Learning Drugs in Affective Disorders Treatment

False (B)

Anhedonia

<p>monoamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sadness, hopelessness = Uni-polar depression Elevated mood, rapid speech = Bipolar depression Loss of libido, sleep disturbances = Uni-polar depression Impaired judgment, enthusiasm = Bipolar depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serotonin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depression and mania</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BDNF</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sadness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selegiline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibit the neuronal re-uptake of norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MAOIs = Inhibit monoamine oxidase, leading to increased neurotransmitter levels TCAs = Named for their three-ringed structure Selective MAO-B inhibitors = Available as a transdermal patch Atypical antidepressants = Work by mechanisms other than increasing NE and 5-HT</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Occipital headache (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase norepinephrine (NA) and/or serotonin (5-HT) in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>sympathomimetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2-3 weeks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dry mouth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nocturnal enuresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>orthostatic hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amitriptyline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Therapeutic index</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Convulsions, Cardiac arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imipramine = Nocturnal enuresis treatment Amitriptyline = Prevent migraine Muscarinic antagonists = Dry mouth H1 blockers = Sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased alertness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities. It is the most common type of depression.

A mood disorder characterized by alternating episodes of mania and depression.

An emotional symptom of depression that involves feeling a sense of worthlessness and lack of self-esteem.

An emotional symptom of depression that involves a lack of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyable.

A biological symptom of depression that involves changes in sleep patterns, such as difficulty falling asleep or waking up too early.

A biological symptom of depression that involves changes in appetite, often leading to weight loss or weight gain.

The theory suggesting that depression is caused by a deficiency of neurotransmitters, particularly norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT), in the brain.

A theory suggesting that depression involves reduced levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and disruptions in the hypothalamus-pituitary axis.

The state of having elevated mood, increased energy, and a sense of euphoria that often accompanies bipolar disorder.

Episodes of major depressive disorder (MDD) that occur at intervals throughout a person's life.

Drugs designed to treat depression by increasing neurotransmitter levels in the brain, primarily norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT).

The process of inhibiting the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO), which breaks down neurotransmitters like norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine.

A type of antidepressant that irreversibly inhibits both MAO-A and MAO-B enzymes, leading to increased levels of neurotransmitters.

A drug that blocks the MAO-B enzyme, which is primarily involved in dopamine metabolism.

The time it takes for a drug to reach its full therapeutic effect. For MAOIs, this delay is due to the need for new enzyme production.

A dangerous reaction that can occur when MAOIs are combined with certain foods or medications containing tyramine. It causes a rapid increase in blood pressure.

A class of antidepressants with three-ring structures. They work by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.

The process of the presynaptic neuron taking back neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft, reducing their availability.

The specific action of TCAs in preventing the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, leading to increased levels in the synapse.

The time taken for the therapeutic effect of a drug to decline after stopping its use. For TCAs, this delay is because of the time it takes for neurotransmitter levels to return to normal.

Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) are a class of medications prescribed for depression and other conditions. They are effective by increasing the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain, leading to improved mood.

TCAs can require several weeks of treatment to achieve maximum therapeutic benefit. This means that it takes time for the medication to reach its full effects.

TCAs have strong anticholinergic effects, meaning they block the action of acetylcholine in the body. This can lead to side effects like dry mouth, constipation, and blurred vision.

TCAs can cause sedation due to their antihistamine properties. They can also block alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, which can lead to orthostatic hypotension (dizziness when standing up quickly) and reflex tachycardia (increased heart rate).

TCA overdose can lead to a serious condition characterized by three main symptoms: coma (excessive sedation), convulsions, and cardiac arrhythmias (irregular heartbeat) .

While tolerance develops to the anticholinergic and autonomic effects of TCAs over time, there is no tolerance to the antidepressant effects.

TCAs have a narrow therapeutic index. This means that the difference between the therapeutic dose and a toxic dose is small and careful monitoring is essential.

Sodium bicarbonate can be used to treat TCA-induced arrhythmias. It helps by decreasing the binding of the TCA to the heart's sodium channels, thereby reducing their effect on heart rhythm.