Learning Theories and Instructional Strategies

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Questions and Answers

What characteristic is most associated with Engagers in the learning categorization?

They prefer collaborative group work.

They have a strong inclination towards memorization.

They tend to be reflective and use high order thinking skills. (correct)

They focus primarily on practical applications.

Which statement best embodies the approach of individuals who 'plan the work, work the plan'?

They assess their progress continuously to make adjustments. (correct)

They believe in spontaneous learning experiences.

They avoid setting specific goals to maintain flexibility.

They rely heavily on improvisation during learning activities.

What dimension of brain function is primarily addressed when an instructor prepares detailed instructional materials for learners?

Behavioral

Cognitive (correct)

Affective

Emotional

In terms of learner characteristics, which of the following options describes a common trait of Navigators?

They demonstrate a high level of curiosity. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not likely a trait of Engagers?

They often rely on external motivation. Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is involved when a person can explain and talk about their knowledge?

Declarative memory Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do experts face when teaching novices due to their knowledge structure?

Lack of clarity in declarative knowledge Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the six universal principles of learning identified by Stolovitch and Keeps?

Emotion Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of learning is acknowledged to be more powerful but less influenced by instructors?

Intrinsic reward Signup and view all the answers

In the context of procedural knowledge, what is the likely reason experts struggle when teaching novices?

Lack of awareness of their own knowledge gaps Signup and view all the answers

How do experts typically develop their skills in their respective fields?

In the form of refined procedural knowledge Signup and view all the answers

In the principles of learning, which is emphasized as crucial for effective instruction?

Structure of learning material Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of training that lacks consistency?

Slower improvement and confusion Signup and view all the answers

Which type of objective is exemplified by stating that students will apply systems engineering concepts?

Problem-centered objective Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines an outcome statement in education?

A description of student achievements post-instruction Signup and view all the answers

What are the three options besides conducting practical exercises in spill response?

Providing instruction on hazardous waste Signup and view all the answers

In which category does video and practice primarily fall?

Participatory skills training Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of training is likely to cause deviation from expectations?

Inconsistent training methods Signup and view all the answers

What does a 'problem-centered objective' primarily focus on?

Solving real-world challenges Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following objectives describes behavior development?

Develop safe behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What key element is critical for successful training and education?

Consistency in training Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension of brain function is likely being applied by Jane?

Cognitive Signup and view all the answers

Including the learners' perspectives and values in creating thoughtful learning experiences exemplifies which condition?

Enhancing meaning Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'establishing inclusion' in a learning environment?

Allowing learners to feel connected and respected Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes 'developing attitude' in education?

Using personal relevance and choice in learning Signup and view all the answers

Which condition focuses on helping learners recognize their effectiveness in acquiring skills?

Engendering competence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a condition that helps achieve motivation across culturally diverse groups?

Enhancing understanding Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is linked to the affective dimension of brain function?

Building emotional connections among learners Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is most crucial when establishing inclusion in a learning environment?

Facilitating social connections Signup and view all the answers

What does enhancing meaning primarily aim to achieve in a learning environment?

Connecting learning with learners' values Signup and view all the answers

Which educational condition focuses on creating favorable learning dispositions?

Developing attitude Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following responses is LEAST likely to be given by adult learners when asked about what makes a good training class?

I felt all topics were well-organized. Signup and view all the answers

Which principle does the instructor utilize when encouraging adult learners to share their ideas throughout the course?

Autonomy Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'readiness' refer to in the context of adult learning principles?

The motivation and preparation of individuals to learn. Signup and view all the answers

In Malcolm Knowles' principles of adult learning, which component emphasizes the importance of previous experiences of the learners?

Experience Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'metacognition'?

A strategy for assessing one's own understanding and thought processes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions aligns with the principle of action in adult learning?

Engaging learners in real-world problem-solving tasks. Signup and view all the answers

How does technical accuracy impact adult learners during a training class?

It contributes significantly to their understanding of the material. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the concept of autonomy in adult learning?

A learner completes an assigned project without guidance. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of adult learning is most directly related to how adults recognize the benefits of training content?

Readiness Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential misunderstanding of adult learners concerning the role of instructor feedback?

Feedback is unnecessary if self-directed learning is encouraged. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

ANSI Z490.1

ASSE serves as secretariat for ANSI accredited committee that developed the American National Standard: Criteria for Accepted Practices in Safety, Health, and Environmental Training.
Standard number is Z490.1

Analysis

Includes validation of training needs and objectives, assessment of needs, or even if training is needed.

Design and Development

Involves identifying and assembling the methodology and materials for the training program; design should be based on the findings of the analysis.

Implementation

Includes the actual performance of the training activity, such as classroom instruction, self-paced instruction, on-the-job training or other forms of training.

Evaluation

Determines if the objectives of the training program have been accomplished, and if desired outcomes were achieved; assessment/evaluation can occur during and after training and can feed into the next training cycle.

Establishing a Small Group

Involves subject matter experts to discuss the problem to find a resolution.

The Course's Objectives

Used as a short overview at the beginning of a training course to help learners mentally navigate the course; objective sections are usually kept short to minimize mental fatigue.

Objective

Even though it's an essay question, it remains objective when limited to an explanation of specific objectives. These are objective facts, and interpretations of them, may only have some degree of subjectiveness in grading.

Subjective

The interpretation of philosophy is subjective, and grading will vary based on individual experiences.

Instructor Skills

Instructional materials that include detailed directions for the material are considered cognitive.

Safety Professional Actions

Work with employees and supervisors to develop mutually agreed upon written/individual development plans. This plan outlines new training goals and safety-related responsibilities.

Declarative Memory

The memory that can be declared of facts, explicit memory.

Procedural Knowledge

Experts often have highly refined procedural knowledge; not necessarily refined declarative knowledge.

Reward

Intrinsic reward is considered more powerful than extrinsic reward; instructors have less ability to influence intrinsic reward.

Feedback

This principle relies on learner responses and instructor follow-up.

Response

Research shows covert responses are superior to overt responses for assisting the learning process.

Lecture

Considered the least effective group teaching method.

Defining Training Objectives

The first step in developing a safety training program is to acquire a training staff, determine the scope and content of the training program, define training objectives and obtain training materials.

Problem Solving Scenarios

If an expert faces a new problem with limited experience, a small group discussion of subject matter experts (SMEs or subject matter experts) are the best way to solve the problem.

Training Course Ice-Breakers

Starting with ice-breaker sessions is an effective way to improve training course involvement in all courses; sessions are short.

Essay Test

An essay-based test that requires an explanation of objectives is considered objective because it's based on facts and doesn't need subjective interpretation, even if grading may have some subjective input.

Subjective Interpretation

Subjectivity in interpreting meaning is based on both the student's and instructor's different backgrounds and information.

Training Courses

Safety-related training courses for managers will often be shorter than similar courses for line/operations employees.

Visual Explanations

Visual explanations using few words are best for a low-level formal education audience to explain processes/procedures.

Types of Survey Feedback

Responses to written surveys, personal discussions, and discussion groups are typical methods of obtaining feedback.

Statistical Evaluation Method

A x²-test determines the statistical significance of a test problem that missed more often than expected

Minimum Number of Exam Items

A minimum of 20 exam items is suitable for a viable statistical sampling.

Didactic Model

A teaching model for knowledge/information presentation which is often ethically and philosophically based.

Presentation Conduct

Moving presenters should use auditory signals.
Stationary presenters should use visual signals.
Auditory signals should be used for immediate action.

Learning Location

When the receiving location is noisy, any means of communication other than auditory signals should be used.

Trainer Skills

Trainer communication, interpretive skill, personal traits, interpersonal style, learning techniques, attending skills and process factors, are all important skills to support a productive training session.
Effective trainers have command of communicative skills, including, but not limited to, empathy, listening, and using clear, concise language, relevant to the subject being taught.

Attending Skills

Skills in communication and attending to audience members, including the skills of eye contact, attentive body language, and affirmative nonverbals support a productive learning experience.
Attending skills include maintaining participation, flow of interactions, and creating an inclusive environment.

Learner Ability

Three factors that affect learner ability are: childhood education, motivation, and prior knowledge. An evaluator's primary focus should be on the learner's ability to change.

Training Cycle Step

Testing training participants before class is the evaluation phase of the training cycle.

Problem Determination Phase

Determination of problems is part of the evaluation phase.

Training Development Step

Performing an analysis is the first step to developing training or instruction.
This also involves developing training objectives, validating the training methodology, and performing an initial student survey

Training Evaluation

Reaction measures participant satisfaction,
Learning measures the extent of knowledge gained.
Behavior measures whether skills are implemented, and
Results measures the business impact of training.

Necessary Training

Training is needed when employees are requesting it and when the employees need to know what they do not already know.
Further, training can be necessary when a survey indicates that employees aren't completing tasks properly or when an audit suggests training is the appropriate solution.

Training Types

On-the-job training, group methods, and individual methods are three most common training types.

Safety Hierarchy

Explain the safety hierarchy using declarative knowledge, including steps and definitions. Demonstrate riding a unicycle or performing a pre-flight check for an A-10 are not examples of using declarative knowledge.

Learner Types

Three categories of learners are: Navigators, Problem Solvers, and Engagers. These characteristics can inform how training is performed and will influence how it's perceived by each learner type.

Metacognition

Metacognition refers to higher-level cognitive processes that assist with analysis, understanding and controlling cognitive processes, primarily related to learning.
Five terms to describe metacognitive skills of learners are: planning, selecting, connecting, tuning and monitoring.

Cognitive Strategies

These strategies provide the ability to sift through and identify critical/important parts of a new material, to connect new/old material and to re-adjust ideas/conclusions when new information becomes more readily known.
Advance organizers, spatial, clustering and memory aids are different cognitive strategies. Image-rich comparisons are also a cognitive strategy.

Learning Types

Directive, receptive, guided discovery and exploratory are different learning types, which are critical for effective/task-oriented training.

Learning Philosophies

Zinn's Philosophy of Adult Education has five different philosophical orientations.

Imposter Syndrome

Imposter syndrome is an example of the anxiety/self-doubt that may occur when in the presence of a teacher or other learners. Such feelings stem from believing that competence is undervaluing.

Knowledge of Self

Understanding how one's beliefs and values impact the teaching method is knowledge of self. This includes knowledge of self-understanding, knowledge of content, knowledge of principles of practice, and knowledge of methods, all of which influence the training process.

Training in the Classroom

Joe likes to use ice-breakers to encourage classroom involvement. Using individual and group work activities in teaching and allowing learners to conduct their self-evaluation is considered a cognitive strategy in teaching and training.

Learning Environments

Using personal relevance and choice is an example of establishing inclusion, which can result in a favorable disposition in a learning environment.

Learning Contracts

A learning contract is an advancement in learning processes because it defines a plan for the learner’s experience. This plan guides the learner through a structured course. A learning, contract will prevent changes in the purpose (which is consistent with the general concepts in this study), place the learner partly or mostly in control of the process, and support self-directed learning techniques and web-based training.

Course Evaluation

Need/Objective/Content comparison is used to evaluate whether a course program is relevant to the needs and objectives.
Post-training surveys evaluate the retention and implementation of knowledge/skills learned.
Interviews help evaluate skills and knowledge when observation is not viable.
Instructor evaluation assesses instructor effectiveness, competence, and operational skills.
Effective learner evaluation can occur before, during, or after training.

Learner Motivation

A learners motivation directly affects their level of success during training. Factors influencing motivation include value, confidence, mood, confidence, ability, intelligence, self-efficacy, ability, and health, mood, environment, and health, relating to cognitive, affective, and perceptual dimensions.

Instructor Training

Instructors can be more effective when equipped with prior understanding of the learners, the course content and teaching principles, relevant to the learning experience. There is also a need to have an understanding of the subject matter being taught, which will help them create an appropriate learning environment.

Competency/Training/Instruction

Training includes a variety of techniques, including, but not limited to, lesson planning, delivery, and assessment. The instructional design, acquisition of materials, delivery of training, and evaluation are the key components of training.

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Description

This quiz explores various concepts related to learning categorization and instructional strategies. It includes questions about learner characteristics, memory types, and the challenges faced by experts when teaching novices. Test your understanding of the principles of learning and instructional design.