Leadership and Decision-Making Models
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Questions and Answers

What does the Availability Heuristic primarily rely on when assessing the likelihood of an event?

  • Expert opinions on the matter
  • The frequency of similar events occurring
  • Statistical analysis of past events
  • Easily recalled examples from memory (correct)

What phenomenon leads people to believe that co-occurring events are more likely than they actually are?

  • Representativeness heuristic
  • Conjunction fallacy (correct)
  • Confirmation bias
  • Anchoring bias

Which of the following biases involves failing to adjust estimates sufficiently from an initial anchor?

  • Affect heuristic
  • Retrievability bias
  • Anchoring bias (correct)
  • Availability bias

How does the Affect Heuristic influence decision-making?

<p>By using one's emotional experience as a basis for decisions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary issue caused by Sampling on the dependent variable?

<p>Bias from data omission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bias involves the preference for information that confirms pre-existing beliefs?

<p>Confirmation bias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of Regression to the mean suggests that teams that perform exceptionally well will likely...

<p>Perform below their previous level in future assessments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bias involves categorizing events or information to simplify understanding of the world?

<p>Representativeness heuristic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of a combination of functional and divisional organizational structures?

<p>It can be difficult to ensure all managers are aligned. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which coordination mechanism involves multiple reporting relationships?

<p>Matrix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do generalists differ from specialists in an organizational context?

<p>Specialists emerge as firms grow and need focused expertise. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of a pooled organizational structure?

<p>All units contribute independently to the overall goal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact can a strong organizational culture have?

<p>It helps internalize desired behaviors among employees. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of linking options in an organization?

<p>Autonomy Structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of job design, how can the structure of work influence performance motivation?

<p>By designing work that aligns with employee strengths and interests. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of sequential organizational structures?

<p>Units must complete their tasks before the next begins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological principle explains why people feel obligated to repay others?

<p>Reciprocity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tactic involves making a large initial request followed by a smaller request?

<p>Door in the face (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the principle of Commitment and Consistency lead to compliance?

<p>People want to maintain a positive self-image. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes individuals more likely to follow the behavior of others according to Social Proof?

<p>Desire for social approval (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the principle of Authority, why do individuals tend to defer to experts?

<p>Experts possess more information and knowledge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates the concept of Scarcity?

<p>A limited-time discount offer on a popular product. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of not reciprocating a favor according to the principle of Reciprocity?

<p>Long-term resentment from the other party. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following approaches utilizes peer influence through specific norm appeals?

<p>Signs encouraging hotel guests to save the environment by mimicking peers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of using machine learning models?

<p>They rely heavily on high-quality input data. (A), They can confuse correlation with causation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which network measurement indicates how often an individual is on the shortest path between two other nodes?

<p>Betweenness centrality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes weak ties from strong ties in social networks?

<p>Weak ties allow for more information flow. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following network structures best describes connections that are both close and distant?

<p>Small world network (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of brokerage in social networks?

<p>To connect different clusters through weak ties. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the smallest number of hops required to reach one node from another in a network?

<p>Closeness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In social networks, what do ties represent?

<p>The edges or links between two nodes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does homophily in social networks refer to?

<p>The preference for similar people in connections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to higher collective intelligence in teams?

<p>Social perceptiveness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes the g-factor in intelligence?

<p>A general mental ability across various tasks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a bias affecting team decision-making?

<p>Pluralistic Ignorance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is a positive predictor of physiological safety?

<p>Leader coaching and support (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes when team members suppress dissenting opinions?

<p>Self Censorship (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of Groupthink?

<p>Collective Rationalization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads to synergy among teams?

<p>Unique information and perspectives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about teams and performance?

<p>All members contribute equally to team success (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the equation W = S + B(E + N) represent in incentive pay?

<p>Total compensation based on performance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario is most suitable for using individual incentives?

<p>Large levels of risk involved in output (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes shareholder primacy?

<p>Maximizing profits solely for shareholders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of big data under the 4 V's?

<p>Volume indicates the enormous quantity of data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant problem associated with pay-for-performance schemes?

<p>Perceived bias in performance ratings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'free rider problem' in group incentives?

<p>Certain individuals may benefit without putting in effort (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does predictive analysis primarily rely on for identifying future outcomes?

<p>Statistical algorithms and machine learning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is it advisable to implement group incentives?

<p>When individuals work towards a common goal requiring teamwork (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Availability Heuristic

This heuristic estimates the likelihood of an event based on how easily we recall examples from our memory. Vivid and recent events are easier to remember.

Ease of Recall Bias

Our judgments and behavior are influenced by how easily we can recall examples from our memory. Vivid and recent examples are easier to recall and can lead to biased decisions.

Retrievability Bias

This bias occurs when we categorize things to make sense of the world. Our memory structures might influence how we retrieve information, leading to skewed judgments.

Representativeness Heuristic

This heuristic involves looking for traits that match our existing stereotypes when making judgments. We rely on our prior knowledge and assumptions.

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Affect Heuristic

This is a decision-making process where our emotional experiences drive choices. Negative emotions often hold greater influence.

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Anchoring Bias

This bias occurs when we fail to adjust our estimates sufficiently from an initial anchor point. We tend to rely on the first information we encounter, even if it's irrelevant.

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Confirmation Bias

We tend to seek out evidence that confirms our existing beliefs. This can hinder our ability to consider alternative viewpoints.

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Sampling on the Dependent Variable / Selection Bias

This bias arises from focusing solely on available information. We might miss crucial data about our decisions, leading to clouded judgment.

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Matrix Structure

A type of organizational structure that blends elements of functional and divisional structures. It's best suited for situations with complex technology and dynamic environments.

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Functional Structure

A type of organizational structure where work is divided based on specialized functions, like marketing, finance, and production. Each department focuses on its specific area of expertise.

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Divisional Structure

A type of organizational structure where work is divided based on product lines, customer segments, or geographic regions. Each division operates as a self-contained unit.

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Coordination Mechanisms

A type of organizational structure that focuses on how groups or departments are coordinated to achieve shared goals. It involves different ways to link and integrate work across the organization.

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Matrix Structure

A type of coordination mechanism where employees report to multiple managers, creating a network of reporting relationships.

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Integrator Roles

A type of coordination mechanism where individuals are appointed to oversee the integration of work across different units.

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Cross-Unit Groups

A type of coordination mechanism that involves creating temporary teams composed of people from different departments to address specific projects or tasks.

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Hierarchy

A type of coordination mechanism based on a hierarchical structure, where employees report to a single supervisor who has authority over their work.

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Incentive Pay

A compensation system that ties pay directly to individual or team performance.

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Pay for Performance (Individual)

A compensation system that links pay to individual performance, often measured by quantifiable metrics.

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Group Incentives

A compensation system that links pay to the performance of a group or team.

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Free Rider Problem

The problem arising when individuals in a group don't contribute their fair share, relying on others to carry them.

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Shareholder Primacy

A management philosophy prioritizing shareholder wealth maximization as the corporation's primary goal.

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Stakeholder Primacy

A management philosophy recognizing the interests of all stakeholders, not just shareholders.

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Big Data

The use of massive datasets to spot patterns and trends.

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Predictive Analysis

Using data and statistical models to predict future outcomes.

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Betweenness Centrality

A measure of network centrality that indicates how often an individual is on the shortest path between two other people in a network.

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Geodesic Path

The shortest path between two nodes in a network, representing the minimum number of connections needed to reach one from the other.

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Strong Tie

A strong, frequent, and well-established relationship between two individuals in a network, often requiring significant time and effort to maintain.

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Weak Tie

A loose, infrequent, and less demanding relationship between two individuals in a network, often serving as bridges between different groups or communities.

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Small World Network

A type of network structure where individuals connect to each other across geographic and social boundaries, with both close and distant connections.

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Eigenvector Centrality

A measure of network centrality that considers how well-connected an individual's network is, evaluating the connections of those they're connected to.

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Homophily

A network structure characterized by connections primarily forming with individuals who are similar in backgrounds, traits, or interests.

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Brokerage

Developing weak ties between different clusters or groups within a network, enabling information and resources to flow across subgroups.

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Collective Intelligence

A team's ability to perform a wide range of tasks effectively, beyond the capabilities of its individual members.

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General Intelligence

The general mental ability of an individual, encompassing various cognitive skills like verbal, visual, and quantitative reasoning.

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Social Perceptiveness

A team's ability to understand and respond to the emotions, perspectives, and needs of its members.

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Group Communication

The smooth and efficient flow of communication within a team, ensuring everyone gets a chance to contribute.

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Pluralistic Ignorance

A phenomenon where team members privately hold a certain view, but assume that everyone else holds a different, opposing view.

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Groupthink

A situation where a team prioritizes reaching a consensus over critical thinking, leading to poor decision-making.

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Overestimation of the Group

The tendency of teams to make decisions without fully exploring potential risks, leading to overconfidence and poor judgments.

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Collective Rationalization

A team's tendency to ignore or downplay opposing viewpoints, leading to confirmation bias and lack of critical thinking.

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Reciprocity

People feel obligated to repay favors or kindness, even if they didn't ask for it.

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Authority

This principle suggests that people are more likely to comply with a request if it is perceived as coming from experts or authorities.

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Social Proof

People tend to follow what others are doing, especially those they perceive as similar or trustworthy.

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Foot in the Door

People are more likely to agree to a larger request if they already agreed to a smaller, related request.

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Consistency

People are more likely to make a commitment if they feel it's their own choice and they are consistent with their previous actions.

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Scarcity

People value things and opportunities more when they are scarce or less available.

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Liking

People are more likely to like those who like them and reciprocate their affection.

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Following the Lead of Similar Others

When making decisions, people tend to follow the advice and opinions of others who are perceived as similar or influential.

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Study Notes

Leadership Congruence Model

  • Organizations are more effective when all organizational components (operations, talent, formal/informal organization) fit together and align with the organization's strategy and environment.

Heuristics and Biases

  • System 1 (hot system): Emotion-focused, fast, implicit. Relies on heuristics and stereotypes.
  • System 2 (cool system): Rational, slow, conscious, logical. Relies on heuristics and biases.
  • Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts, while biases are the inappropriate application of heuristics.
  • Biases can lead to systematic errors in estimates, decisions, and measurements.

When Biases are Likely

  • Complex situations.
  • Unawareness of heuristics.
  • Emotional involvement.

Prospect Theory

  • Decisions are framed by gains and losses.

Availability Heuristic

  • Assessing event likelihood based on memorability.

Ease of Recall Bias

  • Judgments and behaviors influenced by easily recalled examples, especially vivid or recent ones.

Retrievability Bias

  • Categorizing things to make sense of the world—using existing memory structures.

Representativeness Heuristic

  • Judging by stereotypes or prototypes.

Affect Heuristic

  • Decisions based on emotional experiences, negative emotions impacting decisions more strongly.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts in leadership congruence and cognitive biases in decision-making. It covers topics such as heuristics, biases, and prospect theory, emphasizing their implications for organizational effectiveness. Test your understanding of how these concepts interrelate and influence management strategies.

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