W8: Pharmacodynamics 2

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Which type of drugs form irreversible covalent bonds with their target proteins?

Aspirin-like medications

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Mustard gas-like agents (correct)

Antibiotics

In the context of drug targets, which protein is associated with the formation of irreversible covalent bonds?

GABA receptor

Insulin receptor

Acetylcholine receptor (correct)

Dopamine transporter

Which parameter is used to compare the blood concentration that causes toxic effects to the concentration that causes a therapeutic effect?

TC50

EC50

ED50 (correct)

IC50

In drug studies, LD50 represents the dose of a drug required to cause what effect?

Death in 50% of tested animals Signup and view all the answers

What does the Therapeutic Index (TI) measure in drug pharmacology?

Safety margin of the drug Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drug targets primarily alters the structure of the compound it interacts with?

Co-enzyme P450 Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors are embedded in cell membranes?

G-protein-coupled receptors Signup and view all the answers

For drugs to reach intracellular receptors, what property must they possess?

Lipid solubility Signup and view all the answers

What is the physiological role of all receptors in an organism?

To cause cellular changes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptors are associated with nitric oxide receptors like soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC)?

Nuclear receptors Signup and view all the answers

What property enables drugs to bind and initiate changes in cellular function?

Lipid solubility Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors are responsible for initiating changes in cellular function by binding to hormones and neurotransmitters?

Ligand-gated ion channels Signup and view all the answers

What does affinity refer to in pharmacology?

The ability of a drug to bind to its biological target Signup and view all the answers

Which parameter measures the relative concentration of a drug required to produce a desired effect?

Potency Signup and view all the answers

What does efficacy represent in pharmacology?

The maximum response a drug can elicit after binding Signup and view all the answers

What does the Therapeutic Index indicate?

The relative safety of a drug in terms of its therapeutic and toxic doses Signup and view all the answers

What does EC50 refer to in pharmacology?

The median effective concentration of a drug Signup and view all the answers

In animal studies, what does LD50 measure?

The dose required to produce a toxic effect in 50% of subjects Signup and view all the answers

What does pharmacodynamics refer to?

The mechanism of drug action on living tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protein targets are typically affected by drugs?

Receptors, carrier molecules, ion channels, and enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the drug's inclination to bind to a receptor?

Affinity Signup and view all the answers

In pharmacology, efficacy refers to the drug's:

Maximum effect regardless of the dose Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to how effectively a drug produces a biological response?

Efficacy Signup and view all the answers

What does the therapeutic index of a drug indicate?

The safety margin of the drug Signup and view all the answers

What does the dissociation constant, Kd, indicate in drug-receptor interactions?

The concentration of drug required to occupy 50% of the receptor sites Signup and view all the answers

In pharmacology, what effect does a drug with high affinity have on receptor occupancy?

It achieves high receptor saturation at low concentrations Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the concentration of drug required to bind a certain percentage of receptors?

Dissociation constant (Kd) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between drug concentration and receptor occupancy?

Pharmacological response is directly proportional to receptor occupancy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major cause of side effects in drug therapy according to the text?

Lack of drug specificity Signup and view all the answers

How does the dissociation constant (Kd) relate to receptor affinity?

Lower Kd reflects lower drug concentrations required to bind receptors Signup and view all the answers