Questions and Answers
What is the definition of learning?
What is associative learning?
Learning that certain events occur together.
Define stimulus.
Any event or situation that evokes a response.
What is cognitive learning?
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What characterizes classical conditioning?
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What is a neutral stimulus (NS) in classical conditioning?
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Define unconditional response (UR).
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What is a conditioned response (CR)?
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What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
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What does acquisition mean in classical conditioning?
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Define extinction in classical conditioning.
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What is spontaneous recovery?
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Define generalization in classical conditioning.
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What does discrimination mean in classical conditioning?
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What is respondent behavior?
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What is operant conditioning?
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Define operant behavior.
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What is an operant chamber?
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Define reinforcement.
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What is shaping in operant conditioning?
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What is positive reinforcement?
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Define negative reinforcement.
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What is a primary reinforcer?
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What is a conditioned reinforcer?
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Define continuous reinforcement.
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What is a reinforcement schedule?
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What is partial reinforcement?
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Study Notes
Learning Concepts
- Learning is the process of acquiring information or behaviors through experience, leading to relatively enduring changes.
- Associative learning involves linking events, either through classical conditioning (stimuli) or operant conditioning (response and consequences).
Types of Learning
- Cognitive Learning: Acquiring mental information by observing events, watching others, or through language.
- Classical Conditioning: Learning to associate two or more stimuli to anticipate events.
Key Terminology in Classical Conditioning
- Stimulus: An event or situation that provokes a response.
- Neutral Stimulus (NS): A stimulus that does not initially evoke a response before conditioning.
- Unconditional Response (UR): An innate response, such as salivation, triggered by an unconditioned stimulus (US).
- Conditioned Response (CR): A learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus that has become conditioned.
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response.
Processes in Classical Conditioning
- Acquisition: The initial stage in which a neutral stimulus is linked to an unconditioned stimulus to trigger a conditioned response.
- Extinction: The gradual weakening of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.
- Spontaneous Recovery: The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a pause.
- Generalization: The tendency to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble a conditioned stimulus.
- Discrimination: The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli.
Behavior Concepts
- Respondent Behavior: Automatic responses to specific stimuli.
- Operant Conditioning: Learning that occurs through reinforcement or punishment affecting behavior.
- Operant Behavior: Actions that produce consequences, influencing the environment.
Operant Conditioning Procedures
- Operant Chamber (Skinner Box): A device used in research to study operant conditioning, where animals manipulate a lever for food or water rewards.
- Reinforcement: Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.
- Shaping: Gradually guiding behavior toward a desired outcome through reinforcement.
Types of Reinforcement
- Positive Reinforcement: Strengthens behavior by presenting a positive stimulus.
- Negative Reinforcement: Strengthens behavior by removing negative stimuli, distinct from punishment.
- Primary Reinforcer: Naturally reinforcing events that satisfy biological needs.
- Conditioned Reinforcer (Secondary Reinforcer): Gains reinforcing power through association with primary reinforcers.
Reinforcement Schedules
- Continuous Reinforcement: Providing reinforcement every time a desired response occurs.
- Reinforcement Schedule: A defined pattern for how often a response will be reinforced.
- Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement: Only reinforcing a response sometimes, leading to slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts of learning, focusing on associative learning, classical conditioning, and cognitive learning. Explore the key terminology and principles that explain how learning occurs through experience and behavior modification.