mirror neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes modeling in the context of social learning?

    <p>Observing a model’s actions and imitating them (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the environment play as mentioned in the reciprocal causation model?

    <p>It encompasses conditions, stimuli, reinforcement, and punishment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential outcome when an observer witnesses a model performing a behavior with positive consequences?

    <p>The observer may increase the likelihood of imitating that behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element of cognitive factors in social learning theory helps to influence a learner’s action based on what they have observed?

    <p>Motivational processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do emotions affect cognitive engagement?

    <p>Positive emotions help focus and learning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between anxiety and fear?

    <p>Fear is related to specific threats, while anxiety is unfocused. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of self-conscious emotions?

    <p>Guilt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cognitive dissonance primarily motivated by?

    <p>Discomfort from conflicting information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does boredom impact student engagement?

    <p>It makes tasks seem too easy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of anxiety is considered a 'trait' characteristic?

    <p>Generalized anxiety about math. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do emotions have in memory retention?

    <p>Emotions make information more memorable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be said about the effects of anxiety on performance?

    <p>A little anxiety can be beneficial, especially for easier tasks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes perception?

    <p>It is an ongoing process that adds meaning to sensory information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of perception?

    <p>Sensation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle is NOT part of the Gestalt Law of Organization?

    <p>Behaviorism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kant, perception suggests that we view the world based on which of the following?

    <p>Our subjective experiences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Pragnanz' refer to in the context of perception?

    <p>The tendency to see complex patterns as simple forms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence an individual's perception?

    <p>Mathematical reasoning skills (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'interpretation' in the perception process?

    <p>The assignment of meaning to sensory information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of perception emphasizes the idea that individuals perceive their environment uniquely?

    <p>Personal significance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of conceptualization in human behavior?

    <p>To simplify confusion by categorizing reasoning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best defines symbolization?

    <p>It involves representing experiences through various forms of communication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a concept?

    <p>Positive and negative instances are used to define concepts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does language contribute to conceptualization?

    <p>It provides a means for clear communication of concepts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential factor affecting concept learning?

    <p>The salience of defining features. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does conceptualization help us with in relation to new situations?

    <p>Creating connections that assist in making predictions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does the ability to conceptualize start developing?

    <p>Around 3 months. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does moving from concrete to abstract involve in the context of conceptualization?

    <p>A process of generalization and discrimination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Theories

    • Learning is a process that involves relatively permanent changes in behaviour or capability to behave as a result of experience.
    • Other species learn afresh each generation, but humans inherit cultural knowledge, passed down through generations.

    Learning as a Process

    • Learning is an active process. Humans actively construct new ideas and concepts based on existing knowledge.

    Learning and Risk Taking

    • Learning involves taking risks. Trying and succeeding or failing provides experience which makes life interesting and expands opportunities.

    Psychological Definition of Learning

    • Psychologists define learning as a relatively permanent change in behaviour as a result of experience.

    Learning Definitions

    • A relatively permanent change in response potentiality which occurs because of reinforced behavior (Kimble, 1985)
    • A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience (Feldman, 1990)
    • Learning is an enduring change in behavior or in the capacity to behave which results from practice or experience (Shuell, 1986).
    • Learning is more than acquiring skills and knowledge it also includes attitudes, values, and emotional responses.
    • Learning is a long-term change. Mental representations live on.

    Passive and Active Learning

    • Passive learning occurs when learning happens to a learner, for example, a child learning about consequences after an experience
    • Active learning occurs when the learner is actively involved. This including doing something physically and reflecting on the experience to learn.

    Cognitive Processes

    • Information processing
    • Remembering
    • Understanding
    • Applying
    • Analysing
    • Evaluating
    • Creating

    Learning Capacity

    • Humans have the capacity to learn.
    • Learning is essential for survival and leads to changes in behaviour and mental associations.
    • Learning requires teaching, experience, and is the overt manifestation of change.
    • Humans have become more capable from accumulated knowledge and experiences and can adapt to new environments.
    • Humans are more flexible than animals in their learning abilities.

    Curiosity

    • Innate need to discover and understand the world around oneself is a primitive one.
    • Humans are naturally curious, this curiosity drove ancestors to explore, and learn from experiences.
    • Two types of curiosity: Epistemic (inborn love of knowledge/discovery; what helps us survive) and Perceptual (curiosity that wanes as we grow; fewer risks as we grow).

    Incidental Learning

    • Most learning occurs naturally as a way of life. It's a natural human trait.

    Freedom to Learn

    • Humans have natural potential to learn.
    • Learning happens when the individual knows it's relevant to their personal needs.
    • Threats to self-perception can hinder learning but can be overcome when external threats are minimized, allowing for more effective learning.

    Theoretical Frameworks in Learning

    • Theories try to explain factors affecting learning, and how to optimize learning environments, and facilitate learning.
    • Theories aren't guesses or opinions, but frameworks based on evidence, repeatedly tested, supported by experiments/hypotheses.
    • Theories help structure analysis and facilitate efficient development within a field (e.g., understanding natural world events).

    Psychology Theories

    • Models for understanding human thoughts, emotions and behaviours.
    • Two key components: Describing behaviour and making predictions about future thoughts, emotions, and behaviour.
    • Why theories of psychology? They offer valuable insight about psychology's history, provide deeper understanding of contemporary theories, and help predict future directions.

    Psychological Models of Learning

    • Learning continuum from behaviourist perspectives (interpersonal factors), cognitivism (intrapersonal factors) to sociological (societal factors.)
    • A progression from external to internal as aspects of the model of learning shifts from biological to sociological aspects.
    • Different theories of learning have evolved throughout time.

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    Related Documents

    Learning Theories PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores various theories of learning, highlighting how learning is a process that results in relatively permanent changes in behavior. It examines the active nature of learning, the role of cultural knowledge, and the importance of risk-taking in the learning process. Test your understanding of psychological definitions and key concepts related to learning.

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