Learning Theories and Instructional Strategies
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Questions and Answers

What characteristic is most associated with Engagers in the learning categorization?

  • They prefer collaborative group work.
  • They have a strong inclination towards memorization.
  • They tend to be reflective and use high order thinking skills. (correct)
  • They focus primarily on practical applications.
  • Which statement best embodies the approach of individuals who 'plan the work, work the plan'?

  • They assess their progress continuously to make adjustments. (correct)
  • They believe in spontaneous learning experiences.
  • They avoid setting specific goals to maintain flexibility.
  • They rely heavily on improvisation during learning activities.
  • What dimension of brain function is primarily addressed when an instructor prepares detailed instructional materials for learners?

  • Behavioral
  • Cognitive (correct)
  • Affective
  • Emotional
  • In terms of learner characteristics, which of the following options describes a common trait of Navigators?

    <p>They demonstrate a high level of curiosity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not likely a trait of Engagers?

    <p>They often rely on external motivation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory is involved when a person can explain and talk about their knowledge?

    <p>Declarative memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge do experts face when teaching novices due to their knowledge structure?

    <p>Lack of clarity in declarative knowledge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the six universal principles of learning identified by Stolovitch and Keeps?

    <p>Emotion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle of learning is acknowledged to be more powerful but less influenced by instructors?

    <p>Intrinsic reward (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of procedural knowledge, what is the likely reason experts struggle when teaching novices?

    <p>Lack of awareness of their own knowledge gaps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do experts typically develop their skills in their respective fields?

    <p>In the form of refined procedural knowledge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the principles of learning, which is emphasized as crucial for effective instruction?

    <p>Structure of learning material (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of training that lacks consistency?

    <p>Slower improvement and confusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of objective is exemplified by stating that students will apply systems engineering concepts?

    <p>Problem-centered objective (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines an outcome statement in education?

    <p>A description of student achievements post-instruction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three options besides conducting practical exercises in spill response?

    <p>Providing instruction on hazardous waste (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which category does video and practice primarily fall?

    <p>Participatory skills training (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of training is likely to cause deviation from expectations?

    <p>Inconsistent training methods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 'problem-centered objective' primarily focus on?

    <p>Solving real-world challenges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following objectives describes behavior development?

    <p>Develop safe behaviors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key element is critical for successful training and education?

    <p>Consistency in training (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dimension of brain function is likely being applied by Jane?

    <p>Cognitive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Including the learners' perspectives and values in creating thoughtful learning experiences exemplifies which condition?

    <p>Enhancing meaning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'establishing inclusion' in a learning environment?

    <p>Allowing learners to feel connected and respected (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option best describes 'developing attitude' in education?

    <p>Using personal relevance and choice in learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition focuses on helping learners recognize their effectiveness in acquiring skills?

    <p>Engendering competence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a condition that helps achieve motivation across culturally diverse groups?

    <p>Enhancing understanding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy is linked to the affective dimension of brain function?

    <p>Building emotional connections among learners (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is most crucial when establishing inclusion in a learning environment?

    <p>Facilitating social connections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does enhancing meaning primarily aim to achieve in a learning environment?

    <p>Connecting learning with learners' values (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which educational condition focuses on creating favorable learning dispositions?

    <p>Developing attitude (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following responses is LEAST likely to be given by adult learners when asked about what makes a good training class?

    <p>I felt all topics were well-organized. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle does the instructor utilize when encouraging adult learners to share their ideas throughout the course?

    <p>Autonomy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'readiness' refer to in the context of adult learning principles?

    <p>The motivation and preparation of individuals to learn. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Malcolm Knowles' principles of adult learning, which component emphasizes the importance of previous experiences of the learners?

    <p>Experience (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term 'metacognition'?

    <p>A strategy for assessing one's own understanding and thought processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions aligns with the principle of action in adult learning?

    <p>Engaging learners in real-world problem-solving tasks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does technical accuracy impact adult learners during a training class?

    <p>It contributes significantly to their understanding of the material. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the concept of autonomy in adult learning?

    <p>A learner completes an assigned project without guidance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of adult learning is most directly related to how adults recognize the benefits of training content?

    <p>Readiness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential misunderstanding of adult learners concerning the role of instructor feedback?

    <p>Feedback is unnecessary if self-directed learning is encouraged. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Problem-centered objectives

    Training focused on providing clear goals and actionable tasks that directly relate to the desired skill or knowledge.

    Outcome statement

    A statement that describes what a learner should be able to do after completing a training course.

    Participatory learning

    A type of learning that encourages active participation and direct experience, such as hands-on activities, simulations, or role-playing.

    Skills learning

    A category of learning that focuses on developing practical abilities and skills, often involving hands-on practice and repetition.

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    Consistency in training

    The consistency of a training program ensures that everyone receives the same information and experiences, leading to predictable and consistent results.

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    Impact of inconsistent training

    Training that lacks consistency can lead to slower progress, confusion, and unpredictable outcomes.

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    Declarative Knowledge

    Knowledge that can be consciously recalled, explained, and expressed, often in the form of facts, concepts, and rules.

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    Procedural Knowledge

    Knowledge about how to perform specific tasks or skills. It's often acquired through practice and experience.

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    Why Experts Struggle to Teach

    Experts often struggle to teach novices because their expertise is primarily based on procedural knowledge, which is difficult to articulate and teach.

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    Reward in Learning

    Reward can be either internal (intrinsic) or external (extrinsic). Internal motivators (e.g., enjoyment, satisfaction) are generally more powerful than external ones (e.g., grades, prizes).

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    Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Rewards

    An intrinsic reward is a sense of accomplishment, satisfaction, or enjoyment one gets directly from engaging in an activity. Extrinsic rewards are external motivators such as grades, prizes, or praise.

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    Reward Principle

    A universal principle in learning that refers to the use of rewards and incentives to motivate learning.

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    Autonomy

    The ability of adult learners to direct their own learning process, leading to a sense of ownership and faster learning.

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    Readiness

    A key principle of adult learning where learners are receptive to the training content and recognize its benefits to themselves.

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    Metacognition

    A higher-level thinking process that involves analyzing, understanding, and controlling cognitive processes during learning.

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    Experience

    A principle of adult learning that highlights the importance of experiential knowledge.

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    Action

    A key principle of adult learning that emphasizes learners' desire to participate and apply what they learn to real-life situations.

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    Good Feedback from Instructor

    The least important factor adult learners consider when evaluating training effectiveness.

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    Encouraging Participation

    A process where instructors encourage adult learners to actively contribute suggestions and ideas, fostering a sense of ownership.

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    Experience-Based Learning

    The ability of adult learners to learn effectively through their own experiences and prior knowledge.

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    Active Learning

    A key principle of adult learning, where learners are actively engaged in the learning process and demonstrate a willingness to put their new knowledge into practice

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    Relevance to Personal Life

    The ability of adult learners to relate new information to their own lives, demonstrating a deeper understanding and application of knowledge.

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    Cognitive Function

    The ability to think, learn, and remember. It involves processes like attention, perception, memory, language, and problem-solving.

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    Affective Function

    The emotions and feelings associated with learning. It influences how engaged and motivated a learner is.

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    Physiological Function

    Physical states and processes that influence learning. This includes factors like sleep, nutrition, and stress.

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    Perceptual Function

    The ability to perceive and interpret sensory information. This includes sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste.

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    Establishing Inclusion

    A learning condition that helps learners feel included and respected, fostering a sense of connection and belonging.

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    Developing Attitude

    A learning condition that focuses on using personal relevance and choice to create positive attitudes towards learning.

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    Enhancing Meaning

    A learning condition that emphasizes incorporating learners' perspectives and values into learning experiences, making them meaningful and relevant.

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    Engendering Competence

    A learning condition that focuses on helping learners recognize the effectiveness and usefulness of learning.

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    Conditions for Motivation in Diverse Groups

    Factors that can motivate learning and encourage engagement in culturally diverse groups.

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    Learner-centered Strategy

    A strategy that focuses on incorporating learners' perspectives and values into learning experiences.

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    Engagers

    Learners who are passionate about learning, confident in their abilities, reflective in their thinking, and prioritize planning and execution.

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    Engaging learning

    A type of learning that actively engages learners through participation and interactive experiences.

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    Providing clear instructions

    The instructional strategy of providing learners with detailed directions and guidelines.

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    Cognitive dimension

    One of the three main dimensions of brain function, focusing on cognitive processes like thinking, problem-solving, and memory.

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    Preparing detailed instructional materials

    The process of preparing instructional materials that offer learners detailed directions and guidance on the course material.

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    Study Notes

    ANSI Z490.1

    • ASSE serves as secretariat for ANSI accredited committee that developed the American National Standard: Criteria for Accepted Practices in Safety, Health, and Environmental Training.
    • Standard number is Z490.1

    Analysis

    • Includes validation of training needs and objectives, assessment of needs, or even if training is needed.

    Design and Development

    • Involves identifying and assembling the methodology and materials for the training program; design should be based on the findings of the analysis.

    Implementation

    • Includes the actual performance of the training activity, such as classroom instruction, self-paced instruction, on-the-job training or other forms of training.

    Evaluation

    • Determines if the objectives of the training program have been accomplished, and if desired outcomes were achieved; assessment/evaluation can occur during and after training and can feed into the next training cycle.

    Establishing a Small Group

    • Involves subject matter experts to discuss the problem to find a resolution.

    The Course's Objectives

    • Used as a short overview at the beginning of a training course to help learners mentally navigate the course; objective sections are usually kept short to minimize mental fatigue.

    Objective

    • Even though it's an essay question, it remains objective when limited to an explanation of specific objectives. These are objective facts, and interpretations of them, may only have some degree of subjectiveness in grading.

    Subjective

    • The interpretation of philosophy is subjective, and grading will vary based on individual experiences.

    Instructor Skills

    • Instructional materials that include detailed directions for the material are considered cognitive.

    Safety Professional Actions

    • Work with employees and supervisors to develop mutually agreed upon written/individual development plans. This plan outlines new training goals and safety-related responsibilities.

    Declarative Memory

    • The memory that can be declared of facts, explicit memory.

    Procedural Knowledge

    • Experts often have highly refined procedural knowledge; not necessarily refined declarative knowledge.

    Reward

    • Intrinsic reward is considered more powerful than extrinsic reward; instructors have less ability to influence intrinsic reward.

    Feedback

    • This principle relies on learner responses and instructor follow-up.

    Response

    • Research shows covert responses are superior to overt responses for assisting the learning process.

    Lecture

    • Considered the least effective group teaching method.

    Defining Training Objectives

    • The first step in developing a safety training program is to acquire a training staff, determine the scope and content of the training program, define training objectives and obtain training materials.

    Problem Solving Scenarios

    • If an expert faces a new problem with limited experience, a small group discussion of subject matter experts (SMEs or subject matter experts) are the best way to solve the problem.

    Training Course Ice-Breakers

    • Starting with ice-breaker sessions is an effective way to improve training course involvement in all courses; sessions are short.

    Essay Test

    • An essay-based test that requires an explanation of objectives is considered objective because it's based on facts and doesn't need subjective interpretation, even if grading may have some subjective input.

    Subjective Interpretation

    • Subjectivity in interpreting meaning is based on both the student's and instructor's different backgrounds and information.

    Training Courses

    • Safety-related training courses for managers will often be shorter than similar courses for line/operations employees.

    Visual Explanations

    • Visual explanations using few words are best for a low-level formal education audience to explain processes/procedures.

    Types of Survey Feedback

    • Responses to written surveys, personal discussions, and discussion groups are typical methods of obtaining feedback.

    Statistical Evaluation Method

    • A x²-test determines the statistical significance of a test problem that missed more often than expected

    Minimum Number of Exam Items

    • A minimum of 20 exam items is suitable for a viable statistical sampling.

    Didactic Model

    • A teaching model for knowledge/information presentation which is often ethically and philosophically based.

    Presentation Conduct

    • Moving presenters should use auditory signals.
    • Stationary presenters should use visual signals.
    • Auditory signals should be used for immediate action.

    Learning Location

    • When the receiving location is noisy, any means of communication other than auditory signals should be used.

    Trainer Skills

    • Trainer communication, interpretive skill, personal traits, interpersonal style, learning techniques, attending skills and process factors, are all important skills to support a productive training session.
    • Effective trainers have command of communicative skills, including, but not limited to, empathy, listening, and using clear, concise language, relevant to the subject being taught.

    Attending Skills

    • Skills in communication and attending to audience members, including the skills of eye contact, attentive body language, and affirmative nonverbals support a productive learning experience.
    • Attending skills include maintaining participation, flow of interactions, and creating an inclusive environment.

    Learner Ability

    • Three factors that affect learner ability are: childhood education, motivation, and prior knowledge. An evaluator's primary focus should be on the learner's ability to change.

    Training Cycle Step

    • Testing training participants before class is the evaluation phase of the training cycle.

    Problem Determination Phase

    • Determination of problems is part of the evaluation phase.

    Training Development Step

    • Performing an analysis is the first step to developing training or instruction.
    • This also involves developing training objectives, validating the training methodology, and performing an initial student survey

    Training Evaluation

    • Reaction measures participant satisfaction,
    • Learning measures the extent of knowledge gained.
    • Behavior measures whether skills are implemented, and
    • Results measures the business impact of training.

    Necessary Training

    • Training is needed when employees are requesting it and when the employees need to know what they do not already know.
    • Further, training can be necessary when a survey indicates that employees aren't completing tasks properly or when an audit suggests training is the appropriate solution.

    Training Types

    • On-the-job training, group methods, and individual methods are three most common training types.

    Safety Hierarchy

    • Explain the safety hierarchy using declarative knowledge, including steps and definitions. Demonstrate riding a unicycle or performing a pre-flight check for an A-10 are not examples of using declarative knowledge.

    Learner Types

    • Three categories of learners are: Navigators, Problem Solvers, and Engagers. These characteristics can inform how training is performed and will influence how it's perceived by each learner type.

    Metacognition

    • Metacognition refers to higher-level cognitive processes that assist with analysis, understanding and controlling cognitive processes, primarily related to learning.
    • Five terms to describe metacognitive skills of learners are: planning, selecting, connecting, tuning and monitoring.

    Cognitive Strategies

    • These strategies provide the ability to sift through and identify critical/important parts of a new material, to connect new/old material and to re-adjust ideas/conclusions when new information becomes more readily known.
    • Advance organizers, spatial, clustering and memory aids are different cognitive strategies. Image-rich comparisons are also a cognitive strategy.

    Learning Types

    • Directive, receptive, guided discovery and exploratory are different learning types, which are critical for effective/task-oriented training.

    Learning Philosophies

    • Zinn's Philosophy of Adult Education has five different philosophical orientations.

    Imposter Syndrome

    • Imposter syndrome is an example of the anxiety/self-doubt that may occur when in the presence of a teacher or other learners. Such feelings stem from believing that competence is undervaluing.

    Knowledge of Self

    • Understanding how one's beliefs and values impact the teaching method is knowledge of self. This includes knowledge of self-understanding, knowledge of content, knowledge of principles of practice, and knowledge of methods, all of which influence the training process.

    Training in the Classroom

    • Joe likes to use ice-breakers to encourage classroom involvement. Using individual and group work activities in teaching and allowing learners to conduct their self-evaluation is considered a cognitive strategy in teaching and training.

    Learning Environments

    • Using personal relevance and choice is an example of establishing inclusion, which can result in a favorable disposition in a learning environment.

    Learning Contracts

    • A learning contract is an advancement in learning processes because it defines a plan for the learner’s experience. This plan guides the learner through a structured course. A learning, contract will prevent changes in the purpose (which is consistent with the general concepts in this study), place the learner partly or mostly in control of the process, and support self-directed learning techniques and web-based training.

    Course Evaluation

    • Need/Objective/Content comparison is used to evaluate whether a course program is relevant to the needs and objectives.
    • Post-training surveys evaluate the retention and implementation of knowledge/skills learned.
    • Interviews help evaluate skills and knowledge when observation is not viable.
    • Instructor evaluation assesses instructor effectiveness, competence, and operational skills.
    • Effective learner evaluation can occur before, during, or after training.

    Learner Motivation

    • A learners motivation directly affects their level of success during training. Factors influencing motivation include value, confidence, mood, confidence, ability, intelligence, self-efficacy, ability, and health, mood, environment, and health, relating to cognitive, affective, and perceptual dimensions.

    Instructor Training

    • Instructors can be more effective when equipped with prior understanding of the learners, the course content and teaching principles, relevant to the learning experience. There is also a need to have an understanding of the subject matter being taught, which will help them create an appropriate learning environment.

    Competency/Training/Instruction

    • Training includes a variety of techniques, including, but not limited to, lesson planning, delivery, and assessment. The instructional design, acquisition of materials, delivery of training, and evaluation are the key components of training.

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    Description

    This quiz explores various concepts related to learning categorization and instructional strategies. It includes questions about learner characteristics, memory types, and the challenges faced by experts when teaching novices. Test your understanding of the principles of learning and instructional design.

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