Lateral Postural Assessment: Head Position

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How does a forward head posture affect the neck, chest, and arms?

It lengthens and weakens the cervical extensor muscles. (correct)

It shortens and tightens the cervical extensor muscles.

It has no impact on the neck, chest, or arms.

It increases the lordotic curve of the neck.

What is the theoretical consequence of maintaining a forward head posture?

Reducing the strain on neck, shoulder, and upper back.

Strengthening the posterior cervical soft tissues.

Promoting relaxation in the neck muscles.

Increasing the strain on posterior cervical soft tissues. (correct)

What is the role of the levator scapulae muscles in correcting a forward head posture?

Shortening the neck muscles.

Acting as reins to pull the head back over the body. (correct)

Helping to position the head far in advance of the body.

Increasing the lordotic curve of the neck.

Why are cervical extensor muscles like the levator scapulae considered weak in a forward head posture?

Because they are lengthened and weak. Signup and view all the answers

Which analogy best describes how the levator scapulae muscles function in correcting forward head posture?

Like reins pulling in the head to bring it back over the body. Signup and view all the answers

What might be a possible consequence of neglecting a forward head posture?

Increased pain in the neck, shoulder, and upper back. Signup and view all the answers

A forward head posture affects the neck, chest and ______

arms Signup and view all the answers

Cervical extensor muscles such as the levator scapulae are not shortened and tight, but are ______ and weak

lengthened Signup and view all the answers

Theoretically, a forward head posture increases the strain on posterior cervical soft tissues and may result in neck, shoulder, and upper back ______

pain Signup and view all the answers

The levator scapulae muscles can be thought of as the reins of a horse constantly pulling in the head, bringing it back over the centre of the ______

body Signup and view all the answers

As the head moves more anteriorly, the levator scapulae muscles are ever more ______

lengthened Signup and view all the answers

In a forward head posture, the head is positioned too far in advance of the ______

body Signup and view all the answers

A forward head posture increases the lordotic curve of the neck.

False Signup and view all the answers

Cervical extensor muscles such as the levator scapulae are shortened and tight in a forward head posture.

False Signup and view all the answers

Theoretically, a forward head posture reduces the strain on posterior cervical soft tissues.

False Signup and view all the answers

The levator scapulae muscles are like the reins of a horse pulling the head forward in a forward head posture.

False Signup and view all the answers

A forward head posture may not result in neck, shoulder, or upper back pain.

False Signup and view all the answers

Weak levator scapulae muscles can lead to a forward head posture.

True Signup and view all the answers

How does a forward head posture impact the levator scapulae muscles?

They are lengthened and weak Signup and view all the answers

Which area is most affected by a forward head posture?

Neck Signup and view all the answers

What analogy is used to describe the function of the levator scapulae muscles in correcting a forward head posture?

Reins of a horse pulling the head back Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential outcome of neglecting a forward head posture?

Increased strain on neck and upper back Signup and view all the answers

How can the impact of a forward head posture on the neck be described?

Increased lordotic curve Signup and view all the answers

What do weak levator scapulae muscles contribute to in terms of posture?

Pulled-forward head position Signup and view all the answers

If the client's hair obscures her neck, either have her tie up her hair, or leave this section of your assessment ______.

blank Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine often accompanies a kyphotic ______.

posture Signup and view all the answers

An increase in the normal curvature of the cervical spine possibly increases compression on the posterior part of some of the cervical ______.

intervertebral Signup and view all the answers

A reduced thoracic cavity is associated with shortened intercostals, pectoralis minor, adductors and internal rotators of the ______.

shoulders Signup and view all the answers

Sitting, allow yourself to slump, exaggerating the kyphotic curve in the spine associated with poor ______.

posture Signup and view all the answers

The zygapophyseal joints may be ______, too.

compressed Signup and view all the answers

Muscles that are often weak in a kyphotic posture include the thoracic spine extensors and the middle and lower fibers of the ______.

trapezius Signup and view all the answers

Exaggerate the lordotic curve of a model spine, and you can see that the bifurcated spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae begin to approximate each other. Structurally, the cervical extensor muscles are brought closer together and are therefore likely to be shortened and weak, and the neck flexor muscles are likely to be lengthened and weak. If a person maintains this posture over many years, it seems reasonable to assume that adhesions would form between joint capsules and surrounding structures resulting in a decrease in range of movement. Could prolonged compression of some of the cervical vertebrae even result in the development of ______ in this region of the spine?

osteophytes Signup and view all the answers

Conversely, if the cervical spine looks unusually flat, this indicates shortness in the neck flexors and weakness in the neck ______.

extensors Signup and view all the answers

If a person exaggerates the lordotic curve of their spine, the cervical extensor muscles are likely to be ______ and weak.

shortened Signup and view all the answers

Prolonged compression of some of the cervical vertebrae may lead to the development of ______ in the spine.

adhesions Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine often accompanies a kyphotic ______.

posture Signup and view all the answers

An increase in the normal curvature of the cervical spine possibly increases compression on the posterior part of some of the cervical ______.

intervertebral discs Signup and view all the answers

Conversely, if the cervical spine looks unusually flat, this indicates shortness in the neck flexors and weakness in the neck ______.

extensors Signup and view all the answers

Sitting, allow yourself to slump, exaggerating the kyphotic curve in the spine associated with poor ______.

posture Signup and view all the answers

The zygapophyseal joints may be ______, too.

compressed Signup and view all the answers

If the client's hair obscures her neck, either have her tie up her hair, or leave this section of your assessment ______.

blank Signup and view all the answers

If a person maintains a kyphotic posture over many years, adhesions may form between joint capsules and surrounding structures resulting in a decrease in range of ______.

movement Signup and view all the answers

Exaggerating the lordotic curve of the cervical spine may lead to the development of ______ in this region of the spine.

osteophytes Signup and view all the answers

Weakness in the thoracic spine extensors is often seen in individuals with a ______ posture.

kyphotic Signup and view all the answers

Shortness in the neck flexors and weakness in the neck extensors can cause the cervical spine to appear unusually ______.

flat Signup and view all the answers

Exaggerating the lordotic curve of the model spine brings the cervical extensor muscles closer together, making them likely to be ______ and weak.

shortened Signup and view all the answers

What muscles are likely to be shortened and weak in a kyphotic posture?

Thoracic spine extensors Signup and view all the answers

In a kyphotic posture, which muscles are likely to be lengthened and weak?

Cervical extensor muscles Signup and view all the answers

What can result from prolonged compression of some cervical vertebrae due to poor posture?

Development of osteophytes Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle group is likely to be weak in a forward head posture?

Neck extensors Signup and view all the answers

What would an unusually flat cervical spine indicate in terms of muscle function?

Weakness in the neck extensors Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of an exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine?

Compression on the posterior part of some cervical intervertebral discs Signup and view all the answers

How does an exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine relate to thoracic posture?

It may diminish the thoracic cavity Signup and view all the answers

How might an exaggerated kyphotic posture affect the client's head position?

It naturally leads to the head tilting downwards Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of maintaining a kyphotic posture over many years?

Formation of adhesions between joint capsules and surrounding structures Signup and view all the answers

Why might shortness in the neck flexors and weakness in the neck extensors result in a flat appearance of the cervical spine?

Weakness in neck flexor muscles affecting curvature Signup and view all the answers

How does an increase in the lordotic curve of the cervical spine affect compression on certain structures?

Increases compression on zygapophyseal joints Signup and view all the answers

In a kyphotic posture, the thoracic spine extensors and the upper fibers of the trapezius are often weak.

False Signup and view all the answers

Prolonged compression of some cervical vertebrae due to poor posture could lead to the development of osteophytes in the spine.

True Signup and view all the answers

Exaggerating the lordotic curve of a model spine brings the cervical extensor muscles closer together, making them likely to be lengthened and weak.

False Signup and view all the answers

Maintaining a kyphotic posture over many years is unlikely to result in adhesions forming between joint capsules and surrounding structures.

False Signup and view all the answers

An unusually flat cervical spine indicates shortness in the neck flexors and strength in the neck extensors.

False Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine often accompanies a kyphotic posture.

True Signup and view all the answers

Shortness in the neck extensors and weakness in the neck flexors can cause the cervical spine to appear unusually flat.

False Signup and view all the answers

An increase in the normal curvature of the cervical spine decreases compression on the posterior part of intervertebral discs.

False Signup and view all the answers

Weakness in thoracic spine extensors is often associated with a kyphotic posture.

True Signup and view all the answers

A reduced thoracic cavity is associated with lengthened intercostals, pectoralis minor, adductors, and internal rotators of the shoulders.

False Signup and view all the answers

Cervical extensor muscles such as the levator scapulae are tightened and weak in a forward head posture.

False Signup and view all the answers

To make the C7 vertebra easier to locate when viewing your client laterally, simply ask him to flex his neck, thus making the spinous process more prominent. What Your Findings Mean A dowager’s hump describes this raised area in the C7/T1 junction often observed in postmenopausal women where osteoporotic changes cause vertebrae to become wedge shaped anteriorly. Could the fatty tissue deposited over the C7/T1 junction of some clients be the result of poor ______?

posture Signup and view all the answers

From what you have read in steps 1, 2 and 3, are you able to identify which of these clients has a forward head posture? Who has an increased lordotic cervical curve? Do any appear to have elongated necks? Compare the cervicothoracic junction on each. Existing questions. Do NOT ask these: What muscles are likely to be shortened and weak in a kyphotic posture? Cervical extensor muscles such as the levator scapulae are shortened and tight in a forward head posture. Conversely, if the cervical spine looks unusually flat, this indicates shortness in the neck flexors and weakness in the neck ______.

extensors Signup and view all the answers

Sitting, allow yourself to slump, exaggerating the kyphotic curve in the spine associated with poor ______. Why are cervical extensor muscles like the levator scapulae considered weak in a forward head posture?

posture Signup and view all the answers

What might be a possible consequence of neglecting a forward head posture? The levator scapulae muscles can be thought of as the reins of a horse constantly pulling in the head, bringing it back over the centre of the ______.

body Signup and view all the answers

An increase in the normal curvature of the cervical spine possibly increases compression on the posterior part of some of the cervical . What can result from prolonged compression of some cervical vertebrae due to poor ?

discs, posture Signup and view all the answers

An increase in the normal curvature of the cervical spine possibly increases compression on the posterior part of some of the cervical ______.

nerves Signup and view all the answers

Shortness in the neck flexors and weakness in the neck extensors can cause the cervical spine to appear unusually ______.

flat Signup and view all the answers

Weak levator scapulae muscles can lead to a forward head ______.

posture Signup and view all the answers

Prolonged compression of some cervical vertebrae due to poor posture could lead to the development of ______ in the spine.

osteophytes Signup and view all the answers

Cervical extensor muscles such as the levator scapulae are not shortened and tight, but are ______ and weak.

lengthened Signup and view all the answers

A dowager's hump typically occurs in the C6/C7 junction of postmenopausal women.

False Signup and view all the answers

Flexing the neck can help make the spinous process of the C7 vertebra more prominent.

True Signup and view all the answers

The fatty tissue deposited over the C7/T1 junction is primarily due to genetic factors.

False Signup and view all the answers

A forward head posture often leads to shortening and tightness in the levator scapulae muscles.

False Signup and view all the answers

Maintaining a kyphotic posture over many years is likely to result in adhesions forming between joint capsules and surrounding structures.

False Signup and view all the answers

Protraction of the shoulders is common due to prolonged sitting with arms in front of them at desks or while driving, leading to a habitual __________ position.

slumped Signup and view all the answers

The raised area in the C7/T1 junction often observed in postmenopausal women is known as a dowager's hump, caused by osteoporotic changes making vertebrae become wedge shaped ________.

anteriorly Signup and view all the answers

Exaggerating the lordotic curve of the cervical spine may lead to the development of ______ in this region of the spine.

osteophytes Signup and view all the answers

Shortness in the neck flexors and weakness in the neck extensors can cause the cervical spine to appear unusually ________.

flat Signup and view all the answers

A forward head posture increases the lordotic curve of the neck, potentially leading to strain on posterior cervical soft tissues and resulting in neck, shoulder, and upper back ________.

pain Signup and view all the answers

Weakness in thoracic spine extensors is often seen in individuals with a ________ posture.

kyphotic Signup and view all the answers

Take a look at the photographs of the people in step 6 on page 77. If you had to select the person with the most internally rotated right shoulder, whom would you pick? The ______ barked.

dog Signup and view all the answers

Standing, notice the position of your hands and arms. Now deliberately slump, giving yourself poor posture. Notice what has happened to your hands. Do your thumbs and the radial sides of your wrists touch your ______?

hips Signup and view all the answers

Protraction of the shoulders is one of the most common postures you will encounter because many people sit for long periods at desks or while driving, their arms in front of them at a keypad or steering wheel. With time, this slumped position becomes habitual, with consequences for the chest and neck as well as the shoulder joint itself. A forward head posture reduces the strain on posterior cervical ______ tissues.

soft Signup and view all the answers

As the head moves more anteriorly, the levator scapulae muscles are ever more ______.

engaged Signup and view all the answers

A reduced thoracic cavity is associated with shortened intercostals, pectoralis minor, adductors, and internal rotators of the ______.

shoulders Signup and view all the answers

Weakness in the thoracic spine extensors is often seen in individuals with a ______ posture.

kyphotic Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the most common postures encountered due to sitting for long periods?

Protracted shoulders Signup and view all the answers

Why do many people experience protracted shoulders?

Long periods of sitting at desks Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the thumbs and wrists when someone deliberately slumps into poor posture?

They touch the hips Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of habitual slumping and poor posture over time?

Impact on chest, neck, and shoulder joints Signup and view all the answers

Which body part is particularly affected by prolonged sitting at desks or while driving?

Shoulders and arms Signup and view all the answers

How does habitual poor posture impact the scapulae and humeri positioning over time?

Leads to retraction and lateral movement Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible cause for having a protracted shoulder on one side and a retracted shoulder on the other side of the body?

Regularly pulling a heavy luggage trolley behind on one side Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is suggested to be shortened with an externally rotated humerus?

Infraspinatus Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic associated with retracted shoulders?

External rotation of the humerus Signup and view all the answers

What may lead to shortness in the rhomboid muscles and middle fibers of the trapezius?

Regularly carrying a heavy backpack on one shoulder Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of having a protracted shoulder on one side of the body?

Accompanying internal rotation on that side Signup and view all the answers

How might externally rotating the humerus affect the position of the scapula?

Retracted scapula Signup and view all the answers

____ shoulders are less common than protracted shoulders and are associated with the military-style posture.

Retracted Signup and view all the answers

Notice how you are also supinated at the wrist and elbow and that the other side becomes the leading side, with the scapula protracted and an internal rotation of the ______.

humerus Signup and view all the answers

One cause of this might be regularly wheeling a heavy luggage trolley behind on one side, externally rotating on that side. TIP To understand how a protracted shoulder on one side might come about, imagine that you are pulling a heavy wheeled trolley in one hand. Notice that on the side of the trolley, your scapula is retracted and the ______ is externally rotated.

humerus Signup and view all the answers

A forward head posture may not result in neck, shoulder, or upper back ______.

pain Signup and view all the answers

An externally rotated humerus suggests shortness in muscles such as the infraspinatus and ______ minor.

teres Signup and view all the answers

It is quite possible to have a protracted shoulder on one side of the body, with the accompanying internal rotation on that side, and a retracted shoulder on the other side of the body, with accompanying external rotation. One cause of this might be regularly wheeling a heavy luggage trolley behind on one side, externally rotating on that side. TIP To understand how a protracted shoulder on one side might come about, imagine that you are pulling a heavy wheeled trolley in one hand. Notice that on the side of the trolley, your scapula is retracted and the humerus is externally rotated. Notice how you are also supinated at the wrist and elbow and that the other side (the side without the trolley) becomes the leading side, with the scapula protracted and an internal rotation of the ______.

humerus Signup and view all the answers

A severely kyphotic posture is associated with shortened pectorals, tight intercostals, and perhaps even shallow breathing due to a depressed chest cavity. There may also be shortening of the upper abdominals. Thoracic spine extensors, the middle and lower fibers of the trapezius, and the rhomboids may be lengthened and weak. Weakness in thoracic spine extensors is often associated with a ______ posture.

kyphotic Signup and view all the answers

Exaggerating the lordotic curve of the cervical spine may lead to the development of ______ in this region of the spine.

adhesions Signup and view all the answers

Maintaining a kyphotic posture over many years is likely to result in ______ forming between joint capsules and surrounding structures.

adhesions Signup and view all the answers

The zygapophyseal joints may be ______, too.

affected Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine often accompanies a ______ posture.

kyphotic Signup and view all the answers

A reduced thoracic cavity is associated with shortened intercostals, pectoralis minor, adductors and internal rotators of the ______.

shoulder Signup and view all the answers

What may cause an exaggeration in the thoracic curve in some clients?

Increase in cervical lordosis Signup and view all the answers

What can make the spinous processes appear more prominent in a client?

Atrophied muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of a severely kyphotic posture?

Shallow breathing Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential cause of a client appearing to have a flat back?

Markedly reduced normal curve in the thoracic region Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle group is likely to be weak in a client with a severely kyphotic posture?

Thoracic spine extensors Signup and view all the answers

What might be observed in older adults, especially those who are sedentary, regarding their thoracic curve?

Increased thoracic curve Signup and view all the answers

In a client with very low body fat or atrophied muscles, spinous processes may appear less prominent than normal.

False Signup and view all the answers

A severely kyphotic posture is associated with shortened pectorals and tight intercostals.

True Signup and view all the answers

An exaggeration in the thoracic curve is always compensatory, accompanying an increase in the lumbar lordosis.

False Signup and view all the answers

A flat back appearance in some clients is often due to a markedly reduced normal curve in the lumbar region.

False Signup and view all the answers

A forward head posture leads to shallow breathing due to an increased chest cavity.

False Signup and view all the answers

Shortening of the upper abdominals is commonly observed in individuals with a kyphotic posture.

True Signup and view all the answers

An exaggeration in the thoracic curve may be compensatory, accompanying an increase in the cervical or lumbar lordosis, or both. By complete contrast, in some clients the normal curve in this region is markedly reduced, giving the client the appearance of a ______ back.

flat Signup and view all the answers

In a client with very low body fat or atrophied muscles, spinous processes may appear more prominent than normal. It is a mistake to assume that because you can see these processes, the client is ______.

kyphotic Signup and view all the answers

A severely kyphotic posture is associated with shortened pectorals, tight intercostals, and perhaps even shallow breathing due to a depressed chest cavity. There may also be shortening of the upper ______.

abdominals Signup and view all the answers

Thoracic spine extensors, the middle and lower fibers of the trapezius, and the ______ may be lengthened and weak.

rhomboids Signup and view all the answers

A dowager’s hump describes this raised area in the C7/T1 junction often observed in postmenopausal women where osteoporotic changes cause vertebrae to become wedge shaped anteriorly. Could the fatty tissue deposited over the C7/T1 junction of some clients be the result of poor ______?

posture Signup and view all the answers

Weak levator scapulae muscles can lead to a forward head ______.

posture Signup and view all the answers

Does an abdomen protrude because the person is overweight or pregnant, or it is the result of the person’s overall standing posture and an anteriorly tilted ______?

pelvis Signup and view all the answers

Protrusion of the abdomen could be a natural consequence of pregnancy or the result of increased lumbar lordosis, or it could simply be excess adipose tissue because the client is ______.

overweight Signup and view all the answers

Clients with restrictions in the muscles and fascia of the chest sometimes appear to have a protruding abdomen, quite a distinct change in shape from the chest area, which is tight and ______.

depressed Signup and view all the answers

A dowager’s hump describes this raised area in the C7/T1 junction often observed in postmenopausal women where osteoporotic changes cause vertebrae to become wedge shaped anteriorly. Could the fatty tissue deposited over the C7/T1 junction of some clients be the result of poor ______?

posture Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine often accompanies a ______ posture.

kyphotic Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of habitual slumping and poor ______ over time?

posture Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential reason for protrusion of the abdomen in a client, according to the text?

Poor posture and an anteriorly tilted pelvis Signup and view all the answers

In postural assessment, what might a protruding abdomen indicate about the client?

Increased tension in the abdomen Signup and view all the answers

What could be a consequence of prolonged compression of certain cervical vertebrae due to poor posture?

Decreased range of movement due to adhesions Signup and view all the answers

What impact can an anteriorly tilted pelvis have on the lumbar spine curvature?

Increase in lumbar lordosis Signup and view all the answers

In individuals with restrictions in chest muscles, how might the abdomen appear compared to the chest area?

Protruding Signup and view all the answers

What could be a potential cause of a protruding abdomen in a healthy individual?

Weak abdominal muscles Signup and view all the answers

A protruding abdomen could be the result of increased ____________ or the person being overweight.

lordosis Signup and view all the answers

In a normal, healthy person, the abdomen should be ____________.

flat Signup and view all the answers

Protrusion of the abdomen could be a natural consequence of ____________ or increased lumbar lordosis.

pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

Clients with restrictions in the muscles and fascia of the chest sometimes appear to have a protruding abdomen, quite a distinct change in shape from the tight and depressed ____________.

chest Signup and view all the answers

A reduced thoracic cavity is associated with shortened intercostals, pectoralis minor, adductors, and internal rotators of the ____________.

shoulders Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine often accompanies a ____________ posture.

kyphotic Signup and view all the answers

Looking at the lumbar spine, it is useful to remember that some people have naturally increased lumbar curves and are asymptomatic; others may have mildly increased lumbar and thoracic curves and require no treatment at all. The lumbar spine and pelvis are inher- ently linked. Increases or decreases in the lumbar curve correspond with altered positions of the pelvis. However, it can be difficult to identify pelvic position when you are first learning postural assessment, so observing the lumbar region first is a good place to start. Does the curve of your client’s lumbar region look normal, or is there evidence of increased or decreased ______?

lordosis Signup and view all the answers

An increased lordotic curve indicates an anteriorly tilted pelvis. For a full explanation of pelvic positions, please see page 76. Increased lordosis in this region could explain pain resulting from compression of soft tissues in this region—for example, if there were increased compression on the posterior part of the lumbar intervertebral discs and shortening of the lumbar erector spinae. What Your Findings Mean An increased lordotic curve indicates an anteriorly tilted pelvis. For a full explanation of pelvic positions, please see page 76. Increased lordosis in this region could explain pain resulting from compression of soft tissues in this region—for example, if there were increased compression on the posterior part of the lumbar intervertebral discs and shortening of the lumbar erector ______.

spinae Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine often accompanies a ______ posture.

kyphotic Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine often accompanies a ______ posture.

forward Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine often accompanies a ______ posture.

kyphotic Signup and view all the answers

Protrusion of the abdomen could be a natural consequence of ______ or increased lumbar lordosis.

kyphotic Signup and view all the answers

Anatomically, a lordotic curve accompanies an anteriorly tilted pelvis, and therefore, the hamstrings are held in a lengthened position. Yet in my experience, such clients often complain of tight hamstrings. Could this be because their hamstrings are trying to pull the ischium back into a more neutral position? The psoas may also be shortened if it is responsible for pulling the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae anteriorly, contributing to lordosis in this region of the spine. An interesting question: Which came first, the shortened psoas or the increased ______?

lordosis Signup and view all the answers

Exaggerate the lordotic curve of a model spine, and you can see that the bifurcated spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae begin to approximate each other. Structurally, the cervical extensor muscles are brought closer together and are therefore likely to be shortened and weak, and the neck flexor muscles are likely to be lengthened and weak. If a person maintains this posture over many years, it seems reasonable to assume that adhesions would form between joint capsules and surrounding structures resulting in a decrease in range of movement. Could prolonged compression of some of the cervical vertebrae even result in the development of ______ in this region of the spine?

adhesions Signup and view all the answers

Exaggerating the lordotic curve of the model spine brings the cervical extensor muscles closer together, making them likely to be shortened and weak. Which body part is particularly affected by prolonged sitting at desks or while driving?

neck Signup and view all the answers

What impact can an anteriorly tilted pelvis have on the lumbar spine curvature? Sitting, allow yourself to slump, exaggerating the kyphotic curve in the spine associated with poor ______.

posture Signup and view all the answers

How does an exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine relate to thoracic posture? What would an unusually flat cervical spine indicate in terms of muscle function?

kyphotic Signup and view all the answers

What may contribute to the weakened state of the rectus abdominis and hip extensors in a client with an increased lordotic curve?

Shortened hamstrings Signup and view all the answers

Why might clients with an increased lordotic curve often complain of tight hamstrings despite their lengthened position?

Hamstrings are trying to correct lumbar hyperextension Signup and view all the answers

What role might a shortened psoas play in contributing to lordosis in the lumbar spine?

Pulling lumbar vertebrae posteriorly Signup and view all the answers

In the context of lumbar lordosis, what could be a consequence of compressed zygapophyseal joints?

Compromised functioning of the erector spinae Signup and view all the answers

Why might assessing the length of hamstrings be helpful when treating a client with an increased lordotic curve?

To address potential ischium positioning concerns Signup and view all the answers

What could an increased lordotic curve in the lumbar region indicate?

Anterior pelvic tilt Signup and view all the answers

Why is observing the lumbar region first recommended in postural assessment?

Easier to identify the pelvic position Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of an exaggerated lordotic curve in the lumbar spine?

Compression on lumbar intervertebral discs Signup and view all the answers

What might be the impact of maintaining an excessively kyphotic posture over many years?

Adhesions forming between joint capsules Signup and view all the answers

How does an increased lordotic curve affect soft tissues in the lumbar region?

Increased compression on lumbar intervertebral discs Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to check for evidence of increased or decreased lordosis in the lumbar region?

To understand pelvic positions Signup and view all the answers

An increased lumbar lordosis might require treatment in all cases.

False Signup and view all the answers

The lumbar spine and pelvis are not linked in any way.

False Signup and view all the answers

Identifying pelvic position is easy when first learning postural assessment.

False Signup and view all the answers

Increased lordosis in the lumbar region can never result in pain.

False Signup and view all the answers

An increased lordotic curve indicates a posteriorly tilted pelvis.

False Signup and view all the answers

A decreased lordotic curve corresponds with a flattened lumbar spine.

True Signup and view all the answers

The rectus abdominis may be longer and weaker than usual in a client with an increased lordotic curve.

True Signup and view all the answers

An increased lordotic curve in the lumbar spine may compromise the correct functioning of the zygapophyseal joints.

True Signup and view all the answers

The hamstrings are held in a shortened position in clients with an increased lordotic curve.

False Signup and view all the answers

Tight hamstrings in clients with an increased lordotic curve may indicate their attempt to pull the ischium back into a more neutral position.

False Signup and view all the answers

Shortening of the psoas can contribute to the development of a decreased lordosis in the lumbar spine.

False Signup and view all the answers

The rectus abdominis may be longer and weaker than usual in a client with an increased ______ curve.

lordotic Signup and view all the answers

The hamstrings in clients with an increased lordotic curve may be tight due to their attempt to pull the ischium back into a more neutral ______.

position Signup and view all the answers

Shortening of the ______ can contribute to the development of a decreased lordosis in the lumbar spine.

psoas Signup and view all the answers

Exaggerating the lordotic curve in the cervical spine may lead to compression on certain structures in the ______ region of the spine.

posterior Signup and view all the answers

An externally rotated humerus suggests shortness in muscles such as the infraspinatus and ______ minor.

teres Signup and view all the answers

An increased lordotic curve indicates an anteriorly tilted ______.

pelvis Signup and view all the answers

Increases or decreases in the lumbar curve correspond with altered positions of the ______.

pelvis Signup and view all the answers

The levator scapulae muscles can be thought of as the reins of a horse constantly pulling in the head, bringing it back over the centre of the ______.

body Signup and view all the answers

A reduced thoracic cavity is associated with lengthened intercostals, pectoralis minor, adductors, and internal rotators of the ______.

shoulders Signup and view all the answers

Shortening of the psoas can contribute to the development of a decreased lordosis in the lumbar ______.

spine Signup and view all the answers

Clients with restrictions in the muscles and fascia of the chest sometimes appear to have a protruding abdomen, quite a distinct change in shape from the tight and depressed _________.

posture Signup and view all the answers

An increase in the normal curvature of the cervical spine possibly increases compression on the posterior part of some of the cervical ______.

intervertebral discs Signup and view all the answers

Maintaining a kyphotic posture over many years is likely to result in ______ forming between joint capsules and surrounding structures.

adhesions Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine may lead to the development of ______ in this region of the spine.

lordosis Signup and view all the answers

Protrusion of the abdomen could be a natural consequence of ______ or increased lumbar lordosis.

lordosis Signup and view all the answers

The levator scapulae muscles can be thought of as the reins of a horse constantly pulling in the head, bringing it back over the centre of the ______.

shoulders Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine often accompanies a kyphotic ______.

posture Signup and view all the answers

____ shoulders are less common than protracted shoulders and are associated with the military-style posture.

Square Signup and view all the answers

Protraction of the shoulders is one of the most common postures you will encounter because many people sit for long periods at desks or while driving, their arms in front of them at a keypad or steering wheel. With time, this slumped position becomes habitual, with consequences for the chest and neck as well as the shoulder joint itself. A forward head posture reduces the strain on posterior cervical ______ tissues.

soft Signup and view all the answers

Exaggerating the lordotic curve of the model spine brings the cervical extensor muscles closer together, making them likely to be ______ and weak.

shortened Signup and view all the answers

An increase in the normal curvature of the cervical spine possibly increases compression on the posterior part of some of the cervical ______.

vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

As the head moves more anteriorly, the levator scapulae muscles are ever more ______.

tight Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical changes may be associated with a decrease in the normal curve of the lumbar spine?

Tightened hip flexor muscles and weakened hip extensors Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the lumbar spine for a client with increased lordosis?

Anteriorly tilted pelvis Signup and view all the answers

In individuals with an increased lordotic curve, what muscles are likely to be lengthened and weak?

Erector spinae muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of maintaining an exaggerated lordotic curve in the spine over many years?

Development of adhesions between joint capsules Signup and view all the answers

What is a plausible outcome of neglecting an increased lordotic curve in the lumbar region?

Adhesions forming in the lumbar spine Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine often accompanies a ______ posture.

kyphotic Signup and view all the answers

Protrusion of the abdomen could be a natural consequence of ______ or increased lumbar lordosis.

lordosis Signup and view all the answers

An externally rotated humerus suggests shortness in muscles such as the infraspinatus and ______ minor.

teres Signup and view all the answers

Tight hamstrings in clients with an increased lordotic curve may indicate their attempt to pull the ischium back into a more neutral ______.

position Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve of the cervical spine may lead to the development of ______ in this region of the spine.

pain Signup and view all the answers

What can an exaggerated lordotic curve in the lumbar spine potentially indicate?

Weak hip extensors and tight hip flexors Signup and view all the answers

In a client showing an increased lumbar lordosis, what is the corresponding position of the pelvis most likely to be?

Anteriorly tilted Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of maintaining a kyphotic posture over many years?

Adhesions forming between joint capsules and surrounding structures Signup and view all the answers

Why might shortness in the neck flexors and weakness in the neck extensors contribute to a flat appearance of the cervical spine?

Decreased range of motion in the neck Signup and view all the answers

What can result from prolonged compression of some cervical vertebrae due to poor posture?

Development of osteophytes in the spine Signup and view all the answers

An increased lumbar lordosis may be associated with tightened hip extensors and strengthened hip flexor muscles.

False Signup and view all the answers

Exaggerating the lordotic curve of the lumbar spine brings the cervical extensor muscles closer together, making them likely to be shortened and weak.

True Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated thoracic curve is always compensatory, accompanying a decrease in the lumbar lordosis.

False Signup and view all the answers

In individuals with an exaggerated lordotic curve in the lumbar spine, the zygapophyseal joints may be unaffected.

False Signup and view all the answers

The fatty tissue deposited over the C7/T1 junction of some clients could be primarily due to poor posture.

True Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine may lead to compression on certain structures in the ______ region of the spine.

cervical Signup and view all the answers

Shortness in the neck extensors and weakness in the neck flexors can cause the cervical spine to appear unusually ______.

flat Signup and view all the answers

Exaggerating the lordotic curve of the lumbar spine brings the cervical extensor muscles closer together, making them likely to be shortened and ______.

weak Signup and view all the answers

An increased lordotic curve indicates an anteriorly tilted pelvis. For a full explanation of pelvic positions, please see page 76. Increased lordosis in this region could explain pain resulting from compression of soft tissues in this region—for example, if there were increased compression on the posterior part of the lumbar intervertebral discs and shortening of the lumbar erector ______.

spinae Signup and view all the answers

A forward head posture increases the lordotic curve of the neck, potentially leading to strain on posterior cervical soft tissues and resulting in neck, shoulder, and upper back ______.

pain Signup and view all the answers

An increased lumbar lordosis can be associated with tightness in the hip extensors and longer, perhaps weakened, hip flexor muscles.

True Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine can lead to compression on certain structures in the lumbar region of the spine.

False Signup and view all the answers

Maintaining an excessively kyphotic posture over many years may result in adhesions forming between joint capsules and surrounding structures.

True Signup and view all the answers

An increase in the normal curvature of the cervical spine decreases compression on the posterior part of intervertebral discs.

False Signup and view all the answers

A dowager’s hump typically occurs at the C6/C7 junction of postmenopausal women.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the position of the pelvis described as when the ASIS are positioned anterior to the pubis?

Anterior pelvic tilt Signup and view all the answers

In what direction does the pelvis tilt when a posterior pelvic tilt is produced?

Away from normal Signup and view all the answers

What does a lordotic lumbar region indicate in terms of posture?

Swayback posture Signup and view all the answers

How can you determine whether a client has a lordotic lumbar region or a flattened lumbar region?

By asking them to perform tilting maneuvers Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of shortness in the neck flexors and weakness in the neck extensors?

Flat appearance of the cervical spine Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible cause of a protruding abdomen in some clients?

Shortened psoas Signup and view all the answers

Shortening of the psoas can contribute to the development of a decreased ______ in the lumbar spine.

lordosis Signup and view all the answers

Exaggerating the lordotic curve of the cervical spine may lead to the development of ______ in this region of the spine.

adhesions Signup and view all the answers

Clients with restrictions in the muscles and fascia of the chest sometimes appear to have a protruding abdomen, quite a distinct change in shape from the chest area, which is tight and ______.

restrictive Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine often accompanies a ______ posture.

lordotic Signup and view all the answers

Does an abdomen protrude because the person is overweight or pregnant, or it is the result of the person’s overall standing posture and an anteriorly tilted ______?

pelvis Signup and view all the answers

Could prolonged compression of some of the cervical vertebrae even result in the development of ______ in this region of the spine?

kyphosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the position of the pelvis in anterior pelvic tilt?

ASIS positioned anterior to the pubis Signup and view all the answers

What does a posterior pelvic tilt involve?

Flattening of the lumbar spine Signup and view all the answers

In what direction should a client move their groin to produce a posterior pelvic tilt?

Forwards Signup and view all the answers

What changes occur in the lumbar spine during an anterior pelvic tilt?

Lumbar spine extends Signup and view all the answers

How can a client determine if they have a lordotic lumbar region?

By contracting their buttocks Signup and view all the answers

What is one way a client can observe their lumbar spine changes?

Performing anterior and posterior pelvic tilts Signup and view all the answers

When observing the pelvis, anterior pelvic tilt describes the position of the pelvis when the ASIS are positioned anterior to the ______.

pubis Signup and view all the answers

A trick to help determine if a client has a lordotic lumbar region is to observe what occurs as they perform an anterior tilt and then a posterior ______.

tilt Signup and view all the answers

An externally rotated humerus suggests shortness in muscles such as the infraspinatus and ______ minor.

teres Signup and view all the answers

A forward head posture reduces the strain on posterior cervical ______ tissues.

soft Signup and view all the answers

The levator scapulae muscles can be thought of as the reins of a horse constantly pulling in the head, bringing it back over the centre of the ______.

body Signup and view all the answers

Looking at the lumbar spine, it is useful to remember that some people have naturally increased lumbar curves and are asymptomatic; others may have mildly increased lumbar and thoracic curves and require no treatment at all. Does the curve of your client’s lumbar region look normal, or is there evidence of increased or decreased ______?

curves Signup and view all the answers

In a forward head posture, the head is positioned too far behind the shoulders.

False Signup and view all the answers

A protruding abdomen could be a natural consequence of decreased lumbar lordosis.

True Signup and view all the answers

An increased lordotic curve in the lumbar spine may not affect the zygapophyseal joints.

False Signup and view all the answers

Maintaining a kyphotic posture over many years can lead to adhesions forming between joint capsules and surrounding structures.

False Signup and view all the answers

Exaggerating the lordotic curve of the cervical spine may not lead to the development of compression in the lumbar region of the spine.

False Signup and view all the answers

The levator scapulae muscles are often considered weak in individuals with a forward head posture.

True Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine often accompanies a ______ posture.

kyphotic Signup and view all the answers

Shortness in the neck extensors and weakness in the neck flexors can cause the cervical spine to appear unusually ______.

flat Signup and view all the answers

Maintaining a kyphotic posture over many years is likely to result in ______ forming between joint capsules and surrounding structures.

adhesions Signup and view all the answers

Protraction of the shoulders is common due to prolonged sitting with arms in front of them at desks or while driving, leading to a habitual ______ position.

slumping Signup and view all the answers

An increased lordotic curve in the lumbar spine may compromise the correct functioning of the zygapophyseal joints.

compressed Signup and view all the answers

The hamstrings are held in a shortened position in clients with an increased lordotic curve.

anteriorly Signup and view all the answers

What does an anterior pelvic tilt describe?

Pelvis position with ASIS positioned anterior to the pubis Signup and view all the answers

How can a person achieve a posterior pelvic tilt?

Contracting the buttocks and flattening the lumbar spine Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a client has a particularly lordotic lumbar region?

An exaggerated thoracic curve is observed Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of maintaining a kyphotic posture over many years?

Formation of adhesions between joint capsules Signup and view all the answers

How would a forward head posture impact the strain on posterior cervical tissues?

Reduce the strain on posterior cervical tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of neglecting to address an increased lordotic curve in the lumbar region?

Compromised functioning of the zygapophyseal joints Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of an anterior pelvic tilt on the lumbar spine?

Lengthened hamstrings Signup and view all the answers

How does a posterior pelvic tilt affect the lumbar lordosis?

Decreases the lordosis Signup and view all the answers

What muscle is likely to be shortened in a person with an anterior pelvic tilt?

Psoas Signup and view all the answers

How does an increased lordosis in the lumbar spine affect the zygapophyseal joints?

Increased compression Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic associated with a client showing a posteriorly tilted pelvis?

Tight hip extensors Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely outcome of having an anteriorly tilted pelvis over many years?

Tightened hamstrings Signup and view all the answers

An increased lordotic curve indicates an anteriorly tilted pelvis. For a full explanation of pelvic positions, please see page 76. Increased lordosis in this region could explain pain resulting from compression of soft tissues in this region—for example, if there were increased compression on the posterior part of the lumbar intervertebral discs and shortening of the lumbar erector ______.

spinae Signup and view all the answers

Shortness in the neck flexors and weakness in the neck extensors can cause the cervical spine to appear unusually ______.

flexed Signup and view all the answers

Tight hamstrings in clients with an increased lordotic curve may indicate their attempt to pull the ischium back into a more neutral ______.

position Signup and view all the answers

Shortening of the psoas can contribute to the development of a decreased ______ in the lumbar spine.

lordosis Signup and view all the answers

What muscle is likely to be shortened in a person with an anterior pelvic tilt?

psoas Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine often accompanies a kyphotic ______.

posture Signup and view all the answers

An increase in the normal curvature of the cervical spine possibly increases compression on the posterior part of some of the cervical ______.

discs Signup and view all the answers

Tight hamstrings in clients with an increased lordotic curve may indicate their attempt to pull the ischium back into a more neutral ______.

position Signup and view all the answers

Shortening of the ______ can contribute to the development of a decreased lordosis in the lumbar spine.

hamstrings Signup and view all the answers

The fatty tissue deposited over the C7/T1 junction of some clients could be primarily due to poor ______.

posture Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine often accompanies a ______ posture.

kyphotic Signup and view all the answers

Protrusion of the abdomen could be a natural consequence of ______ or increased lumbar lordosis.

obesity Signup and view all the answers

Exaggerating the curve of the lumbar spine when the pelvis tilts anteriorly can lead to decreased compression on the posterior part of the lumbar intervertebral discs.

False Signup and view all the answers

An anteriorly tilted pelvis corresponds to an increased lordosis in the lumbar spine.

True Signup and view all the answers

Shortened hamstrings are associated with a posteriorly tilted pelvis.

False Signup and view all the answers

An increased lumbar lordosis is linked to shortened hip flexor muscles.

False Signup and view all the answers

A posteriorly tilted pelvis corresponds to decreased lordosis in the lumbar spine.

True Signup and view all the answers

Maintaining a kyphotic posture for many years results in increased lordosis in the cervical spine.

False Signup and view all the answers

What may result in a decrease in muscle bulk in the lower limbs?

Long period of immobility Signup and view all the answers

In individuals with atrophied muscles or very low body fat, what may appear more prominent than normal?

Bones Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of shortness in the neck flexors and weakness in the neck extensors?

Flat appearance of the cervical spine Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential cause of a client appearing to have a flat back according to the text?

Tightened hip flexors Signup and view all the answers

How might an exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine impact the thoracic region posture?

Increase lordotic curve in thoracic spine Signup and view all the answers

Muscles atrophy with ______.

disuse Signup and view all the answers

A decrease in muscle bulk might also be observed in clients who are unable to fully bear weight on that leg, perhaps with an increase in muscle bulk on the opposite leg resulting from increased weight bearing on that ______.

side Signup and view all the answers

Exaggerating the lordotic curve of the cervical spine often accompanies a ______ posture.

kyphotic Signup and view all the answers

Shortness in the neck flexors and weakness in the neck extensors can cause the cervical spine to appear unusually ______.

flat Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine may lead to the development of ______ in this region of the spine.

compression Signup and view all the answers

Increasing muscle bulk is commonly observed in sedentary elderly clients.

False Signup and view all the answers

Clients who are unable to bear weight on one leg might experience an increase in muscle bulk on the opposite leg.

True Signup and view all the answers

Muscle atrophy is more severe in younger clients compared to sedentary elderly clients.

False Signup and view all the answers

Atrophy of the gluteus maximus is less common than thigh muscle atrophy due to immobility.

False Signup and view all the answers

An increase in muscle bulk is always a sign of improved muscle health.

False Signup and view all the answers

Muscles atrophy with disuse. This is commonly observed in sedentary elderly clients and in younger clients who have had all or part of a lower limb immobilised, usually following ______.

injury Signup and view all the answers

A decrease in muscle bulk might also be observed in clients who are unable to fully bear weight on that leg, perhaps with an increase in muscle bulk on the opposite leg resulting from increased weight bearing on that ______.

side Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine often accompanies a ______ posture.

kyphotic Signup and view all the answers

Exaggerating the lordotic curve of the cervical spine may lead to compression on certain structures in the ______ region of the spine.

cervical Signup and view all the answers

Shortness in the neck flexors and weakness in the neck extensors can cause the cervical spine to appear unusually ______.

flat Signup and view all the answers

An increased lordotic curve in the cervical spine may lead to the development of ______ in this region of the spine.

compression Signup and view all the answers

____ shoulders are less common than protracted shoulders and are associated with the military-style posture.

Retracted Signup and view all the answers

Shortness in the neck flexors and weakness in the neck extensors can cause the cervical spine to appear unusually ______.

flat Signup and view all the answers

Weakness in thoracic spine extensors is often seen in individuals with a ______ posture.

kyphotic Signup and view all the answers

A forward head posture increases the lordotic curve of the neck. An increased lordotic curve indicates an anteriorly tilted ______.

pelvis Signup and view all the answers

Maintaining a kyphotic posture over many years is likely to result in ______ forming between joint capsules and surrounding structures.

adhesions Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine may lead to compression on certain structures in the ______ region of the spine.

cervical Signup and view all the answers

Exaggerating the lordotic curve of the cervical spine may lead to the development of ______ in this region of the spine.

kyphosis Signup and view all the answers

The levator scapulae muscles can be thought of as the reins of a horse constantly pulling in the head, bringing it back over the centre of the ______.

body Signup and view all the answers

What is the position of the pelvis in ______ pelvic tilt?

anterior Signup and view all the answers

Shortness in the neck flexors and weakness in the neck extensors can cause the cervical spine to appear unusually ______.

flat Signup and view all the answers

In postural assessment, what might a protruding abdomen indicate about the client?

restrictions Signup and view all the answers

The person in the photo on the left is a good example of someone who stands with increased extension at her ______ joint.

knee Signup and view all the answers

Observe the front of this woman’s ______. Can you see how it appears to be compressed, the patella pushed into the front of the joint?

knee Signup and view all the answers

Can you see how if you were to draw a plumb line onto this image, the leg would fall posterior to the plumb line? (Remember that when using a plumb line you position your line just anterior to the lateral ______)

malleolus Signup and view all the answers

Take a look at the photographs of the people in step 6 on page 77. If you had to select the person with the most internally rotated right shoulder, whom would you pick? The ______ barked.

dog Signup and view all the answers

The raised area in the C7/T1 junction often observed in postmenopausal women is known as a dowager's hump, caused by osteoporotic changes making vertebrae become wedge shaped ________.

vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

Exaggerating the curve of the lumbar spine when the pelvis tilts anteriorly can lead to decreased compression on the posterior part of the lumbar intervertebral ______.

discs Signup and view all the answers

Flexed knees are associated with tight hamstrings and popliteus muscles and weak quadriceps and ______ muscles.

soleus Signup and view all the answers

A flexed knee may accompany an increase in flexion at the hip and an increase in dorsiflexion at the ______ joint.

ankle Signup and view all the answers

Hyperextended knees are associated with tight quadriceps and lengthened ______.

hamstrings Signup and view all the answers

Tight quadriceps in a client with hyperextended knees may contribute to anterior knee pain as the patella is pushed against the femur in ______.

standing Signup and view all the answers

Exaggerating the lordotic curve of the cervical spine often accompanies a ______ posture.

kyphotic Signup and view all the answers

An increased lordotic curve indicates an anteriorly tilted pelvis. For a full explanation of pelvic positions, please see page 76. Increased lordosis in this region could explain pain resulting from compression of soft tissues in this region—for example, if there were increased compression on the posterior part of the lumbar intervertebral discs and shortening of the lumbar erector ______.

spinae Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of maintaining hyperextended knees in standing?

Tight hamstrings and weak quadriceps Signup and view all the answers

How do flexed knees in standing affect the hip and ankle joints?

Increase hip extension and dorsiflexion at the ankle joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the association between tight hamstrings and an increased lordotic curve?

Tight hamstrings pull the ischium back into a more neutral position Signup and view all the answers

What might be a common outcome of pathologies affecting the knee that inhibit joint extension?

Pain during knee flexion Signup and view all the answers

How do hypermobile clients typically position their knees in standing?

Hyperextended Signup and view all the answers

What can tight quadriceps in hyperextended knees contribute to?

Anterior knee pain Signup and view all the answers

Flexed knees are associated with strong hamstrings and quadriceps muscles.

False Signup and view all the answers

A flexed knee may cause a decrease in dorsiflexion at the ankle joint.

False Signup and view all the answers

Hyperextended knees are associated with tight quadriceps and lengthened hamstrings.

True Signup and view all the answers

Pathologies affecting the knee always allow full extension of the joint.

False Signup and view all the answers

Clients who are hypermobile often hyper-flex their knees in standing.

False Signup and view all the answers

Flexing the knee can affect the position of the hip joint.

True Signup and view all the answers

Flexed knees are associated with tight ______ and popliteus muscles and weak quadriceps and soleus muscles.

hamstrings Signup and view all the answers

A flexed knee may accompany an increase in flexion at the hip and an increase in dorsiflexion at the ______ joint.

ankle Signup and view all the answers

Hyperextended knees are associated with tight quadriceps and lengthened ______.

hamstrings Signup and view all the answers

Shortening of the psoas can contribute to the development of a decreased ______ in the lumbar spine.

lordosis Signup and view all the answers

Exaggerating the lordotic curve of the cervical spine may lead to compression on certain structures in the ______ region of the spine.

lumbar Signup and view all the answers

Shortness in the neck flexors and weakness in the neck ______ can cause the cervical spine to appear unusually flat.

extensors Signup and view all the answers

Shortened hamstrings are associated with a ______ tilted pelvis.

posteriorly Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve of the cervical spine may lead to the development of ______ in this region of the spine.

pain Signup and view all the answers

Flexed knees are associated with tight hamstrings and popliteus muscles and weak quadriceps and ______ muscles.

soleus Signup and view all the answers

Shortening of the psoas can contribute to the development of a decreased lordosis in the ______ spine.

lumbar Signup and view all the answers

An increased lumbar lordosis is linked to shortened hip flexor muscles and ______ hip extensors.

tightened Signup and view all the answers

Flexed knees are associated with tight and popliteus muscles and weak quadriceps and muscles.

hamstrings, soleus Signup and view all the answers

Shortening of the psoas can contribute to the development of a decreased ______ in the lumbar spine.

lordosis Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine often accompanies a kyphotic ______.

back Signup and view all the answers

Weakness in the thoracic spine extensors is often seen in individuals with a ______ posture.

kyphotic Signup and view all the answers

A decreased lordotic curve corresponds with a flattened lumbar ______.

spine Signup and view all the answers

What muscle group is associated with hyperextended knees?

Quadriceps Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of increased hip flexion on the ankle position?

Increased dorsiflexion Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is likely to be lengthened in clients with shortened muscles and increased pressure on structures of the anterior ankle joint?

Soleus Signup and view all the answers

In the context of knee joint position, tight hamstrings are associated with?

Hyperextended knees Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased hip extension on the lengthened muscles?

Lengthening of hamstrings Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of hyperextended knees based on the text?

Increased likelihood of degenerative changes to the patellofemoral joint Signup and view all the answers

How does increased hip extension affect the knee joint position?

Increases knee hyperextension Signup and view all the answers

What muscle group is likely to be lengthened with increased hip flexion?

Hamstrings Signup and view all the answers

How does increased dorsiflexion at the ankle affect the knee joint?

Increases pressure on structures of the anterior knee joint Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of shortened quadriceps muscles?

Increased pressure on structures of the patellar tendon Signup and view all the answers

In a client with hyperextended knees, there is a decreased likelihood of degenerative changes to the patellofemoral joint.

True Signup and view all the answers

Shortened hamstrings can lead to increased hip extension.

False Signup and view all the answers

Lengthened quadriceps are associated with decreased hip flexion.

False Signup and view all the answers

Increased dorsiflexion is a consequence of shortened gastrocnemius muscles.

True Signup and view all the answers

Increased hip extension results in an increased lordotic curve in the lumbar spine.

True Signup and view all the answers

Hyperextended knees are associated with shortened ______ and quadriceps muscles

hamstrings Signup and view all the answers

In a kyphotic posture, the ______ muscles are likely to be lengthened and weak

pectoralis Signup and view all the answers

An increased lordotic curve may lead to compression on certain structures in the lumbar ______

region Signup and view all the answers

Shortening of the psoas can contribute to the development of a decreased ______ in the lumbar spine

lordosis Signup and view all the answers

Exaggerating the lordotic curve of the cervical spine often accompanies a ______ posture

kyphotic Signup and view all the answers

What might be a consequence of increased dorsiflexion in standing observed in clients who stand with flexed knees?

Shortened quadriceps Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with decreased dorsiflexion at the ankle?

Increased pressure to the anterior of the knee joint Signup and view all the answers

Why might clients with increased dorsiflexion in standing experience uneven distribution of ground forces during walking?

Because of shortened tibialis anterior muscle Signup and view all the answers

What muscle group may experience increased pressure with decreased dorsiflexion at the ankle?

Quadriceps Signup and view all the answers

In individuals with decreased dorsiflexion at the ankles, what might be a possible consequence on the knee joint?

Compression on certain structures in the knee joint Signup and view all the answers

Increased dorsiflexion in standing is observed in clients who stand with flexed knees. In these clients, ground forces are no longer distributed evenly up through the tibiae during walking. One might postulate that the consequence of this might be pain and early degenerative joint changes. There may be a shortened tibialis anterior muscle and increased pressure to the anterior aspect of the ankle retinaculum. Decreased dorsiflexion is associated with shortened quadriceps and increased pressure to the anterior of the knee joint. Increased ______ in standing is observed in clients who stand with flexed knees.

dorsiflexion Signup and view all the answers

Decreased dorsiflexion is associated with shortened quadriceps and increased pressure to the anterior of the knee joint. Decreased ______ is associated with shortened quadriceps and increased pressure to the anterior of the knee joint.

dorsiflexion Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve of the cervical spine may lead to the development of ______ in this region of the spine.

lordosis Signup and view all the answers

The levator scapulae muscles can be thought of as the reins of a horse constantly pulling in the head, bringing it back over the centre of the ______.

body Signup and view all the answers

Shortening of the psoas can contribute to the development of a decreased ______ in the lumbar spine.

lordosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of increased dorsiflexion at the ankle?

Increased strain on the posterior ankle retinaculum Signup and view all the answers

Why might clients with increased dorsiflexion in standing experience pain during walking?

Disrupted distribution of ground forces through the tibiae Signup and view all the answers

What muscle group is associated with increased dorsiflexion in clients who stand with flexed knees?

Gastrocnemius Signup and view all the answers

How might decreased dorsiflexion at the ankle affect pressure distribution during walking?

Decreased pressure to the anterior aspect of the ankle retinaculum Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible implication of shortened quadriceps associated with decreased dorsiflexion?

Increased pressure to the anterior of the knee joint Signup and view all the answers

Shortness in the neck flexors and weakness in the neck extensors can cause the cervical spine to appear unusually ______.

flat Signup and view all the answers

The hamstrings are held in a shortened position in clients with an increased ______ curve.

lordotic Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of an anterior pelvic tilt on the lumbar ______?

spine Signup and view all the answers

Increasing muscle bulk is commonly observed in sedentary elderly clients. As the head moves more anteriorly, the levator scapulae muscles are ever more ______.

weak Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the most common postures encountered due to sitting for long periods? Protraction of the shoulders is one of the most common postures you will encounter because many people sit for long periods at desks or while driving, their arms in front of them at a keypad or steering wheel. With time, this slumped position becomes habitual, with consequences for the chest and neck as well as the shoulder joint itself. A forward head posture reduces the strain on posterior cervical ______ tissues.

tissues Signup and view all the answers

Marks on the skin of the feet suggest that footwear or supportive aids are too tight, causing compression of tissues or rubbing of the skin. Toe problems may explain why some clients have problems with balance, especially when these problems affect the first toe.

toes Signup and view all the answers

Increasing pressure on the lateral side of the left corresponds with a trunk rotated to the left; increased pressure to the lateral side of the right corresponds to the trunk rotated to the right.

foot Signup and view all the answers

Stand- ing in bare feet in your normal stance, rotate your ______ one way as far as you can while keeping the soles of your feet on the ground. Notice how the points of pressure change between your plantar surface and the floor.

trunk Signup and view all the answers

However, rotation of the trunk may not be the cause of increased ______ on one side of the foot in all clients; it could be due to some other biomechanical factor.

pressure Signup and view all the answers

Understanding the biomechanics of feet and ankles is a special ______ of bodywork.

area Signup and view all the answers

Marks on the skin of the feet suggest that ______ or supportive aids are too tight, causing compression of tissues or rubbing of the skin.

footwear Signup and view all the answers

SteP 5 Feet Finally, how do the foot arches appear to you?Are they normal (a), dropped (b) or elevated (c)?Does your client appear to bear weight equally between the left and right feet, or is he putting more weight on one foot than the other?Are there any marks on the feet or ankles?Do the toes appear normal, or is there evidence of claw toes or hammer toes?This photo illustrates a good example of pes planus.What Your Findings Mean Marks on the skin of the feet suggest that footwear or supportive aids are too tight, causing compression of tissues or rubbing of the skin.Toe problems may explain why some clients have problems with balance, especially when these problems affect the first toe.Increasing pressure on the lateral side of the left foot corresponds with a trunk rotated to the left; increased pressure to the lateral side of the right foot corresponds to the trunk rotated to the right.TIP You can demonstrate how rotation in the trunk affects feet in the following way.Stand- ing in bare feet in your normal stance, rotate your trunk one way as far as you can while keeping the soles of your feet on the ground.Notice how the points of pressure change between your plantar surface and the floor.However, rotation of the trunk may not be the cause of increased pressure on one side of the foot in all clients; it could be due to some other biomechanical factor.Understanding the biomechanics of feet and ankles is a special area of bodywork.

horse Signup and view all the answers

Increased pressure on the lateral side of the left foot corresponds with a rotated to the left; increased pressure to the lateral side of the right foot corresponds to the rotated to the right.TIP You can demonstrate how rotation in the affects feet in the following way.Stand- ing in bare feet in your normal stance, rotate your one way as far as you can while keeping the soles of your feet on the ground.Notice how the points of pressure change between your plantar surface and the floor.However, rotation of the __ may not be the cause of increased pressure on one side of the foot in all clients; it could be due to some other biomechanical factor.Understanding the biomechanics of feet and ankles is a special area of bodywork.

trunk Signup and view all the answers

Marks on the skin of the suggest that footwear or supportive aids are too tight, causing compression of tissues or rubbing of the skin.Toe problems may explain why some clients have problems with balance, especially when these problems affect the first toe.Increasing pressure on the lateral side of the left foot corresponds with a trunk rotated to the left; increased pressure to the lateral side of the right foot corresponds to the trunk rotated to the right.TIP You can demonstrate how rotation in the trunk affects in the following way.Stand- ing in bare in your normal stance, rotate your trunk one way as far as you can while keeping the soles of your on the ground.Notice how the points of pressure change between your plantar surface and the floor.However, rotation of the trunk may not be the cause of increased pressure on one side of the foot in all clients; it could be due to some other biomechanical factor.Understanding the biomechanics of __ and ankles is a special area of bodywork.

feet Signup and view all the answers

Increasing on the lateral side of the left foot corresponds with a trunk rotated to the left; increased to the lateral side of the right foot corresponds to the trunk rotated to the right.

pressure Signup and view all the answers

Understanding the biomechanics of feet and ______ is a special area of bodywork.

ankles Signup and view all the answers

Marks on the skin of the feet suggest that ______ or supportive aids are too tight, causing compression of tissues or rubbing of the skin.

footwear Signup and view all the answers

What might be the cause of increased pressure on one side of the foot, according to the text?

Trunk rotation Signup and view all the answers

What can marks on the skin of the feet suggest in relation to footwear or supportive aids?

Inadequate support Signup and view all the answers

How do toe problems potentially impact a client's balance, as discussed in the text?

Create balance issues Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of claw toes or hammer toes indicate about a client's foot condition?

Potential toe deformities Signup and view all the answers

How can a client observe the effect of trunk rotation on their feet, according to the text?

By rotating the trunk Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of elevated foot arches, as described in the text?

Increased lateral foot pressure Signup and view all the answers

Marks on the skin of the feet suggest that footwear or supportive aids are too loose.

False Signup and view all the answers

Toe problems do not affect balance in clients.

False Signup and view all the answers

Rotation of the trunk always causes increased pressure on one side of the foot in all clients.

False Signup and view all the answers

Pes planus is a condition where the foot arches are elevated.

False Signup and view all the answers

Increased pressure on the lateral side of the left foot corresponds to the trunk rotated to the right.

False Signup and view all the answers

Compression of some cervical vertebrae can lead to the development of hyperextended knees.

False Signup and view all the answers

Marks on the skin of the feet suggest that footwear or supportive aids are too ______, causing compression of tissues or rubbing of the skin.

tight Signup and view all the answers

Toe problems may explain why some clients have problems with balance, especially when these problems affect the first ______.

toe Signup and view all the answers

Increasing pressure on the lateral side of the left foot corresponds with a trunk rotated to the left; increased pressure to the lateral side of the right foot corresponds to the trunk rotated to the ______.

right Signup and view all the answers

Stand- ing in bare feet in your normal stance, rotate your trunk one way as far as you can while keeping the soles of your feet on the ground. Notice how the points of pressure change between your plantar surface and the ______.

floor Signup and view all the answers

Understanding the biomechanics of feet and ankles is a special area of ______.

bodywork Signup and view all the answers

Increased pressure on the lateral side of the left foot corresponds with a rotated to the left; increased pressure to the lateral side of the right foot corresponds to the rotated to the right.

trunk Signup and view all the answers

Pes planus refers to a condition where the foot arches are elevated.

False Signup and view all the answers

Marks on the skin of the feet suggest that footwear or supportive aids are too loose.

False Signup and view all the answers

Exaggerated pressure on the lateral side of the left foot corresponds with a trunk rotated to the right.

False Signup and view all the answers

Toe problems have no impact on a client's balance.

False Signup and view all the answers

Biomechanical factors cannot cause increased pressure on one side of the foot.

False Signup and view all the answers

Rotation of the trunk is always the cause of increased pressure on one side of the foot in clients.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Step 6 in a lateral view assessment of the lower half of the body?

To observe client's posture Signup and view all the answers

What does an increased lordotic curve in the lumbar region lead to in terms of posture?

Increased lordotic cervical curve Signup and view all the answers

Which postural characteristic is associated with a kyphotic thoracic spine?

Increased lordotic cervical curve Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential observation related to a client with a sway-backed posture?

Increased muscle bulk on one leg Signup and view all the answers

How can Step 6 assist in assessing a client's condition?

By providing an overall view of the client Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine often accompanies a kyphotic ______.

posture Signup and view all the answers

Marks on the skin of the feet suggest that ______ or supportive aids are too tight, causing compression of tissues or rubbing of the skin.

footwear Signup and view all the answers

Weak levator scapulae muscles can lead to a forward head ______.

posture Signup and view all the answers

Shortening of the upper abdominals is commonly observed in individuals with a ______ posture.

kyphotic Signup and view all the answers

Weakness in the thoracic spine extensors is often seen in individuals with a ______ posture.

kyphotic Signup and view all the answers

A dowager’s hump typically occurs at the C6/C7 junction of postmenopausal women.

False Signup and view all the answers

Protraction of the shoulders is one of the most common postures you will encounter.

True Signup and view all the answers

An increase in the normal curvature of the cervical spine decreases compression on the posterior part of intervertebral discs.

False Signup and view all the answers

A posteriorly tilted pelvis corresponds to decreased lordosis in the lumbar spine.

False Signup and view all the answers

A forward head posture reduces the strain on posterior cervical tissues.

False Signup and view all the answers

An increase in muscle bulk is always a sign of improved muscle ______.

health Signup and view all the answers

A flexed knee may accompany an increase in flexion at the hip and an increase in dorsiflexion at the ______ joint.

ankle Signup and view all the answers

The levator scapulae muscles can be thought of as the reins of a horse constantly pulling in the head, bringing it back over the centre of the ______.

body Signup and view all the answers

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine often accompanies a ______ posture.

sway-backed Signup and view all the answers

How might an exaggerated kyphotic posture affect the client's head ______?

position Signup and view all the answers

Lateral Postural Assessment: Head Position

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Questions and Answers

How does a forward head posture affect the neck, chest, and arms?

What is the theoretical consequence of maintaining a forward head posture?

What is the role of the levator scapulae muscles in correcting a forward head posture?

Why are cervical extensor muscles like the levator scapulae considered weak in a forward head posture?

Which analogy best describes how the levator scapulae muscles function in correcting forward head posture?

What might be a possible consequence of neglecting a forward head posture?

A forward head posture affects the neck, chest and ______

Cervical extensor muscles such as the levator scapulae are not shortened and tight, but are ______ and weak

Theoretically, a forward head posture increases the strain on posterior cervical soft tissues and may result in neck, shoulder, and upper back ______

The levator scapulae muscles can be thought of as the reins of a horse constantly pulling in the head, bringing it back over the centre of the ______

As the head moves more anteriorly, the levator scapulae muscles are ever more ______

In a forward head posture, the head is positioned too far in advance of the ______

A forward head posture increases the lordotic curve of the neck.

Cervical extensor muscles such as the levator scapulae are shortened and tight in a forward head posture.

Theoretically, a forward head posture reduces the strain on posterior cervical soft tissues.

The levator scapulae muscles are like the reins of a horse pulling the head forward in a forward head posture.

A forward head posture may not result in neck, shoulder, or upper back pain.

Weak levator scapulae muscles can lead to a forward head posture.

How does a forward head posture impact the levator scapulae muscles?

Which area is most affected by a forward head posture?

What analogy is used to describe the function of the levator scapulae muscles in correcting a forward head posture?

What is the potential outcome of neglecting a forward head posture?

How can the impact of a forward head posture on the neck be described?

What do weak levator scapulae muscles contribute to in terms of posture?

If the client's hair obscures her neck, either have her tie up her hair, or leave this section of your assessment ______.

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine often accompanies a kyphotic ______.

An increase in the normal curvature of the cervical spine possibly increases compression on the posterior part of some of the cervical ______.

A reduced thoracic cavity is associated with shortened intercostals, pectoralis minor, adductors and internal rotators of the ______.

Sitting, allow yourself to slump, exaggerating the kyphotic curve in the spine associated with poor ______.

The zygapophyseal joints may be ______, too.

Muscles that are often weak in a kyphotic posture include the thoracic spine extensors and the middle and lower fibers of the ______.

Conversely, if the cervical spine looks unusually flat, this indicates shortness in the neck flexors and weakness in the neck ______.

If a person exaggerates the lordotic curve of their spine, the cervical extensor muscles are likely to be ______ and weak.

Prolonged compression of some of the cervical vertebrae may lead to the development of ______ in the spine.

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine often accompanies a kyphotic ______.

An increase in the normal curvature of the cervical spine possibly increases compression on the posterior part of some of the cervical ______.

Conversely, if the cervical spine looks unusually flat, this indicates shortness in the neck flexors and weakness in the neck ______.

Sitting, allow yourself to slump, exaggerating the kyphotic curve in the spine associated with poor ______.

The zygapophyseal joints may be ______, too.

If the client's hair obscures her neck, either have her tie up her hair, or leave this section of your assessment ______.

If a person maintains a kyphotic posture over many years, adhesions may form between joint capsules and surrounding structures resulting in a decrease in range of ______.

Exaggerating the lordotic curve of the cervical spine may lead to the development of ______ in this region of the spine.

Weakness in the thoracic spine extensors is often seen in individuals with a ______ posture.

Shortness in the neck flexors and weakness in the neck extensors can cause the cervical spine to appear unusually ______.

Exaggerating the lordotic curve of the model spine brings the cervical extensor muscles closer together, making them likely to be ______ and weak.

What muscles are likely to be shortened and weak in a kyphotic posture?

In a kyphotic posture, which muscles are likely to be lengthened and weak?

What can result from prolonged compression of some cervical vertebrae due to poor posture?

Which muscle group is likely to be weak in a forward head posture?

What would an unusually flat cervical spine indicate in terms of muscle function?

What is the potential consequence of an exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine?

How does an exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine relate to thoracic posture?

How might an exaggerated kyphotic posture affect the client's head position?

What is a possible consequence of maintaining a kyphotic posture over many years?

Why might shortness in the neck flexors and weakness in the neck extensors result in a flat appearance of the cervical spine?

How does an increase in the lordotic curve of the cervical spine affect compression on certain structures?

In a kyphotic posture, the thoracic spine extensors and the upper fibers of the trapezius are often weak.

Prolonged compression of some cervical vertebrae due to poor posture could lead to the development of osteophytes in the spine.

Exaggerating the lordotic curve of a model spine brings the cervical extensor muscles closer together, making them likely to be lengthened and weak.

Maintaining a kyphotic posture over many years is unlikely to result in adhesions forming between joint capsules and surrounding structures.

An unusually flat cervical spine indicates shortness in the neck flexors and strength in the neck extensors.

An exaggerated lordotic curve in the cervical spine often accompanies a kyphotic posture.

Shortness in the neck extensors and weakness in the neck flexors can cause the cervical spine to appear unusually flat.

An increase in the normal curvature of the cervical spine decreases compression on the posterior part of intervertebral discs.

Weakness in thoracic spine extensors is often associated with a kyphotic posture.

A reduced thoracic cavity is associated with lengthened intercostals, pectoralis minor, adductors, and internal rotators of the shoulders.

Cervical extensor muscles such as the levator scapulae are tightened and weak in a forward head posture.

Sitting, allow yourself to slump, exaggerating the kyphotic curve in the spine associated with poor ______. Why are cervical extensor muscles like the levator scapulae considered weak in a forward head posture?

What might be a possible consequence of neglecting a forward head posture? The levator scapulae muscles can be thought of as the reins of a horse constantly pulling in the head, bringing it back over the centre of the ______.

An increase in the normal curvature of the cervical spine possibly increases compression on the posterior part of some of the cervical ______. What can result from prolonged compression of some cervical vertebrae due to poor ______?

An increase in the normal curvature of the cervical spine possibly increases compression on the posterior part of some of the cervical ______.

Shortness in the neck flexors and weakness in the neck extensors can cause the cervical spine to appear unusually ______.

Weak levator scapulae muscles can lead to a forward head ______.

Prolonged compression of some cervical vertebrae due to poor posture could lead to the development of ______ in the spine.

Cervical extensor muscles such as the levator scapulae are not shortened and tight, but are ______ and weak.

A dowager's hump typically occurs in the C6/C7 junction of postmenopausal women.

An increase in the normal curvature of the cervical spine possibly increases compression on the posterior part of some of the cervical . What can result from prolonged compression of some cervical vertebrae due to poor ?