Learning Disabilities in Children

Study Notes

Learning Disability (LD)

A disorder in one or more basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using language for speaking and writing.
May manifest in disorders of listening, thinking, talking, reading, writing, spelling, or arithmetic.
Characterized by a discrepancy between achievement and intelligence.

Types of LD

Dyslexia: A mix of complex reading, writing, and learning troubles in which letters and numbers are reversed or seen upside down.
70% of LDs are right brain dominants.
Dyscalculia: A specific learning disability in mathematics, particularly difficulty in performing arithmetic.

Dyslexia

Causes: Hereditary, birth trauma, postnatal problem, prenatal problem, and if the mother is an alcoholic.
Symptoms:
- Shapes or sequences of letters or numbers appear changed or reversed.
- Spelling is incorrect or inconsistent.
- Words or lines are skipped when reading or writing.
- Letters and numbers appear to move, disappear, grow, or shrink.
- Punctuation marks or capital letters are omitted, ignored, or not seen.
- Words and letters are omitted, altered, or substituted while reading or writing.
- Some speech sounds are difficult to make or mispronounced.
- False sounds are perceived.
- The person appears to not listen or hear what is said.
- Excessive daydreaming, and trouble being on time.
- Hyperactivity or hypoactivity can occur due to frustration.
Deviations in language production:
- Addition
- Deletion
- Substitution
- Repetition
- Reversal
Not caused by brain damage or stupidity; many dyslexics are far brighter than average.
Often mistaken as a learning disability, but actually, it's a teaching disability, requiring specialized training for teachers.

Subtypes of Dyslexia

Dysphonetic (Auditory Dyslexia): Difficulty connecting sounds to symbols, leading to regular spelling mistakes and difficulties in sounding out words.
Dyseidetic (Surface Dyslexia or Visual Dyslexia): Difficulty with word recognition and spelling, related to visual information processing.

Description

This quiz assesses knowledge about learning disabilities in children, including the disorders they exhibit, and the difference between achievement and intelligence. It also covers other related handicaps.