Leadership Session 2: Theories & Case Studies
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Questions and Answers

What was a significant issue at the GM Fremont Plant in 1982?

  • High number of unresolved grievances (correct)
  • High productivity rates
  • Low employee absenteeism
  • Best quality products in GM

What strategy did General Motors employ in the 1950s?

  • Developing a new product line
  • Merging with other companies
  • Building plants in unionized states
  • Sunbelt Strategy in non-union states (correct)

How did employee absenteeism change from the GM Fremont Plant in 1982 to the NUMMI Plant in 1986?

  • It was eliminated completely
  • It decreased significantly (correct)
  • It increased significantly
  • It remained the same

Which statement best describes the quality of products at the NUMMI Plant compared to GM's average?

<p>It was the best in GM (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What needs did the new management at NUMMI prioritize meeting?

<p>The need to be understood and valued (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of management theories?

<p>Supervision, organization, and group performance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership style is characterized by motivating and inspiring people?

<p>Transformational leadership (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do relationship theories aim to enhance?

<p>Connections between leaders and followers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of transformational leaders?

<p>Encourage higher ethical standards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect do managerial theories base their approach on?

<p>Rewards and punishments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the Diamond Model of Leadership?

<p>Profit sharing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one method to develop commitment in employees?

<p>Foster a collaborative environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of high commitment in an organization?

<p>Enhanced customer satisfaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary assumption of the Great Man theory regarding leaders?

<p>Great leaders are born with inherent traits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what era was the bureaucratic distribution of power primarily seen?

<p>19th and 20th Centuries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership theory suggests that certain traits can predispose individuals to be effective leaders?

<p>Trait Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What assumption is made by the bureaucratic management paradigm regarding power distribution?

<p>Power is distributed by gender and office. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criticism is commonly associated with Trait theories of leadership?

<p>They falsely assume all leaders possess the same traits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following leadership theories emphasizes the importance of adaptability in various situations?

<p>Situational Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key concept is central to the Infocracy paradigm in management?

<p>Emphasis on key process contributors' knowledge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership theory suggests that leaders emerge during critical moments, often depicted as heroic figures?

<p>Great Man Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do contingency theories of leadership emphasize?

<p>The environment's impact on leadership styles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to situational theories, what factors influence a leader's choice of style?

<p>The knowledge and skills of group members. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key belief underlying behavioral theories of leadership?

<p>Leaders can develop skills through observation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Participative leadership involves which of the following approaches?

<p>Encouraging group members' participation while retaining final decision-making power. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do White and Hodgson suggest is crucial for effective leadership?

<p>Balancing behaviors, needs, and context. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a scenario where a leader is the most knowledgeable member, which leadership style is suggested?

<p>Authoritarian leadership style. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental aspect of behavioral theories regarding leaders?

<p>Leaders can be taught and developed through their actions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a misconception about leadership according to situational theories?

<p>There is a universally effective style of leadership. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of the competition among the Women’s Departments in KIABI stores?

<p>To achieve the highest progression in sales (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reward will the winning store receive for the sales competition?

<p>Free dinner at a fancy restaurant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the side competition in the KIABI stores?

<p>To take interesting photos of employees (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long has the manager been overseeing the women’s and men’s departments?

<p>Six months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demographic do the manager’s employees belong to?

<p>Young adults aged 20-30 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary motivation of the manager to win the competition?

<p>To show leadership ability and increase profits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which area does the manager plan to hold the first meeting regarding the competition?

<p>In the employee room (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the evaluation methods for the competition?

<p>Daily sales results comparisons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

GM Fremont Plant Problems (1982)

High absenteeism (20%), unresolved grievances (2000), frequent wildcat strikes, poor productivity and quality, and high assembly costs (30% above Japanese average), with 5000 employees and 5000 annual grievances.

GM NUMMI Plant Improvements (1986)

Significant improvements in employee satisfaction and productivity, low absenteeism (2%), Zero unresolved grievances, fewer than 2 annual grievances, and significantly improved quality and productivity after new leadership.

GM NUMMI Plant Employee Count

Reduced employee count (2000) compared to Fremont (5000) and a remarkable decrease in issues.

Improved Quality at NUMMI

NUMMI achieved the best quality in GM, unlike the Fremont plant where quality was the worst.

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Leadership's Role in NUMMI's Success

New leadership at NUMMI addressed the needs of employees, fostering a better understanding and appreciation.

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Great Man Theory

The idea that leaders are born with inherent qualities like charisma, confidence, and intelligence, making them naturally suited for leadership.

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Trait Theory

This theory focuses on identifying specific personality traits or characteristics shared by successful leaders, such as extroversion, self-confidence, and courage.

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What's the problem with Trait Theory?

It struggles to explain why people with leadership traits don't always become leaders. It also raises questions about whether these traits are truly inherent or developed.

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Aristocracy

This is a management paradigm where power is concentrated based on lineage and gender, with the assumption that those in power (often men) are inherently 'best'.

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Bureaucracy

This paradigm shifts power to those in formal office roles, based on gender and their official position. The assumption here is that 'the boss knows best'.

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Infocracy

This is the current paradigm, where power is being redistributed to key process contributors (KPC's) who are vital to the success of the organization and the flow of information. The assumption is that those who contribute the most to the process are 'best'.

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Key Process Contributor (KPC)

These are individuals within the Infocracy paradigm who are vital to the success of a process and the flow of information, often holding significant power due to their contributions.

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How does Infocracy change power?

By shifting power to key process contributors, Infocracy recognizes the value of expertise, collaboration, and contribution rather than just titles and hierarchy.

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Contingency Theories

Leadership styles are not one-size-fits-all. The best leadership style depends on the situation, like the environment, followers, and the task.

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Situational Theories

Leaders choose the best way to lead based on the situation. Different situations call for different leadership styles.

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What makes a good leader?

Effective leadership isn't just about traits. It's about understanding followers' needs, assessing the situation, and adapting their actions accordingly.

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Behavioral Theories

Great leaders are made, not born. They learn leadership skills through training and observation.

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Participative Leadership

Leaders who value input from others and encourage participation. Everyone feels valued and committed to the process.

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What do participative leaders do?

They allow everyone to contribute, making the process feel relevant and valuable for each member. The leader still makes the final decision.

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What does effective leadership depend on?

It depends on the leader's style, the qualities of the followers, and the specific circumstances of the situation.

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What does being a good leader involve?

It involves understanding and meeting the needs of your followers, analyzing the situation, and adapting your actions accordingly.

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Transactional Leadership

Focuses on supervision, organization, and group performance, using rewards and punishments.

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Transformational Leadership

Emphasizes connections between leaders and followers, inspiring and motivating through shared goals.

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Diamond Model of Leadership

A model that illustrates the interconnectedness of leadership, environment, strategy, people, task, and results.

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Developing Influence

The ability of a leader to build and maintain positive relationships with followers.

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Strategic Thinking

The ability of a leader to create and implement a clear vision for the future.

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Commitment to Strategy

The degree to which followers align their actions with the leader's vision.

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Organizational Commitment

The degree to which employees identify with and are dedicated to the organization.

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Managing Change

The leadership skill of guiding an organization through transitions effectively.

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Sales Competition

A contest between KIABI Women's Departments in Italy to see which store has the biggest increase in sales from October 1st to December 31st compared to the previous year.

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Competition Reward

The winning store receives a free dinner for all employees at a fancy restaurant.

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Photo Competition

A side competition where stores compete to take the most interesting photos of employees in the store.

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Photo Competition Reward

Winning photos are published on the store's website and the three top stores are announced.

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Employee Motivation

The manager wants to win the sales competition to show they can motivate employees and increase profits.

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Employee Demographics

The manager has 5 employees, all young women between 20 and 30 years old.

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Meeting Agenda

The manager will hold a meeting with employees to discuss the sales and photo competitions.

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Employee Room

The meeting will be held in the employee room, a 15 square-meter space with a table, chairs, and a coffee machine.

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Study Notes

Leadership Session 2

  • Session focused on leadership theories and case studies
  • Covered various leadership models, including the Diamond Model of Leadership
  • Included analyses of the GM leadership problems and the NUMMI leadership story
  • The 1982 GM Fremont Plant had high absenteeism (20%), unresolved grievances (2000), and high total annual grievances (5000)
  • The 1986 GM NUMMI Plant had significantly improved metrics: low absenteeism (2%), no unresolved grievances, and zero wildcat strikes
  • The NUMMI story highlighted the importance of understanding and valuing employees
  • Explanations of types of leadership theories:
    • Great Man: Leadership qualities are inherent and not learned
    • Trait: Leaders possess certain traits that enable effective leadership, like extroversion and self-confidence
    • Contingency: Leadership effectiveness depends on the context and situation
    • Situational: Leaders adjust their style based on the situation, authoritarian in expert situations, democratic in skilled group situations
    • Behavioral: Focuses on the actions of leaders, emphasizing that leadership skills can be learned and taught
    • Participative: Involves input from others in decision-making, allowing group members to feel more relevant
    • Management/Transactional: Leadership focused on supervision and performance, using rewards and punishments; a common business approach
    • Relationship/Transformational: Leaders motivate others through connections and inspiration, focused on group members’ potential and task fulfillment
  • Short case study of KIABI store and their sales competition for Vicenza, Italy, with specific details given
  • Discussion of quantitative results of KIABI sales, October-December 2011, including specific store performance data
  • Discussion on the criteria and components of effective presentations
  • Explained the HLBT method for communication in public, digital presentations, and team settings

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Leadership: Session 2 PDF

Description

Explore key leadership theories and their practical applications through case studies in this quiz. Dive into the Diamond Model of Leadership and assess the contrasting leadership metrics of GM's Fremont and NUMMI plants. Gain insights into various leadership styles and their impact on organizational success.

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