Learning Concepts and Conditioning
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of learning?

  • The process of acquiring new information or behaviors through experience. (correct)
  • A method of memorization.
  • The act of observing others.
  • The ability to recall past information.

    • What is associative learning?

    Learning that certain events occur together.

    Define stimulus.

    Any event or situation that evokes a response.

    What is cognitive learning?

    <p>The acquisition of mental information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes classical conditioning?

    <p>Learning to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a neutral stimulus (NS) in classical conditioning?

    <p>A stimulus that evokes no response before conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define unconditional response (UR).

    <p>An unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a conditioned response (CR)?

    <p>A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

    <p>An originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does acquisition mean in classical conditioning?

    <p>The initial stage when a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus are linked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define extinction in classical conditioning.

    <p>The weakening of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is spontaneous recovery?

    <p>The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define generalization in classical conditioning.

    <p>The tendency to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does discrimination mean in classical conditioning?

    <p>The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is respondent behavior?

    <p>Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is operant conditioning?

    <p>A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened by reinforcers or diminished by punishers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define operant behavior.

    <p>Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an operant chamber?

    <p>A chamber used in operant conditioning research for animals to manipulate to obtain rewards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define reinforcement.

    <p>Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is shaping in operant conditioning?

    <p>An operant conditioning procedure that guides actions closer to a desired behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is positive reinforcement?

    <p>Increases behavior by presenting positive stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define negative reinforcement.

    <p>Increases behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reinforcer?

    <p>An event that is innately reinforcing, often by satisfying a biological need.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a conditioned reinforcer?

    <p>An event that gains its reinforcing power through association with a primary reinforcer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define continuous reinforcement.

    <p>Reinforcing a desired response every time it occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reinforcement schedule?

    <p>A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is partial reinforcement?

    <p>Reinforcing a response only part of the time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Concepts

    • Learning is the process of acquiring information or behaviors through experience, leading to relatively enduring changes.
    • Associative learning involves linking events, either through classical conditioning (stimuli) or operant conditioning (response and consequences).

    Types of Learning

    • Cognitive Learning: Acquiring mental information by observing events, watching others, or through language.
    • Classical Conditioning: Learning to associate two or more stimuli to anticipate events.

    Key Terminology in Classical Conditioning

    • Stimulus: An event or situation that provokes a response.
    • Neutral Stimulus (NS): A stimulus that does not initially evoke a response before conditioning.
    • Unconditional Response (UR): An innate response, such as salivation, triggered by an unconditioned stimulus (US).
    • Conditioned Response (CR): A learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus that has become conditioned.
    • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response.

    Processes in Classical Conditioning

    • Acquisition: The initial stage in which a neutral stimulus is linked to an unconditioned stimulus to trigger a conditioned response.
    • Extinction: The gradual weakening of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.
    • Spontaneous Recovery: The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a pause.
    • Generalization: The tendency to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble a conditioned stimulus.
    • Discrimination: The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli.

    Behavior Concepts

    • Respondent Behavior: Automatic responses to specific stimuli.
    • Operant Conditioning: Learning that occurs through reinforcement or punishment affecting behavior.
    • Operant Behavior: Actions that produce consequences, influencing the environment.

    Operant Conditioning Procedures

    • Operant Chamber (Skinner Box): A device used in research to study operant conditioning, where animals manipulate a lever for food or water rewards.
    • Reinforcement: Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.
    • Shaping: Gradually guiding behavior toward a desired outcome through reinforcement.

    Types of Reinforcement

    • Positive Reinforcement: Strengthens behavior by presenting a positive stimulus.
    • Negative Reinforcement: Strengthens behavior by removing negative stimuli, distinct from punishment.
    • Primary Reinforcer: Naturally reinforcing events that satisfy biological needs.
    • Conditioned Reinforcer (Secondary Reinforcer): Gains reinforcing power through association with primary reinforcers.

    Reinforcement Schedules

    • Continuous Reinforcement: Providing reinforcement every time a desired response occurs.
    • Reinforcement Schedule: A defined pattern for how often a response will be reinforced.
    • Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement: Only reinforcing a response sometimes, leading to slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts of learning, focusing on associative learning, classical conditioning, and cognitive learning. Explore the key terminology and principles that explain how learning occurs through experience and behavior modification.

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