30 Questions
Which type of drugs form irreversible covalent bonds with their target proteins?
Mustard gas-like agents
In the context of drug targets, which protein is associated with the formation of irreversible covalent bonds?
Acetylcholine receptor
Which parameter is used to compare the blood concentration that causes toxic effects to the concentration that causes a therapeutic effect?
ED50
In drug studies, LD50 represents the dose of a drug required to cause what effect?
Death in 50% of tested animals
What does the Therapeutic Index (TI) measure in drug pharmacology?
Safety margin of the drug
Which of the following drug targets primarily alters the structure of the compound it interacts with?
Co-enzyme P450
What type of receptors are embedded in cell membranes?
G-protein-coupled receptors
For drugs to reach intracellular receptors, what property must they possess?
Lipid solubility
What is the physiological role of all receptors in an organism?
To cause cellular changes
Which type of receptors are associated with nitric oxide receptors like soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC)?
Nuclear receptors
What property enables drugs to bind and initiate changes in cellular function?
Lipid solubility
Which receptors are responsible for initiating changes in cellular function by binding to hormones and neurotransmitters?
Ligand-gated ion channels
What does affinity refer to in pharmacology?
The ability of a drug to bind to its biological target
Which parameter measures the relative concentration of a drug required to produce a desired effect?
Potency
What does efficacy represent in pharmacology?
The maximum response a drug can elicit after binding
What does the Therapeutic Index indicate?
The relative safety of a drug in terms of its therapeutic and toxic doses
What does EC50 refer to in pharmacology?
The median effective concentration of a drug
In animal studies, what does LD50 measure?
The dose required to produce a toxic effect in 50% of subjects
What does pharmacodynamics refer to?
The mechanism of drug action on living tissue
Which of the following protein targets are typically affected by drugs?
Receptors, carrier molecules, ion channels, and enzymes
Which term describes the drug's inclination to bind to a receptor?
Affinity
In pharmacology, efficacy refers to the drug's:
Maximum effect regardless of the dose
Which term refers to how effectively a drug produces a biological response?
Efficacy
What does the therapeutic index of a drug indicate?
The safety margin of the drug
What does the dissociation constant, Kd, indicate in drug-receptor interactions?
The concentration of drug required to occupy 50% of the receptor sites
In pharmacology, what effect does a drug with high affinity have on receptor occupancy?
It achieves high receptor saturation at low concentrations
Which term describes the concentration of drug required to bind a certain percentage of receptors?
Dissociation constant (Kd)
What is the relationship between drug concentration and receptor occupancy?
Pharmacological response is directly proportional to receptor occupancy
Which of the following is a major cause of side effects in drug therapy according to the text?
Lack of drug specificity
How does the dissociation constant (Kd) relate to receptor affinity?
Lower Kd reflects lower drug concentrations required to bind receptors
Test your knowledge about LD50, the dose required to produce death in 50% of tested animals, and the Therapeutic Index (TI) which compares the blood concentration for therapeutic effect to that causing death or toxicity.
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