Learning and Behavior

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is respondent/stimulus generalization?

Responding to a similar stimulus not originally trained (correct)

The addition of a stimulus to encourage behavior

Avoiding aversive stimuli after conditioning

Showing no response to a changed CS

Which of the following describes operant conditioning?

Producing a conditioned response without reinforcement

Conditioning an organism to respond to a neutral stimulus

Reinforcing behavior to increase its occurrence (correct)

Developing aversion to a stimulus through negative reinforcement

What is an example of higher order conditioning?

A dog learns to salivate to a bell

A flash of light triggers salivation after conditioning with a bell (correct)

Salivating to a different sound after bell training

Developing aversion to alcohol after pairing it with a drug

What is positive reinforcement?

Adding a stimulus to increase a behavior's occurrence Signup and view all the answers

What is a reinforcer?

Any event that follows a response and promotes it Signup and view all the answers

In aversion therapy, what is paired with an aversive stimulus?

Medication that causes negative effects upon consumption of the target stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What does respondent/stimulus discrimination involve?

Showing no response to a stimulus that resembles the CS Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best exemplifies operant conditioning?

A student receives praise for completing homework on time Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of punishment in behavioral learning?

To decrease a behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement involves the removal of a stimulus to increase behavior?

Negative reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What does a discriminative stimulus indicate?

A reward is available Signup and view all the answers

What is operant extinction?

Stopping the reinforcement that supports a behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes spontaneous recovery?

Behavior re-emerges after some time post-extinction Signup and view all the answers

What is shaping in the context of operant conditioning?

The reinforcement of successive approximations towards a target behavior Signup and view all the answers

What factor influences the effects of different schedules of reinforcement?

Pattern and rate of behavior over time Signup and view all the answers

What typically occurs during an extinction burst?

Aggression and variability in responses can occur Signup and view all the answers

What is the unconditional response (UR)?

A reflexive behavior elicited without prior learning Signup and view all the answers

In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, what is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?

The sound of the bell that triggers salivation after conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes spontaneous recovery in respondent conditioning?

The temporary increase in the conditioned response after extinction Signup and view all the answers

Which type of conditioning occurs when the CS and the US are presented simultaneously?

Simultaneous conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of delayed conditioning on the conditioned response?

It facilitates a stronger association through overlapping presentation Signup and view all the answers

What happens during respondent extinction?

The CS is presented repeatedly without the US, weakening the response Signup and view all the answers

How does trace conditioning occur?

The CS starts and ends before the US is presented Signup and view all the answers

What describes backwards conditioning?

CS follows US, which may be ineffective Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of an unconditional response (UR)?

It is a behavior elicited by an antecedent stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

In which type of conditioning does the conditioned stimulus (CS) precede the unconditioned stimulus (US) with some overlap?

Delayed conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of respondent extinction?

The CS is presented without the US. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes spontaneous recovery in respondent conditioning?

A temporary increase in the conditioned response after extinction. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios is an example of trace conditioning?

A bell rings and stops before the dog receives food. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the concept of conditioned response (CR)?

It is a learned response that follows the presentation of a conditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What does simultaneous conditioning entail?

CS and US occur together at the same time. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in the effectiveness of conditioning responses?

The time intervals between CS and US. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Law of Intensity-Magnitude in relation to reflexes?

It indicates that an increase in stimulus intensity leads to a stronger response. Signup and view all the answers

How does habituation affect reflex responses?

It causes reflexes to weaken with repeated exposure. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes fixed action patterns?

They are consistent behaviors triggered by specific stimuli across species. Signup and view all the answers

What defines general behavior traits?

They are any behavioral tendencies influenced by genetics. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the unconditional stimulus (US) is true?

It inherently triggers the unconditional response (UR). Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an important limitation of natural selection?

It operates at a pace that is usually quite slow. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of reflexes?

They are innate connections between an event and a response. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the Law of Threshold?

There is no response until a specific stimulus level is reached. Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of respondent/stimulus generalization?

A response is conditioned to multiple stimuli that are similar. Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario exemplifies higher order conditioning?

A dog salivates from hearing a bell and later from a light paired with the bell. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by positive reinforcement in operant conditioning?

Adding a pleasant stimulus to strengthen a behavior. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of operant conditioning, what is a reinforcer?

An event or stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood of the response occurring again. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes respondent/stimulus discrimination?

An organism shows no response to a changed value of the CS. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of aversion therapy?

To develop an aversion to a stimulus by pairing it with an adverse consequence. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between reinforcement and behavior?

Reinforcement increases or maintains the probability of a behavior occurring. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes negative reinforcement from punishment in operant conditioning?

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of a stimulus to increase behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between positive punishment and negative punishment?

Positive punishment involves adding a stimulus, while negative punishment involves removing a stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What does spontaneous recovery refer to in behavioral learning?

The return of a previously extinguished behavior after a break. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of reinforcement schedules, what is meant by schedule effects?

The specific patterns and rates of behavior generated by different schedules of reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of shaping in behavioral training?

To train a target behavior through successive approximations. Signup and view all the answers

How does discrimination in behavioral responses function?

It increases responses in the presence of specific stimuli that signal rewards. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an extinction burst in behavioral learning?

A short-lived increase in responses after reinforcement ends. Signup and view all the answers

Why might a professor choose to apply negative reinforcement regarding late assignments?

Negative reinforcement effectively minimizes the incidence of late submissions. Signup and view all the answers

What typically occurs during operant extinction?

Rewards for a previously reinforced behavior are no longer given. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning and Behaviour

A Likert scale is a scale used to measure something on a scale of 1-10. Different people may interpret numbers differently.
Behaviorism studies behaviour independently, focusing on environmental and genetic causes, not the mind.
Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli. The law of threshold states that a stimulus must reach a certain intensity for a response. The law of intensity-magnitude states stronger stimuli produce stronger responses. The law of latency states stronger stimuli produce faster responses.
Habituation is a weakening of a reflex due to repeated exposure to a stimulus.
Fixed action patterns are instinctive behaviors seen in all members of a species.
General behavioural traits are strongly influenced by genes. Learning is a change in behaviour caused by environmental stimuli, including habituation, respondent conditioning, and operant conditioning.
Respondent conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally triggers a response (unconditioned response). This creates a conditional stimulus that triggers a conditional response.
Unconditioned stimulus (US) is a stimulus that naturally triggers a response without prior learning.
Unconditioned response (UR) is the natural response to a stimulus.
Conditional stimulus (CS) is a neutral stimulus that becomes associated with a US to trigger a response.
Conditional response (CR) is the learned response to a conditional stimulus.
Conditioning can happen quickly, with one exposure (e.g. taste aversion).
Conditioning can take more exposures to form (e.g. salivation).
Extinction is weakening a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a delay.
Stimulus generalization is when a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus elicits a conditioned response.
Stimulus discrimination is the ability to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli.
Higher-order conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus.
Aversion therapy aims to pair an undesirable stimulus with a negative stimulus to reduce a behaviour.
Operant conditioning involves associating a behaviour with a consequence to either increase or decrease its occurrence.
Reinforcement increases the probability of a behavior. Reinforcement is the procedure of providing consequences for a behavior that increase or maintain the probability of that behavior occurring in the future. A reinforcer is any event or stimulus that follows an operant response and increases or maintains its future probability.
Positive reinforcement occurs when a stimulus is added to increase a behavior.
Negative reinforcement is when a stimulus is removed to increase a behavior.
Punishment decreases the probability of a behaviour.
Positive punishment occurs when a stimulus is added to decrease a behavior.
Negative punishment occurs when a stimulus is removed to decrease a behavior.
Discriminative stimulus signals when a reward is available.
Extinction is when rewards stop and responses decrease.
Spontaneous recovery is when responses return when extinction stops.
An extinction burst is a rapid increase in responding after reinforcement stops.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

fml