Learning and Behavior
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Questions and Answers

What is respondent/stimulus generalization?

  • Responding to a similar stimulus not originally trained (correct)
  • The addition of a stimulus to encourage behavior
  • Avoiding aversive stimuli after conditioning
  • Showing no response to a changed CS

Which of the following describes operant conditioning?

  • Producing a conditioned response without reinforcement
  • Conditioning an organism to respond to a neutral stimulus
  • Reinforcing behavior to increase its occurrence (correct)
  • Developing aversion to a stimulus through negative reinforcement

What is an example of higher order conditioning?

  • A dog learns to salivate to a bell
  • A flash of light triggers salivation after conditioning with a bell (correct)
  • Salivating to a different sound after bell training
  • Developing aversion to alcohol after pairing it with a drug

What is positive reinforcement?

<p>Adding a stimulus to increase a behavior's occurrence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reinforcer?

<p>Any event that follows a response and promotes it (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In aversion therapy, what is paired with an aversive stimulus?

<p>Medication that causes negative effects upon consumption of the target stimulus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does respondent/stimulus discrimination involve?

<p>Showing no response to a stimulus that resembles the CS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best exemplifies operant conditioning?

<p>A student receives praise for completing homework on time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of punishment in behavioral learning?

<p>To decrease a behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement involves the removal of a stimulus to increase behavior?

<p>Negative reinforcement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a discriminative stimulus indicate?

<p>A reward is available (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is operant extinction?

<p>Stopping the reinforcement that supports a behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes spontaneous recovery?

<p>Behavior re-emerges after some time post-extinction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is shaping in the context of operant conditioning?

<p>The reinforcement of successive approximations towards a target behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor influences the effects of different schedules of reinforcement?

<p>Pattern and rate of behavior over time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically occurs during an extinction burst?

<p>Aggression and variability in responses can occur (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unconditional response (UR)?

<p>A reflexive behavior elicited without prior learning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, what is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?

<p>The sound of the bell that triggers salivation after conditioning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes spontaneous recovery in respondent conditioning?

<p>The temporary increase in the conditioned response after extinction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of conditioning occurs when the CS and the US are presented simultaneously?

<p>Simultaneous conditioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of delayed conditioning on the conditioned response?

<p>It facilitates a stronger association through overlapping presentation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during respondent extinction?

<p>The CS is presented repeatedly without the US, weakening the response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does trace conditioning occur?

<p>The CS starts and ends before the US is presented (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes backwards conditioning?

<p>CS follows US, which may be ineffective (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of an unconditional response (UR)?

<p>It is a behavior elicited by an antecedent stimulus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of conditioning does the conditioned stimulus (CS) precede the unconditioned stimulus (US) with some overlap?

<p>Delayed conditioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of respondent extinction?

<p>The CS is presented without the US. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes spontaneous recovery in respondent conditioning?

<p>A temporary increase in the conditioned response after extinction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios is an example of trace conditioning?

<p>A bell rings and stops before the dog receives food. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the concept of conditioned response (CR)?

<p>It is a learned response that follows the presentation of a conditioned stimulus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does simultaneous conditioning entail?

<p>CS and US occur together at the same time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in the effectiveness of conditioning responses?

<p>The time intervals between CS and US. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Law of Intensity-Magnitude in relation to reflexes?

<p>It indicates that an increase in stimulus intensity leads to a stronger response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does habituation affect reflex responses?

<p>It causes reflexes to weaken with repeated exposure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes fixed action patterns?

<p>They are consistent behaviors triggered by specific stimuli across species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines general behavior traits?

<p>They are any behavioral tendencies influenced by genetics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the unconditional stimulus (US) is true?

<p>It inherently triggers the unconditional response (UR). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an important limitation of natural selection?

<p>It operates at a pace that is usually quite slow. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of reflexes?

<p>They are innate connections between an event and a response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the Law of Threshold?

<p>There is no response until a specific stimulus level is reached. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of respondent/stimulus generalization?

<p>A response is conditioned to multiple stimuli that are similar. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario exemplifies higher order conditioning?

<p>A dog salivates from hearing a bell and later from a light paired with the bell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by positive reinforcement in operant conditioning?

<p>Adding a pleasant stimulus to strengthen a behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of operant conditioning, what is a reinforcer?

<p>An event or stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood of the response occurring again. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes respondent/stimulus discrimination?

<p>An organism shows no response to a changed value of the CS. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of aversion therapy?

<p>To develop an aversion to a stimulus by pairing it with an adverse consequence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between reinforcement and behavior?

<p>Reinforcement increases or maintains the probability of a behavior occurring. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes negative reinforcement from punishment in operant conditioning?

<p>Negative reinforcement involves the removal of a stimulus to increase behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between positive punishment and negative punishment?

<p>Positive punishment involves adding a stimulus, while negative punishment involves removing a stimulus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does spontaneous recovery refer to in behavioral learning?

<p>The return of a previously extinguished behavior after a break. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of reinforcement schedules, what is meant by schedule effects?

<p>The specific patterns and rates of behavior generated by different schedules of reinforcement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of shaping in behavioral training?

<p>To train a target behavior through successive approximations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does discrimination in behavioral responses function?

<p>It increases responses in the presence of specific stimuli that signal rewards. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an extinction burst in behavioral learning?

<p>A short-lived increase in responses after reinforcement ends. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a professor choose to apply negative reinforcement regarding late assignments?

<p>Negative reinforcement effectively minimizes the incidence of late submissions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically occurs during operant extinction?

<p>Rewards for a previously reinforced behavior are no longer given. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Respondent Stimulus Generalization

When an organism responds to a similar stimulus as the conditioned stimulus (CS) in a classical conditioning process.

Respondent Stimulus Discrimination

An organism's reduced response to a stimulus that is not identical to the conditioned stimulus (CS).

Higher-Order Conditioning

A neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS2) by being associated with an already established conditioned stimulus (CS).

Aversion Therapy

Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to create an aversion to it.

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Operant Conditioning

Learning through consequences; behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on the following outcomes.

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Reinforcement

A process that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.

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Reinforcer

A stimulus or event that follows a behavior, making it more likely to happen again.

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Positive Reinforcement

Increasing a behavior by adding a stimulus.

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Negative Reinforcement

Removing a stimulus to increase a behavior.

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Positive Punishment

Adding a stimulus to decrease a behavior.

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Negative Punishment

Removing a stimulus to decrease a behavior.

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Discriminative Stimulus

A stimulus that signals a reward is available.

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Operant Extinction

Stopping the reinforcement of a behaviour.

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Spontaneous Recovery

Returning to a behaviour after extinction.

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Extinction Burst

A temporary increase in responding after extinction.

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Shaping

Reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behaviour.

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Unconditioned Response (UR)

A natural, automatic reaction to a stimulus without prior learning.

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairings with the unconditioned stimulus (US), triggers a conditioned response (CR).

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Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned response to a conditioned stimulus (CS).

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Delayed Conditioning

The conditioned stimulus (CS) starts first and overlaps with the unconditioned stimulus (US).

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Trace Conditioning

The conditioned stimulus (CS) starts and ends before the unconditioned stimulus (US).

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Simultaneous Conditioning

The conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) begin and end at the same time.

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Backwards Conditioning

The conditioned stimulus (CS) follows the unconditioned stimulus (US).

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Respondent Extinction

The conditioned response (CR) weakens when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (US).

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Likert Scale

A measurement tool that asks respondents to rate their agreement or opinion on a scale (e.g., 1-10), but the interpretation of each number can vary between individuals.

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Behaviorism

The study of behavior without considering mental processes, focusing on how environmental factors influence observable actions.

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Reflex

An automatic, involuntary response to a specific stimulus that is innate and shared by all members of a species.

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Law of Threshold

A reflex will only occur when the stimulus intensity reaches a certain level, called the threshold.

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Habituation

A decrease in the strength of a reflex response after repeated exposure to the same stimulus.

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Fixed Action Pattern

A genetically programmed, complex sequence of behaviors that occur in a predictable way when a specific trigger is present.

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General Behaviour Traits

Inherited tendencies toward certain behaviors that are influenced by genetic factors and are often species-specific.

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Learning

A change in behavior as a result of experience and environmental interaction, involving the acquisition of new knowledge or skills.

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Study Notes

Learning and Behaviour

  • A Likert scale is a scale used to measure something on a scale of 1-10. Different people may interpret numbers differently.
  • Behaviorism studies behaviour independently, focusing on environmental and genetic causes, not the mind.
  • Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli. The law of threshold states that a stimulus must reach a certain intensity for a response. The law of intensity-magnitude states stronger stimuli produce stronger responses. The law of latency states stronger stimuli produce faster responses.
  • Habituation is a weakening of a reflex due to repeated exposure to a stimulus.
  • Fixed action patterns are instinctive behaviors seen in all members of a species.
  • General behavioural traits are strongly influenced by genes. Learning is a change in behaviour caused by environmental stimuli, including habituation, respondent conditioning, and operant conditioning.
  • Respondent conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally triggers a response (unconditioned response). This creates a conditional stimulus that triggers a conditional response.
  • Unconditioned stimulus (US) is a stimulus that naturally triggers a response without prior learning.
  • Unconditioned response (UR) is the natural response to a stimulus.
  • Conditional stimulus (CS) is a neutral stimulus that becomes associated with a US to trigger a response.
  • Conditional response (CR) is the learned response to a conditional stimulus.
  • Conditioning can happen quickly, with one exposure (e.g. taste aversion).
  • Conditioning can take more exposures to form (e.g. salivation).
  • Extinction is weakening a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
  • Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a delay.
  • Stimulus generalization is when a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus elicits a conditioned response.
  • Stimulus discrimination is the ability to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli.
  • Higher-order conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus.
  • Aversion therapy aims to pair an undesirable stimulus with a negative stimulus to reduce a behaviour.
  • Operant conditioning involves associating a behaviour with a consequence to either increase or decrease its occurrence.
  • Reinforcement increases the probability of a behavior. Reinforcement is the procedure of providing consequences for a behavior that increase or maintain the probability of that behavior occurring in the future. A reinforcer is any event or stimulus that follows an operant response and increases or maintains its future probability.
  • Positive reinforcement occurs when a stimulus is added to increase a behavior.
  • Negative reinforcement is when a stimulus is removed to increase a behavior.
  • Punishment decreases the probability of a behaviour.
  • Positive punishment occurs when a stimulus is added to decrease a behavior.
  • Negative punishment occurs when a stimulus is removed to decrease a behavior.
  • Discriminative stimulus signals when a reward is available.
  • Extinction is when rewards stop and responses decrease.
  • Spontaneous recovery is when responses return when extinction stops.
  • An extinction burst is a rapid increase in responding after reinforcement stops.

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