Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is one of the key pieces of equipment required for carrying out postural assessments?
What is one of the key pieces of equipment required for carrying out postural assessments?
Why is it recommended to have your own posture assessed?
Why is it recommended to have your own posture assessed?
What is NOT mentioned as a caution or safety issue to consider before starting postural assessments?
What is NOT mentioned as a caution or safety issue to consider before starting postural assessments?
Which of the following is true about preparing for postural assessments?
Which of the following is true about preparing for postural assessments?
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Why should one keep images of standard postural alignments in mind during assessments?
Why should one keep images of standard postural alignments in mind during assessments?
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What role does a full-length mirror play in preparing for postural assessments?
What role does a full-length mirror play in preparing for postural assessments?
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It is a good idea to have your own posture ______
It is a good idea to have your own posture ______
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The equipment required for postural assessments includes body ______
The equipment required for postural assessments includes body ______
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A model ______ is useful when learning to carry out postural assessments
A model ______ is useful when learning to carry out postural assessments
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One should hold images of standard postural alignments in mind when carrying out ______
One should hold images of standard postural alignments in mind when carrying out ______
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Before starting postural assessments, it is important to consider ______ and safety issues
Before starting postural assessments, it is important to consider ______ and safety issues
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Having a warm, private room is recommended when carrying out postural ______
Having a warm, private room is recommended when carrying out postural ______
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You might want to start by practising on family and friends. Use the crayons to mark bony landmarks on the client to help you judge the distances of these structures from the midline of the body, the angles of bones and joints, and the relationships they form with one another. Try marking the following points, which are all on the back of the body: Medial border of the scapula, Inferior angle of the scapula, Spinous processes of the spine, Olecranon process of the elbow, Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS), Knee creases, Midline of the calf, Midline of the Achilles tendon. If you are using a model skeleton that is supported on a base stand (rather than hang- ing), it is likely to be constructed with a central pole running through the bodies of the vertebrae. This means that the spine of your model does not depict the normal lordotic and kyphotic curves we all have; in your model the curves are flattened. Time Required If you are new to postural ______, you may find that you need at least 30 minutes to do a full ______ including anterior, posterior and lateral views. With practice, you can assess the whole body, from all angles, in five minutes or less. A skilled practitioner carries out a general postural ______ quickly, noting only very obvious deviations from the standard posture.
You might want to start by practising on family and friends. Use the crayons to mark bony landmarks on the client to help you judge the distances of these structures from the midline of the body, the angles of bones and joints, and the relationships they form with one another. Try marking the following points, which are all on the back of the body: Medial border of the scapula, Inferior angle of the scapula, Spinous processes of the spine, Olecranon process of the elbow, Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS), Knee creases, Midline of the calf, Midline of the Achilles tendon. If you are using a model skeleton that is supported on a base stand (rather than hang- ing), it is likely to be constructed with a central pole running through the bodies of the vertebrae. This means that the spine of your model does not depict the normal lordotic and kyphotic curves we all have; in your model the curves are flattened. Time Required If you are new to postural ______, you may find that you need at least 30 minutes to do a full ______ including anterior, posterior and lateral views. With practice, you can assess the whole body, from all angles, in five minutes or less. A skilled practitioner carries out a general postural ______ quickly, noting only very obvious deviations from the standard posture.
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______ is useful when learning to carry out postural assessments.
______ is useful when learning to carry out postural assessments.
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Having a warm, private room is recommended when carrying out postural ______.
Having a warm, private room is recommended when carrying out postural ______.
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What role does a full-length mirror play in preparing for postural assessments?
What role does a full-length mirror play in preparing for postural assessments?
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Before starting postural assessments, it is important to consider ______ and safety issues.
Before starting postural assessments, it is important to consider ______ and safety issues.
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Why is it recommended to have your own posture assessed?
Why is it recommended to have your own posture assessed?
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What is the purpose of using crayons to mark bony landmarks on the client?
What is the purpose of using crayons to mark bony landmarks on the client?
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Why may a model skeleton supported on a base stand not accurately represent normal body curves?
Why may a model skeleton supported on a base stand not accurately represent normal body curves?
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How long might it take a skilled practitioner to perform a general postural assessment?
How long might it take a skilled practitioner to perform a general postural assessment?
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What is the importance of considering distances and angles when marking bony landmarks?
What is the importance of considering distances and angles when marking bony landmarks?
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Why does it take longer for someone new to postural assessment to complete a full assessment?
Why does it take longer for someone new to postural assessment to complete a full assessment?
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What effect does the central pole in a model skeleton have on its depiction of body curves?
What effect does the central pole in a model skeleton have on its depiction of body curves?
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What is the recommended attire for female clients during a postural assessment?
What is the recommended attire for female clients during a postural assessment?
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Why is it suggested that female clients wear a normal bra instead of a sport bra during a postural assessment?
Why is it suggested that female clients wear a normal bra instead of a sport bra during a postural assessment?
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Why is it important for the client to adopt their usual standing posture during a postural assessment?
Why is it important for the client to adopt their usual standing posture during a postural assessment?
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What is a critical aspect when conducting a postural assessment at the start of a therapeutic relationship?
What is a critical aspect when conducting a postural assessment at the start of a therapeutic relationship?
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In terms of overall stance, what are practitioners advised to observe during a postural assessment?
In terms of overall stance, what are practitioners advised to observe during a postural assessment?
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Why do most people feel vulnerable during a postural assessment?
Why do most people feel vulnerable during a postural assessment?
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The client should stand in her underwear, and have hair tied up if it obscures the face and neck. It is a good idea for female clients to wear a normal bra rather than a sport bra because sport bras can obscure the scapulae and spine at the back, making observation of this part of the body more difficult. Because you want to observe the everyday stance of your client, instruct her to adopt her usual standing posture rather than have her position her feet in any particular way. To begin, hold in mind some general questions regarding your client’s body. Table 2.1 provides some suggestions. The questions here are designed as prompts and are not exhaustive. Most people feel vulnerable when asked to stand unclothed to have their bodies analysed in this way. Yet this is an assessment procedure that usually takes place at the start of the therapeutic relationship. How such a procedure is conducted can be critical. Table 2.1 General Questions Regarding Your Client’s Body Overall stance Is the weight equally distributed through the lower limbs or shifted to one side? Does the client look balanced or unbalanced? Does the client appear to be swaying forwards, backwards or to one side? Alignment of body parts Does each component of the body seem balanced with relation to other parts? Is the head centred over the thorax?
The client should stand in her underwear, and have hair tied up if it obscures the face and neck. It is a good idea for female clients to wear a normal bra rather than a sport bra because sport bras can obscure the scapulae and spine at the back, making observation of this part of the body more difficult. Because you want to observe the everyday stance of your client, instruct her to adopt her usual standing posture rather than have her position her feet in any particular way. To begin, hold in mind some general questions regarding your client’s body. Table 2.1 provides some suggestions. The questions here are designed as prompts and are not exhaustive. Most people feel vulnerable when asked to stand unclothed to have their bodies analysed in this way. Yet this is an assessment procedure that usually takes place at the start of the therapeutic relationship. How such a procedure is conducted can be critical. Table 2.1 General Questions Regarding Your Client’s Body Overall stance Is the weight equally distributed through the lower limbs or shifted to one side? Does the client look balanced or unbalanced? Does the client appear to be swaying forwards, backwards or to one side? Alignment of body parts Does each component of the body seem balanced with relation to other parts? Is the head centred over the thorax?
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What is the importance of considering distances and angles when marking ______?
What is the importance of considering distances and angles when marking ______?
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What is the purpose of using ______ to mark bony landmarks on the client?
What is the purpose of using ______ to mark bony landmarks on the client?
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What is one of the key pieces of ______ required for carrying out postural assessments?
What is one of the key pieces of ______ required for carrying out postural assessments?
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Why is it suggested that female clients wear a normal bra instead of a sport bra during a postural assessment?
Why is it suggested that female clients wear a normal bra instead of a sport bra during a postural assessment?
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Why may a model skeleton supported on a base stand not accurately represent normal body ______?
Why may a model skeleton supported on a base stand not accurately represent normal body ______?
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What is one of the key aspects to observe regarding the client's body alignment during a postural assessment?
What is one of the key aspects to observe regarding the client's body alignment during a postural assessment?
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In terms of muscle observation, what should be checked during a postural assessment?
In terms of muscle observation, what should be checked during a postural assessment?
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Why is observing the alignment of body parts crucial during a postural assessment?
Why is observing the alignment of body parts crucial during a postural assessment?
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What should be examined concerning joints during a postural assessment?
What should be examined concerning joints during a postural assessment?
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Why is it important to check for normal bone shapes during a postural assessment?
Why is it important to check for normal bone shapes during a postural assessment?
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What aspect should be observed when evaluating the overall stance of the client during a postural assessment?
What aspect should be observed when evaluating the overall stance of the client during a postural assessment?
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Is the weight equally distributed through the lower limbs or shifted to one ______?
Is the weight equally distributed through the lower limbs or shifted to one ______?
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Does the client appear to be swaying forwards, backwards or to one ______?
Does the client appear to be swaying forwards, backwards or to one ______?
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Do any bones appear ______, bowed or damaged?
Do any bones appear ______, bowed or damaged?
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Is there equal bulk on the left and right sides of the ______?
Is there equal bulk on the left and right sides of the ______?
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Are there any areas of inflammation, discolouration or ______?
Are there any areas of inflammation, discolouration or ______?
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Does the client look ______?
Does the client look ______?
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Why is it crucial for a practitioner to make non-judgemental observations during a postural assessment?
Why is it crucial for a practitioner to make non-judgemental observations during a postural assessment?
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What is one of the key aspects to consider when aiming for best results during a postural assessment?
What is one of the key aspects to consider when aiming for best results during a postural assessment?
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Why are standard alignments referred to as 'standard' rather than 'ideal' in the context of postural assessments?
Why are standard alignments referred to as 'standard' rather than 'ideal' in the context of postural assessments?
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What is a common misconception about observing standard alignments during a postural assessment?
What is a common misconception about observing standard alignments during a postural assessment?
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Why is it important to approach postural assessments supportively and without criticism?
Why is it important to approach postural assessments supportively and without criticism?
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What role does trust play in achieving an accurate picture of a patient's posture during an assessment?
What role does trust play in achieving an accurate picture of a patient's posture during an assessment?
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Why do deviations from optimal joint alignment increase stress on ligaments and require more muscle effort?
Why do deviations from optimal joint alignment increase stress on ligaments and require more muscle effort?
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What role do ligaments play when joints are aligned in an 'ideal' way?
What role do ligaments play when joints are aligned in an 'ideal' way?
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What is the purpose of muscles firing intermittently when there are no ligaments to counter joint deviations?
What is the purpose of muscles firing intermittently when there are no ligaments to counter joint deviations?
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Why might muscles increase their energy expenditure during a postural assessment?
Why might muscles increase their energy expenditure during a postural assessment?
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In postural assessments, why is it crucial for practitioners to observe if the head is centered over the thorax?
In postural assessments, why is it crucial for practitioners to observe if the head is centered over the thorax?
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Why might recommended attire for female clients during postural assessments include wearing a normal bra instead of a sport bra?
Why might recommended attire for female clients during postural assessments include wearing a normal bra instead of a sport bra?
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Deviations from optimal joint ______ increase the stress on ligaments and require that muscles exert more effort not just in the associated joint but usually in the joints above and below the affected part, as part of the body’s corrective mechanism. If mal-______ persists, detrimental structural changes may occur. With joints aligned in this ‘ideal’ way, ligaments counter any tendency for joints to flex or extend. Where there are no ligaments to do this, muscles fire intermittently to counter any joint deviations. The muscles increase their energy expenditure only if the joint falls very anterior or very posterior to the plumb line, or line of gravity, or if they are required to maintain a position of imbalance indefinitely. An excellent and comprehensive text describing the anatomy and function of all joints is Joint Structure and Function (Levangie and Norkin 2001). For information on the static and dynamic control of posture, see chapter 13 of that text. The figures in the sidebar shown on pages 19, 20 and 21 outline where a plumb line (shown as the vertical black line in the illustrations) should fall with respect to various parts of the body, and provide general observations for when postures are said to be good, or ideal. Illustrations within this sidebar show standard ______s for the posterior, lateral and anterior views of the body. If you wish to skip this section, you could turn to the detailed step-by-step instructions explaining what to observe in each of these views in chapters 3, 4 and 5.
Deviations from optimal joint ______ increase the stress on ligaments and require that muscles exert more effort not just in the associated joint but usually in the joints above and below the affected part, as part of the body’s corrective mechanism. If mal-______ persists, detrimental structural changes may occur. With joints aligned in this ‘ideal’ way, ligaments counter any tendency for joints to flex or extend. Where there are no ligaments to do this, muscles fire intermittently to counter any joint deviations. The muscles increase their energy expenditure only if the joint falls very anterior or very posterior to the plumb line, or line of gravity, or if they are required to maintain a position of imbalance indefinitely. An excellent and comprehensive text describing the anatomy and function of all joints is Joint Structure and Function (Levangie and Norkin 2001). For information on the static and dynamic control of posture, see chapter 13 of that text. The figures in the sidebar shown on pages 19, 20 and 21 outline where a plumb line (shown as the vertical black line in the illustrations) should fall with respect to various parts of the body, and provide general observations for when postures are said to be good, or ideal. Illustrations within this sidebar show standard ______s for the posterior, lateral and anterior views of the body. If you wish to skip this section, you could turn to the detailed step-by-step instructions explaining what to observe in each of these views in chapters 3, 4 and 5.
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Having a warm, private room is recommended when carrying out postural ______
Having a warm, private room is recommended when carrying out postural ______
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Why might muscles increase their energy expenditure during a postural ______?
Why might muscles increase their energy expenditure during a postural ______?
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Why is it crucial for practitioners to observe if the head is centered over the ______?
Why is it crucial for practitioners to observe if the head is centered over the ______?
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What is the importance of considering distances and angles when marking ______?
What is the importance of considering distances and angles when marking ______?
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What role do ligaments play when joints are aligned in an 'ideal' way?
What role do ligaments play when joints are aligned in an 'ideal' way?
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To achieve the best results during a postural assessment, it is important to work supportively and without ______
To achieve the best results during a postural assessment, it is important to work supportively and without ______
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During a postural assessment, it is crucial for the practitioner to observe if the ______ is centered over the thorax
During a postural assessment, it is crucial for the practitioner to observe if the ______ is centered over the thorax
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In postural assessments, it is recommended for female clients to wear a normal bra instead of a sport bra to avoid obscuring the ______ and spine
In postural assessments, it is recommended for female clients to wear a normal bra instead of a sport bra to avoid obscuring the ______ and spine
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Most people feel vulnerable when asked to stand unclothed for a postural assessment, which usually takes place at the start of the ______ relationship
Most people feel vulnerable when asked to stand unclothed for a postural assessment, which usually takes place at the start of the ______ relationship
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When evaluating the overall stance of the client during a postural assessment, it is important to observe if the weight is equally distributed through the lower limbs or shifted to one ______
When evaluating the overall stance of the client during a postural assessment, it is important to observe if the weight is equally distributed through the lower limbs or shifted to one ______
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Before starting postural assessments, it is important to consider ______ and safety issues
Before starting postural assessments, it is important to consider ______ and safety issues
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What should be observed concerning the scapulae during a postural assessment?
What should be observed concerning the scapulae during a postural assessment?
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What is an important consideration regarding the lumbar spine in a postural assessment?
What is an important consideration regarding the lumbar spine in a postural assessment?
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What is a key observation to make about the ankle and feet during a postural assessment?
What is a key observation to make about the ankle and feet during a postural assessment?
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Which observation is correct regarding the neck in a postural assessment?
Which observation is correct regarding the neck in a postural assessment?
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What is important to note about the arms in a postural assessment?
What is important to note about the arms in a postural assessment?
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Why is it important for the scapulae to lie flat against the rib cage in a postural assessment?
Why is it important for the scapulae to lie flat against the rib cage in a postural assessment?
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The neck should appear straight with no lateral ______.
The neck should appear straight with no lateral ______.
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The scapulae should lie flat against the rib cage with no anterior ______.
The scapulae should lie flat against the rib cage with no anterior ______.
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The lumbar spine should be straight with no curvature to the right or ______.
The lumbar spine should be straight with no curvature to the right or ______.
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The lateral malleoli should be level. The medial malleoli should be ______.
The lateral malleoli should be level. The medial malleoli should be ______.
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Flare in the rib cage should be symmetrical left and ______.
Flare in the rib cage should be symmetrical left and ______.
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The feet should be turned out slightly to maintain proper postural ______.
The feet should be turned out slightly to maintain proper postural ______.
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What should be observed about the lateral malleoli during a postural assessment?
What should be observed about the lateral malleoli during a postural assessment?
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Why might muscles increase their energy expenditure during a postural assessment?
Why might muscles increase their energy expenditure during a postural assessment?
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What is a critical aspect when evaluating the stance of a client during a postural assessment?
What is a critical aspect when evaluating the stance of a client during a postural assessment?
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Why is it important for practitioners to observe if the head is centered over the thorax in a postural assessment?
Why is it important for practitioners to observe if the head is centered over the thorax in a postural assessment?
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What is crucial to maintain about the scapulae during a postural assessment?
What is crucial to maintain about the scapulae during a postural assessment?
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The head should be facing forwards with no rotation and no lateral flexion. The shoulders should be approximately level, with the shoulder of the dominant hand possibly being lower than the shoulder of the non-dominant hand. This is an observation for maintaining proper ___________ during a postural assessment.
The head should be facing forwards with no rotation and no lateral flexion. The shoulders should be approximately level, with the shoulder of the dominant hand possibly being lower than the shoulder of the non-dominant hand. This is an observation for maintaining proper ___________ during a postural assessment.
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The greater trochanters of the femurs should be level, and the buttock creases should be level and equal. These are observations for assessing the proper alignment of the ________ and thigh.
The greater trochanters of the femurs should be level, and the buttock creases should be level and equal. These are observations for assessing the proper alignment of the ________ and thigh.
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The legs should be straight and equidistant from the plumb line with no genu varum or genu valgum. Calf bulk should be equal on the left and right legs. These are key observations for evaluating the alignment of the ________ and legs.
The legs should be straight and equidistant from the plumb line with no genu varum or genu valgum. Calf bulk should be equal on the left and right legs. These are key observations for evaluating the alignment of the ________ and legs.
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The scapulae should lie flat against the rib cage with no anterior. This is an important observation for maintaining proper ________ alignment during a postural assessment.
The scapulae should lie flat against the rib cage with no anterior. This is an important observation for maintaining proper ________ alignment during a postural assessment.
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The medial malleoli should be level. The lateral malleoli should be ________. This is a crucial observation for assessing the alignment of the ankle and feet.
The medial malleoli should be level. The lateral malleoli should be ________. This is a crucial observation for assessing the alignment of the ankle and feet.
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What is a key observation to make about the alignment of the shoulders during a postural assessment?
What is a key observation to make about the alignment of the shoulders during a postural assessment?
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Why should the legs be straight and equidistant from the plumb line in a postural assessment?
Why should the legs be straight and equidistant from the plumb line in a postural assessment?
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What is an important observation to make regarding the pelvis and thighs during a postural assessment?
What is an important observation to make regarding the pelvis and thighs during a postural assessment?
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Why is it important for the head to face forwards with no rotation in a postural assessment?
Why is it important for the head to face forwards with no rotation in a postural assessment?
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What is a significant aspect to note about the lateral malleoli during a postural assessment?
What is a significant aspect to note about the lateral malleoli during a postural assessment?
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What observation should be made regarding the lumbar spine during a postural assessment?
What observation should be made regarding the lumbar spine during a postural assessment?
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What should be noted about the scapulae in relation to the spine during a postural assessment?
What should be noted about the scapulae in relation to the spine during a postural assessment?
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What is a crucial observation for assessing the thorax and scapulae alignment during a postural assessment?
What is a crucial observation for assessing the thorax and scapulae alignment during a postural assessment?
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Why is it important for the feet to be slightly turned out during a postural assessment?
Why is it important for the feet to be slightly turned out during a postural assessment?
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What observation should be made regarding the arms during a postural assessment?
What observation should be made regarding the arms during a postural assessment?
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The head should be facing forwards with no rotation and no medial flexion.
The head should be facing forwards with no rotation and no medial flexion.
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The shoulder of the dominant hand should be higher than the shoulder of the non-dominant hand.
The shoulder of the dominant hand should be higher than the shoulder of the non-dominant hand.
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The greater trochanters of the femurs should be uneven during a postural assessment.
The greater trochanters of the femurs should be uneven during a postural assessment.
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Genu varum or genu valgum is acceptable when assessing the knees and legs.
Genu varum or genu valgum is acceptable when assessing the knees and legs.
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The calf bulk should be unequal on the left and right legs.
The calf bulk should be unequal on the left and right legs.
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The Achilles tendon should be horizontal.
The Achilles tendon should be horizontal.
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The scapulae should be tilted anteriorly during a postural assessment.
The scapulae should be tilted anteriorly during a postural assessment.
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The lumbar spine should have curvature to the right or left for optimal alignment.
The lumbar spine should have curvature to the right or left for optimal alignment.
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The distance between the elbow and the wrist should be different on each arm during a postural assessment.
The distance between the elbow and the wrist should be different on each arm during a postural assessment.
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Flare in the rib cage should only be symmetrical on the right side during a postural assessment.
Flare in the rib cage should only be symmetrical on the right side during a postural assessment.
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The feet should be turned in slightly during a postural assessment.
The feet should be turned in slightly during a postural assessment.
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The cervical spine should have a normal lordotic curve that is neither exaggerated nor ______.
The cervical spine should have a normal lordotic curve that is neither exaggerated nor ______.
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The chest should be held comfortably upright and not excessively elevated (military posture) nor ______.
The chest should be held comfortably upright and not excessively elevated (military posture) nor ______.
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The pelvis should be in a neutral position. That means the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) is in the same vertical plane as the ______.
The pelvis should be in a neutral position. That means the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) is in the same vertical plane as the ______.
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The distance between the elbow and the wrist should be different on each ______ during a postural assessment.
The distance between the elbow and the wrist should be different on each ______ during a postural assessment.
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Flare in the rib cage should be symmetrical left and ______.
Flare in the rib cage should be symmetrical left and ______.
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The legs should be straight and equidistant from the plumb line with no genu varum or genu valgum. Calf bulk should be equal on the left and right legs. These are key observations for evaluating the alignment of the ______ and legs.
The legs should be straight and equidistant from the plumb line with no genu varum or genu valgum. Calf bulk should be equal on the left and right legs. These are key observations for evaluating the alignment of the ______ and legs.
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The head should appear positioned over the ______—neither pushed forwards with chin out nor pulled back.
The head should appear positioned over the ______—neither pushed forwards with chin out nor pulled back.
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There should be normal dorsi-flexion at the ______.
There should be normal dorsi-flexion at the ______.
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The lumbar spine should have a normal lordotic curve that is neither exaggerated nor ______.
The lumbar spine should have a normal lordotic curve that is neither exaggerated nor ______.
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The shoulders should be neither internally nor (in rare cases) externally ______.
The shoulders should be neither internally nor (in rare cases) externally ______.
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There should be neither flexion nor hyperextension at the knee joint in standing. Plumb Line Slightly anterior to the ______ joint.
There should be neither flexion nor hyperextension at the knee joint in standing. Plumb Line Slightly anterior to the ______ joint.
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The client should stand in her underwear, and have hair tied up if it obscures the face and neck. It is a good idea for female clients to wear a normal bra rather than a sport bra because sport bras can obscure the scapulae and spine at the back, making observation of this part of the body more difficult. Because you want to observe the everyday stance of your client, instruct her to adopt her usual standing posture rather than have her position her feet in any particular way. To begin, hold in mind some general questions regarding your client’s body. Table 2.1 provides some suggestions. The questions here are designed as prompts and are not exhaustive. Most people feel vulnerable when asked to stand unclothed to have their bodies analysed in this way. Yet this is an assessment procedure that usually takes place at the start of the therapeutic relationship. How such a procedure is conducted can be critical. Table 2.1 General Questions Regarding Your Client’s Body Overall stance Is the weight equally distributed through the lower limbs or shifted to one side? Does the client look balanced or unbalanced? Does the client appear to be swaying forwards, backwards or to one side? Alignment of body parts Does each component of the body seem balanced with relation to other parts? Is the head centred over the ______?
The client should stand in her underwear, and have hair tied up if it obscures the face and neck. It is a good idea for female clients to wear a normal bra rather than a sport bra because sport bras can obscure the scapulae and spine at the back, making observation of this part of the body more difficult. Because you want to observe the everyday stance of your client, instruct her to adopt her usual standing posture rather than have her position her feet in any particular way. To begin, hold in mind some general questions regarding your client’s body. Table 2.1 provides some suggestions. The questions here are designed as prompts and are not exhaustive. Most people feel vulnerable when asked to stand unclothed to have their bodies analysed in this way. Yet this is an assessment procedure that usually takes place at the start of the therapeutic relationship. How such a procedure is conducted can be critical. Table 2.1 General Questions Regarding Your Client’s Body Overall stance Is the weight equally distributed through the lower limbs or shifted to one side? Does the client look balanced or unbalanced? Does the client appear to be swaying forwards, backwards or to one side? Alignment of body parts Does each component of the body seem balanced with relation to other parts? Is the head centred over the ______?
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The cervical spine should have a normal lordotic curve that is either exaggerated or flattened.
The cervical spine should have a normal lordotic curve that is either exaggerated or flattened.
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The lumbar spine should have a kyphotic curve that is exaggerated.
The lumbar spine should have a kyphotic curve that is exaggerated.
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The thorax should be held excessively elevated, resembling a military posture.
The thorax should be held excessively elevated, resembling a military posture.
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There should be normal hyperextension at the knee joint in standing.
There should be normal hyperextension at the knee joint in standing.
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The pelvis should be tilted forward in a postural assessment.
The pelvis should be tilted forward in a postural assessment.
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The head should appear positioned over the thorax with the chin out.
The head should appear positioned over the thorax with the chin out.
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The plumb line in the lateral view should run vertically through the cervical vertebrae and the earlobe.
The plumb line in the lateral view should run vertically through the cervical vertebrae and the earlobe.
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The lumbar spine should have curvature to the right or left for optimal alignment.
The lumbar spine should have curvature to the right or left for optimal alignment.
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Shoulders should be internally rotated for proper alignment.
Shoulders should be internally rotated for proper alignment.
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The Plumb Line for the knees and legs should be posterior to the knee joint.
The Plumb Line for the knees and legs should be posterior to the knee joint.
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The greater trochanters of the femurs and buttock creases should be level and equal.
The greater trochanters of the femurs and buttock creases should be level and equal.
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For proper alignment, there should be normal dorsi-flexion at the ankle.
For proper alignment, there should be normal dorsi-flexion at the ankle.
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What should be observed about the feet in a postural assessment?
What should be observed about the feet in a postural assessment?
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How should the lumbar spine be aligned according to the text?
How should the lumbar spine be aligned according to the text?
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Which observation is correct regarding the thighs in a postural assessment?
Which observation is correct regarding the thighs in a postural assessment?
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What should be noted about the shoulders in a postural assessment?
What should be noted about the shoulders in a postural assessment?
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Where should the plumb line go through when assessing the pelvis alignment?
Where should the plumb line go through when assessing the pelvis alignment?
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What is important to note about the knees and legs in a postural assessment?
What is important to note about the knees and legs in a postural assessment?
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The femurs should be straight and with no internal or external rotation. Thigh bulk should be equal on left and right sides. The thighs plumb line should be equidistant between ______.
The femurs should be straight and with no internal or external rotation. Thigh bulk should be equal on left and right sides. The thighs plumb line should be equidistant between ______.
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The ASIS should be level. The ASIS should be equidistant from midline. The pelvis plumb line should be bisecting the pelvis through the ______ symphysis.
The ASIS should be level. The ASIS should be equidistant from midline. The pelvis plumb line should be bisecting the pelvis through the ______ symphysis.
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Knees should be level. The patellae should face forwards and be level. The tibia should be straight and leg bulk should be equal on the left and right legs. The knees and legs plumb line should be between the medial femoral condyles of the knees equidistant between the ______.
Knees should be level. The patellae should face forwards and be level. The tibia should be straight and leg bulk should be equal on the left and right legs. The knees and legs plumb line should be between the medial femoral condyles of the knees equidistant between the ______.
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Medial malleoli should be level. Feet should turn out from the midline. The ankle and feet plumb line should be between the ______ malleoli.
Medial malleoli should be level. Feet should turn out from the midline. The ankle and feet plumb line should be between the ______ malleoli.
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The shoulders should be approximately level. The clavicles should be level. The shoulders plumb line should be through the manubrium, sternum, and ______ process.
The shoulders should be approximately level. The clavicles should be level. The shoulders plumb line should be through the manubrium, sternum, and ______ process.
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The head should be facing forwards with no rotation and no lateral flexion. The standard anterior alignment head plumb line should go through the centre of the face: through the forehead, nose, and ______.
The head should be facing forwards with no rotation and no lateral flexion. The standard anterior alignment head plumb line should go through the centre of the face: through the forehead, nose, and ______.
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Where is the human centre of gravity located?
Where is the human centre of gravity located?
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Why has the traditional use of a plumb line in postural analysis been criticized?
Why has the traditional use of a plumb line in postural analysis been criticized?
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How was the plumb line traditionally positioned in relation to the client's feet for postural assessment?
How was the plumb line traditionally positioned in relation to the client's feet for postural assessment?
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In what way do practitioners believe postural assessments should focus more on, according to the text?
In what way do practitioners believe postural assessments should focus more on, according to the text?
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What criticism does the text mention about positioning clients' feet on a card with painted foot outlines?
What criticism does the text mention about positioning clients' feet on a card with painted foot outlines?
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Why have practitioners been advised to focus more on the relationship between body parts in postural assessments?
Why have practitioners been advised to focus more on the relationship between body parts in postural assessments?
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What is a potential drawback of using a plumb line without forced foot positions in posture research?
What is a potential drawback of using a plumb line without forced foot positions in posture research?
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Why might identifying a 'standard' seated posture be challenging in postural assessments?
Why might identifying a 'standard' seated posture be challenging in postural assessments?
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Why do practitioners aim to have the head positioned over the thorax in postural assessments?
Why do practitioners aim to have the head positioned over the thorax in postural assessments?
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What should practitioners observe regarding the feet during a postural assessment?
What should practitioners observe regarding the feet during a postural assessment?
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Why is the alignment of the scapula important in postural assessments?
Why is the alignment of the scapula important in postural assessments?
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What aspect of posture is less likely to be compromised when the head is positioned directly over the thorax?
What aspect of posture is less likely to be compromised when the head is positioned directly over the thorax?
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In practice, the use of a plumb line is essential for accurate posture assessment.
In practice, the use of a plumb line is essential for accurate posture assessment.
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The scapula being protracted can cause the head to wrongly appear out of alignment with the plumb line.
The scapula being protracted can cause the head to wrongly appear out of alignment with the plumb line.
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Identifying a standard seated posture is considered easy due to its existence.
Identifying a standard seated posture is considered easy due to its existence.
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It is important for posture to have the head directly above the thorax and supported lumbar spine with knees slightly extended.
It is important for posture to have the head directly above the thorax and supported lumbar spine with knees slightly extended.
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The thorax should be held in a military posture for optimal alignment.
The thorax should be held in a military posture for optimal alignment.
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Postural assessment requires the legs to be straight, equidistant from the plumb line and calf bulk to be equal on both legs.
Postural assessment requires the legs to be straight, equidistant from the plumb line and calf bulk to be equal on both legs.
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The plumb line in postural assessments is mainly used to analyze the relationship between body parts.
The plumb line in postural assessments is mainly used to analyze the relationship between body parts.
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Placing clients' feet on a card with painted foot outlines has been criticized for potentially forcing them into abnormal foot positions.
Placing clients' feet on a card with painted foot outlines has been criticized for potentially forcing them into abnormal foot positions.
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In postural assessments, the plumb line should fall posterior to the medial malleoli when viewing a client laterally.
In postural assessments, the plumb line should fall posterior to the medial malleoli when viewing a client laterally.
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It is recommended to position clients against a plumb line to ensure their feet adopt a normal stance.
It is recommended to position clients against a plumb line to ensure their feet adopt a normal stance.
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The human center of gravity is located just posterior to the second sacral vertebra.
The human center of gravity is located just posterior to the second sacral vertebra.
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One criticism of using a plumb line in postural assessments is that it may not accommodate clients with naturally wider or narrower stances.
One criticism of using a plumb line in postural assessments is that it may not accommodate clients with naturally wider or narrower stances.
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How can a visually impaired therapist 'observe' a client during a postural assessment?
How can a visually impaired therapist 'observe' a client during a postural assessment?
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What is identified as one of the disadvantages of assessing posture using photographs?
What is identified as one of the disadvantages of assessing posture using photographs?
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What is a common method used to document postural assessment findings?
What is a common method used to document postural assessment findings?
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Why is audio-recording information during a postural assessment considered distracting?
Why is audio-recording information during a postural assessment considered distracting?
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In what scenario would a therapist ask a participant to sign a release form during a postural assessment?
In what scenario would a therapist ask a participant to sign a release form during a postural assessment?
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What is highlighted as an advantage of assessing posture through photographs?
What is highlighted as an advantage of assessing posture through photographs?
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One of the advantages of assessing posture using photographs is that it allows you to take your time to identify deviations in posture that would best support the information in the text. One of the disadvantages is that a photograph retains only a certain amount of clarity and is not life size. How you record information depends on which method is most appropriate for you. A visually impaired therapist, for example, may 'observe' a client by palpation. The therapist may assess the relationships among various body parts using her hands while audio-recording her findings to transcribe later.
One of the advantages of assessing posture using photographs is that it allows you to take your time to identify deviations in posture that would best support the information in the text. One of the disadvantages is that a photograph retains only a certain amount of clarity and is not life size. How you record information depends on which method is most appropriate for you. A visually impaired therapist, for example, may 'observe' a client by palpation. The therapist may assess the relationships among various body parts using her hands while audio-recording her findings to transcribe later.
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When documenting postural assessment ______, one common method mentioned is to simply write out your ______ in longhand. Another method suggested is to speak your ______ into a recorder. If carrying out postural assessment as part of research, one approach is to ask your participant to sign a release form granting you permission to take photographs that you later analyze. Audio-recording information is quick and easy, but it is likely to be distracting for the client to whom you may not wish to reveal your ______ just yet. Photographs enable you to take your time over the assessment, but they are no substitute for having the client in front of you.
When documenting postural assessment ______, one common method mentioned is to simply write out your ______ in longhand. Another method suggested is to speak your ______ into a recorder. If carrying out postural assessment as part of research, one approach is to ask your participant to sign a release form granting you permission to take photographs that you later analyze. Audio-recording information is quick and easy, but it is likely to be distracting for the client to whom you may not wish to reveal your ______ just yet. Photographs enable you to take your time over the assessment, but they are no substitute for having the client in front of you.
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How you record information from a postural assessment depends on which ______ is most appropriate for you. A visually impaired therapist, for example, may 'observe' a client by palpation. The therapist may assess the relationships among various body parts using her hands while audio-recording her findings to transcribe later.
How you record information from a postural assessment depends on which ______ is most appropriate for you. A visually impaired therapist, for example, may 'observe' a client by palpation. The therapist may assess the relationships among various body parts using her hands while audio-recording her findings to transcribe later.
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Documenting your findings during postural ______ can be done in various ways. One common method mentioned is to simply write out your findings in longhand. Another approach is to speak your findings into a recorder. If carrying out postural ______ as part of research, one option is to ask your participant to sign a release form granting you permission to take photographs that you later analyze. Audio-recording information is quick and easy, but it is likely to be distracting for the client to whom you may not wish to reveal your findings just yet.
Documenting your findings during postural ______ can be done in various ways. One common method mentioned is to simply write out your findings in longhand. Another approach is to speak your findings into a recorder. If carrying out postural ______ as part of research, one option is to ask your participant to sign a release form granting you permission to take photographs that you later analyze. Audio-recording information is quick and easy, but it is likely to be distracting for the client to whom you may not wish to reveal your findings just yet.
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One of the disadvantages of assessing posture using photographs is that a photograph retains only a certain amount of ______ and is not life size. How you record information depends on which method is most appropriate for you. A visually impaired therapist, for example, may 'observe' a client by palpation. The therapist may assess the relationships among various body parts using her hands while audio-recording her findings to transcribe later.
One of the disadvantages of assessing posture using photographs is that a photograph retains only a certain amount of ______ and is not life size. How you record information depends on which method is most appropriate for you. A visually impaired therapist, for example, may 'observe' a client by palpation. The therapist may assess the relationships among various body parts using her hands while audio-recording her findings to transcribe later.
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In postural assessment, documenting your ______ is crucial. There are various methods to do this. One common approach is to write out your ______ in longhand. Alternatively, you could speak your ______ into a recorder. If conducting postural assessment as part of research, you may ask your participant to sign a release form granting you permission to take photographs that you later analyze. Audio-recording information is quick and easy, but it may be distracting for the client. Photographs allow for a detailed assessment but may lack certain clarity and size. How you document your ______ depends on the most suitable method for you.
In postural assessment, documenting your ______ is crucial. There are various methods to do this. One common approach is to write out your ______ in longhand. Alternatively, you could speak your ______ into a recorder. If conducting postural assessment as part of research, you may ask your participant to sign a release form granting you permission to take photographs that you later analyze. Audio-recording information is quick and easy, but it may be distracting for the client. Photographs allow for a detailed assessment but may lack certain clarity and size. How you document your ______ depends on the most suitable method for you.
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What precaution should be taken during a postural assessment for clients with low blood pressure?
What precaution should be taken during a postural assessment for clients with low blood pressure?
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Why was the elderly man on page 4 allowed to keep his vest top on during the assessment?
Why was the elderly man on page 4 allowed to keep his vest top on during the assessment?
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In what scenario should face crayons marking the body be removed during a postural assessment?
In what scenario should face crayons marking the body be removed during a postural assessment?
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Why is it important for clients to be disrobed appropriately before a postural assessment?
Why is it important for clients to be disrobed appropriately before a postural assessment?
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What should be done if a client has pain on prolonged standing during a postural assessment?
What should be done if a client has pain on prolonged standing during a postural assessment?
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Why is it important for practitioners to watch for clients feeling unbalanced during a postural assessment?
Why is it important for practitioners to watch for clients feeling unbalanced during a postural assessment?
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The lateral malleoli should be uneven during a postural assessment.
The lateral malleoli should be uneven during a postural assessment.
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In postural assessments, the plumb line should fall posterior to the medial malleoli when viewing a client laterally.
In postural assessments, the plumb line should fall posterior to the medial malleoli when viewing a client laterally.
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The human center of gravity is located just posterior to the second sacral vertebra.
The human center of gravity is located just posterior to the second sacral vertebra.
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Placing clients' feet on a card with painted foot outlines has been criticized for potentially forcing them into abnormal foot positions.
Placing clients' feet on a card with painted foot outlines has been criticized for potentially forcing them into abnormal foot positions.
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The lumbar spine should be straight with no curvature to the right or left.
The lumbar spine should be straight with no curvature to the right or left.
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There should be normal hyperextension at the knee joint in standing.
There should be normal hyperextension at the knee joint in standing.
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Study Notes
Preparing for Postural Assessment
- Practice postural assessment on family and friends to gain experience
- Use crayons to mark bony landmarks on the client's body to help judge distances and angles of bones and joints
- Mark the following points on the back of the body: medial border of the scapula, inferior angle of the scapula, spinous processes of the spine, olecranon process of the elbow, posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS), knee creases, midline of the calf, and midline of the Achilles tendon
Conducting the Assessment
- The client should stand in their underwear and have hair tied up if it obscures the face and neck
- Instruct the client to adopt their usual standing posture, rather than positioning their feet in a particular way
- Observe the client's overall stance, looking for equal weight distribution, balance, and swaying
- Examine the alignment of body parts, including the head, thorax, and limbs, checking for balance and centring
Postural Assessment Steps
- Observe the overall stance, looking for equal weight distribution, balance, and swaying
- Examine the alignment of body parts, including:
- Head: centred over the thorax
- Thorax: centred over the pelvis
- Limbs: equidistant from the trunk
- Observe bones, joints, muscles, and skin, looking for:
- Normal shape and alignment of bones
- Swelling or mal-alignment of joints
- Equal bulk and tone of muscles
- Areas of inflammation, discolouration, or dryness on the skin
- Evaluate the client's physical attitude, looking for comfort, balance, and tension
Standard Alignments
- Standard posterior alignment:
- Neck: plumb line through midline of all cervical vertebrae
- Upper limbs: arms hang equidistant from the trunk, palms facing the sides of the body
- Thorax and scapulae: scapulae equidistant from the spine, medial borders approximately 1.5 to 2 inches from the spine
- Lumbar spine: straight with no curvature to the right or left
- Ankle and feet: lateral malleoli level, medial malleoli level, Achilles tendon vertical, calcaneus vertical, feet turned out slightly### Standard Alignments
- Standard Posterior Alignment:
- Head: facing forward, no rotation or lateral flexion
- Shoulders: approximately level, with dominant hand shoulder possibly lower
- Pelvis and Thigh: posterior superior iliac spines (PSIS) equidistant from spine, level, and equal buttock creases
- Knees and Legs: straight, equidistant from plumb line, no genu varum or genu valgum, equal calf bulk
- Standard Posterior Alignment (continued):
- Neck: straight, no lateral flexion
- Upper Limbs: arms hang equidistant from trunk, palms facing body sides, level elbows and wrists
- Thorax and Scapulae: scapulae equidistant from spine, lie flat against rib cage, level inferior angles
- Lumbar Spine: straight, no curvature
- Ankle and Feet: lateral malleoli level, medial malleoli level, Achilles tendon and calcaneus vertical, feet turned out slightly
Standard Lateral Posture
- Neck:
- Cervical spine: normal lordotic curve, no deformity at cervicothoracic junction
- Thorax and Scapulae:
- Normal kyphotic curve, no exaggeration or flattening
- Chest: comfortably upright, not excessively elevated or depressed
- Pelvis and Thigh:
- Neutral position, anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) in same plane as pubis
- Equal gluteal and thigh muscle bulk on both sides
- Ankle and Feet:
- Plumb line slightly anterior to lateral malleolus
- Normal dorsi-flexion at ankle
Standard Anterior Alignment
-
Head:
- Facing forward, no rotation or lateral flexion
-
Lumbar Spine:
- Umbilicus central, not deviated
-
Thighs:
- Femurs straight, no internal or external rotation
- Equal thigh bulk on both sides
-
Ankle and Feet:
- Medial malleoli level, feet turned out from midline
-
Shoulders:
- Approximately level, clavicles level
-
Pelvis:
- ASIS level, equidistant from midline
-
Knees and Legs:
- Level, patellae facing forward, level tibia, equal leg bulk on both sides### Documenting Findings
-
Documenting findings is essential during a postural assessment
-
Methods of documentation include writing in longhand, speaking into a recorder, or taking photographs
-
Photographs allow for thorough analysis, but may lack clarity and are not life-size
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Audio-recording is quick and easy, but may be distracting for the client
-
Visually impaired therapists may use palpation and audio-recording to document findings
Cautions and Safety Issues
- Postural assessment is contraindicated for clients with pain on prolonged standing or sitting
- Clients with low blood pressure may get dizzy if asked to stand for too long, so a chair should be available
- Care should be taken when examining clients who feel unbalanced, especially elderly people or those recovering from an injury
- Clients should be appropriately disrobed before the assessment, taking into account any physical limitations or injuries
- Face crayons used for marking should be checked for allergic reactions, and removed if an allergic reaction occurs
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Description
Learn about how to prepare for carrying out a postural assessment, including information on assessment procedure, required equipment, duration, and general guidelines for what to observe. Familiarize yourself with standard postural alignments and concepts to apply during subsequent assessments.
