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Questions and Answers
What is the neutral stimulus that becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus in classical conditioning?
Which term refers to the unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus?
What triggers a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus?
Which component of classical conditioning involves the learned response to the conditioned stimulus?
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In classical conditioning, what is an example of an unconditioned response?
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Which principle of classical conditioning involves a stimulus that naturally triggers a response without prior learning?
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What does positive reinforcement involve in operant conditioning?
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Which principle in operant conditioning decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated by adding an aversive stimulus?
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In observational learning, what is the process that involves attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation known as?
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Which theory emphasizes the role of cognitive processes, social influences, and individual agency in shaping behavior and learning outcomes?
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What determines when reinforcement is delivered relative to the occurrence of behavior in operant conditioning?
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In operant conditioning, which principle involves removing a desirable stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated?
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Study Notes
Learning
- Learning refers to a relatively permanent change in behaviour or mental processes resulting from experience or practice
- Involves acquiring new knowledge, behaviours, skills, attitudes, or preferences through various forms of interaction with the environment
Classical Conditioning
- A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response
- Basic principles:
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US): A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning
- Unconditioned Response (UR): The unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Initially a neutral stimulus that, after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response
- Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to the conditioned stimulus, which occurs after the conditioning process
Operant Conditioning
- A type of learning in which behaviour is strengthened or weakened by its consequences
- Basic principles:
- Reinforcement: Increases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated
- Positive Reinforcement: Involves adding a desirable stimulus
- Negative Reinforcement: Involves removing an aversive stimulus
- Punishment: Decreases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated
- Positive Punishment: Involves adding an aversive stimulus
- Negative Punishment: Involves removing a desirable stimulus
- Schedules of Reinforcement: Determine when reinforcement is delivered relative to the occurrence of the behaviour, influencing the rate and pattern of learning
Cognitive Social Theory
- Also known as social cognitive theory or social learning theory
- Emphasizes the role of cognitive processes in learning and behaviour
- Basic principles:
- Observational Learning: People can learn new behaviours by observing others and the consequences of their actions
- Self-Efficacy: An individual's belief in their ability to successfully perform a specific behaviour or accomplish a task
- Reciprocal Determinism: Behaviour is influenced by the interaction between personal factors, environmental factors, and the behaviour itself
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Description
Test your knowledge on the concept of learning and classical conditioning, including different types of learning, behaviors, skills, and attitudes acquired through experience. Explore classical conditioning and how neutral stimuli can become associated with meaningful stimuli to evoke a response.
