36 Questions
What is Kraska primarily alarmed about regarding the police?
The militaristic ideology emphasizing aggressiveness and use of force
What did Kraska dislike according to the text?
The subtle militaristic ideology stressing aggressiveness and use of force
What was the duration of training for full-time city police officers?
525 hours
How long did the author study the training of auxiliary police officers?
Over seven years (1995-2002)
What was the total duration of the rigorous training program for auxiliary officers?
Approximately one year
How many hours of classroom and scenario training, firearms instruction, and legal use of force lectures were included in the initial portion of the training program?
150 hours
What was the next phase of the training program after successful completion of the firearms course?
200 hours of riding patrol with a field training officer
How many auxiliary officers were there in the department between 1995 and 2001?
Between 6 and 14
What percentage of the hours worked by auxiliary officers in 1999 was 'ride time'?
$95%$
How many auxiliary officers went on to become full-time police officers between 1994 and 2001?
6
Which rank was held by the highest-ranking officers in the unit?
Sergeants
What caused the demise of the unit?
Pressure from the police union led to a decline in details and records work.
How many auxiliary officers became correctional officers between 1994 and 2001?
3
Who resumed record keeping after the administrative sergeant left?
A part-time sergeant in 2001
What was the nickname given to the unit due to their work for the city?
The city loves you.
How often did the unit visit the firearms range between 1995 and 1999?
One to four times a year.
What is the ultimate basis of authority for police officers?
Coercion
How do new police officers primarily learn their profession?
From their field training officers
What is the single most important trait that police officers learn?
Use of coercion
What is 'command presence' in the context of policing?
Quality that conveys authority and physical ability to back it up
In what percentage of police-citizen encounters do New York City patrol officers use force?
$0.1%$
'Command presence' coupled with what skill allows officers to control almost all situations?
$\text{Weapons}$ $\text{skills}$
What is the primary method through which officers gain compliance from citizen cues and actions?
Use of coercion
What did a study of New York City patrol officers reveal about the use of firearms in police-citizen encounters?
Firearms were used in $0.1%$ of encounters.
What was the result of 287 calls for suspicious persons or incidents?
No arrests resulted.
What happened in all 12 incidents involving mentally ill persons?
All individuals were turned over to their families or transported to a hospital.
What percentage of the department's hours did part-time officers make up in 1998?
3%
What term was used to indicate a part-time officer joining a full-time officer on patrol or a civilian on a ride-along?
A rider
What was the highest number of part-time officers working in the department at its peak in 1997?
14
What did Conti (2000) observe about most cadets who completed the academy?
They had a realistic perspective on police work.
'The academy also fostered a code of silence, a propensity to cut corners, and a cops-and-robbers mentality among cadets.' What did Conti (2000) observe about most cadets who completed the academy?
They had a realistic perspective on police work.
What percentage of the department's hours did part-time officers make up in 2001?
1%
According to Waddington (1999), where did police subculture begin to develop?
At the academy
'Full-time officers viewed part-time officers as marginal.' Why did some full-time officers not allow any part-time officers to ride with them?
Due to personal reasons or perceived incompetence
'The academy's social structure was designed to generate encounters between recruits of various races.' What success did it have according to the text?
It had some success in forming ties between black, Latino, and white recruits.
'Some full-time officers did not allow any part-time officers to ride with them due to personal reasons or perceived incompetence.' How did full-time officers generally view part-time officers according to the text?
As marginal and not necessary for professional operations.
Study Notes
- Part-time officers in the department could work with full-time officers on details under supervision, but could only ride patrol with a full-time officer.
- The term "a rider" was used to indicate a part-time officer joining a full-time officer on patrol or a civilian on a ride-along.
- Some full-time officers did not allow any part-time officers to ride with them due to personal reasons or perceived incompetence.
- At its peak in 1997, there were 14 part-time officers who worked a total of 3,637.5 hours, making up only 4.5% of the department's hours.
- In 1998, there were 11 part-time officers who worked a total of 2,119 hours, or 3% of the department's hours.
- In 2001, there were 6 part-time officers who worked a total of 744 hours, or about 1% of the department's hours.
- Full-time officers viewed part-time officers as marginal, as they did not need them to do their jobs professionally.
- Research on the socialization of part-time officers is limited, but studies have shown that police academies instill attitudes of masculinity, defensiveness, professionalism, and depersonalization in applicants.
- The academy also fostered a code of silence, a propensity to cut corners, and a cops-and-robbers mentality among cadets.
- Conti (2000) observed that most cadets who completed the academy had a realistic perspective on police work, gained from previous law enforcement experience.
- The academy's social structure was designed to generate encounters between recruits of various races, with some success in forming ties between black, Latino, and white recruits.
- Waddington (1999) noted that police subculture began to develop at the academy.
Test your knowledge of the working arrangements and supervision of part-time officers in law enforcement. This quiz covers the rules and procedures for part-time officers working with full-time officers and civilians during patrol and ride alongs.
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