Learning and Classical Conditioning Concepts

<p>A neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feeling hunger at the sight of food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It triggers a response that is innate and unlearned. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the response that occurs naturally to an unconditioned stimulus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It transforms into the conditioned stimulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conditioning can be reversed without losing the original unconditioned response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The decrease in conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to evoke a similar response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The conditioned response re-emerges after extinction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By pairing the stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The unconditioned response is triggered by the unconditioned stimulus, while the conditioned response is triggered by the conditioned stimulus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To repeatedly present the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receiving a speeding ticket for violating traffic laws (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Taking away a video game for bad behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may fail to produce long-lasting behavioral change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Partial reinforcement can lead to more robust behavior retention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fixed-ratio schedule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As positive punishment, introducing an unpleasant consequence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It promotes physical aggression as a solution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reinforcement is provided after a random number of responses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To study the effects of reinforcement in a controlled setting. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A reinforcer that satisfies a biological need. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reinforces increasingly precise approximations of the desired behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can increase the likelihood of a response when the unpleasant stimulus is removed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Money acquired through work. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the probability of a preceding behavior being repeated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative reinforcement by removing the unpleasant feeling of waking up. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They eventually outperformed the rats that received a constant reward. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive reinforcers add pleasant stimuli, while negative reinforcers remove unpleasant stimuli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The perceived consequences of the model's behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior in real-life situations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The actions of a model and their consequences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rats that were rewarded only after delays. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reinforcement is provided after a specific number of responses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variable-ratio schedule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The time between reinforcements changes unpredictably. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discrimination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It results in addictive behaviors that are difficult to modify. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Latent learning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The likelihood that a behavior will be reinforced. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leads to consistently low rates of response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Learning where a neutral stimulus (NS) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) by repeatedly pairing it with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

A stimulus that doesn't naturally trigger a response before learning.

A stimulus that automatically triggers a response without any learning.

The automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus.

A previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with the UCS, now triggers a response.

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus.

The process of acquiring new knowledge or skills.

Dogs salivating in response to stimuli associated with food, demonstrating learning.

Learning through consequences, where actions are influenced by their outcomes. Behaviors with rewarding consequences become more likely, while behaviors with negative consequences become less likely.

A controlled environment for studying animal learning in operant conditioning. It allows researchers to manipulate stimuli and observe behavioral responses.

The process that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.

A stimulus that satisfies a basic biological need, like food or warmth, and is inherently rewarding

A stimulus that becomes rewarding because of its association with a primary reinforcer, like money or praise.

Teaching a complex behavior by rewarding increasingly closer approximations of the desired behavior.

Adding a stimulus to the environment that increases the likelihood of a behavior happening again.

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior happening again.

A neutral stimulus (NS) is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), turning the NS into a conditioned stimulus (CS).

Both are the same stimulus! The NS is called the CS once it triggers a response due to the association with the UCS.

They are the same response, triggered by different stimuli. The UCR is triggered by the UCS, while the CR is triggered by the CS.

The conditioned response gradually disappears when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS.

The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.

Similar stimuli to the original CS also trigger the CR.

The ability to differentiate between the original CS and other stimuli, not triggering the CR.

Changing the liking of a stimulus by pairing it with positive or negative stimuli.

Learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until there is an incentive to do so.

Learning by observing others, their actions, and the consequences of those actions.

The process of demonstrating a behavior for another person to observe and learn.

Increased susceptibility to aggression, lowered inhibitions against violence, distorted understanding of others' behavior, and desensitization to violence.

An infant imitating an adult's behavior they observe on television.

Introducing an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs.

Reinforcing a behavior some, but not all, times it occurs.

A schedule where reinforcement is given after a specific number of responses.

A schedule where reinforcement is given after a variable number of responses.

Reinforcement focuses on encouraging desired behavior, while punishment only decreases undesirable behavior. This can lead to more positive and lasting changes.

Punishment can be ineffective, may not produce lasting change, and can be harmful by promoting aggression or lowering self-esteem.

A reinforcement schedule where a reward is given for the first response after a fixed amount of time has elapsed. This leads to low rates of responding, with an increase in responding right before the reward is expected.

A reinforcement schedule where rewards are given for the first response after a varying amount of time has elapsed. This produces steady rates of responding, but it might take longer for the behavior to extinguish.

A training process that helps individuals learn to discriminate between stimuli by reinforcing behavior only in the presence of a specific stimulus.

A stimulus that signals the likelihood of reinforcement for a specific behavior. It serves as a cue for the individual to perform the behavior.