Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best defines extrapulmonary airways?
Which of the following best defines extrapulmonary airways?
- Airways involved in the exchange of gases between blood and tissues
- Airways outside the lungs that conduct air to and from the respiratory zone (correct)
- Airways within the lungs that participate in gas exchange
- Airways that perform the function of warming and humidifying inhaled air
Why are thyromental distance and atlanto-occipital flexion and extension part of an airway assessment?
Why are thyromental distance and atlanto-occipital flexion and extension part of an airway assessment?
- To evaluate the stability of the pharynx
- To assess the flexibility of the trachea
- To measure the adequacy of the oral cavity for breathing
- To determine the potential difficulty in achieving a clear airway for intubation (correct)
What is the function of Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring?
What is the function of Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring?
- To assist in the production of speech sounds
- To warm and humidify inhaled air
- To protect the airway from aspiration (correct)
- To regulate gas exchange within the alveoli
Which structures are visible during direct laryngoscopy?
Which structures are visible during direct laryngoscopy?
What is the primary function of the nasal epithelium and nasal mucosa?
What is the primary function of the nasal epithelium and nasal mucosa?
What is the significance of Larson’s maneuver?
What is the significance of Larson’s maneuver?
What is the function of conducting airways in the respiratory system?
What is the function of conducting airways in the respiratory system?
Which bone forms the superior part of the nasal septum?
Which bone forms the superior part of the nasal septum?
What maneuver may relieve laryngospasm by applying forcible jaw thrust with bilateral digital pressure on the body of the mandible?
What maneuver may relieve laryngospasm by applying forcible jaw thrust with bilateral digital pressure on the body of the mandible?
What is measured to determine mouth opening and the ability to align axes for laryngoscopy?
What is measured to determine mouth opening and the ability to align axes for laryngoscopy?
In which position does the sniffing position improve laryngoscopy view by displacing the tongue and aligning the oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal axes?
In which position does the sniffing position improve laryngoscopy view by displacing the tongue and aligning the oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal axes?
Which joint mobility is needed to obtain the sniffing position for laryngoscopy?
Which joint mobility is needed to obtain the sniffing position for laryngoscopy?
What is the normal measurement for thyromental distance that correlates to the submandibular space for tongue displacement during laryngoscopy?
What is the normal measurement for thyromental distance that correlates to the submandibular space for tongue displacement during laryngoscopy?
What is the main function of intrapulmonary airways in the respiratory system?
What is the main function of intrapulmonary airways in the respiratory system?
Which bone is posterior portion of hard palate and found above uvula?
Which bone is posterior portion of hard palate and found above uvula?
Which bone creates turbulence for protection and conditioning in the respiratory system?
Which bone creates turbulence for protection and conditioning in the respiratory system?
What test measures the mobility of the temporomandibular joint in preparation for airway manipulation?
What test measures the mobility of the temporomandibular joint in preparation for airway manipulation?
Where does the cribriform plate transmit olfactory nerves?
Where does the cribriform plate transmit olfactory nerves?
What is the space between the lips/cheeks and gums/teeth known as?
What is the space between the lips/cheeks and gums/teeth known as?
Which muscle constitutes the bulk of the tongue mass and is responsible for protruding the tongue?
Which muscle constitutes the bulk of the tongue mass and is responsible for protruding the tongue?
What is the sensory innervation for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue for taste sensations?
What is the sensory innervation for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue for taste sensations?
Which muscle tenses and opens the nasopharynx?
Which muscle tenses and opens the nasopharynx?
The soft palate is continuous with which folds?
The soft palate is continuous with which folds?
Which artery provides blood supply to the tongue?
Which artery provides blood supply to the tongue?
Which structure is raised during deglutition to close isthmus of the pharynx between oral and nasal pharynx?
Which structure is raised during deglutition to close isthmus of the pharynx between oral and nasal pharynx?
Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for the sensory function of the nose?
Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for the sensory function of the nose?
What type of epithelial lining is found in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity?
What type of epithelial lining is found in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity?
Which artery supplies rich blood to the nasal cavity?
Which artery supplies rich blood to the nasal cavity?
Which area is known as a critical site of chronic epistaxis (nosebleed)?
Which area is known as a critical site of chronic epistaxis (nosebleed)?
What is the purpose of the paranasal sinuses?
What is the purpose of the paranasal sinuses?
What is the surgical procedure that accesses the pituitary gland via the sphenoid sinus?
What is the surgical procedure that accesses the pituitary gland via the sphenoid sinus?
Which cranial nerve provides sensory innervation to most of the nasal mucosa?
Which cranial nerve provides sensory innervation to most of the nasal mucosa?
What can happen if the mucus flow from the paranasal sinuses is obstructed?
What can happen if the mucus flow from the paranasal sinuses is obstructed?
What is the role of the sympathetic fibers in the nasal cavity?
What is the role of the sympathetic fibers in the nasal cavity?
What is the primary function of the nasal mucosa?
What is the primary function of the nasal mucosa?
What condition can affect the health and function of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses?
What condition can affect the health and function of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses?
What structures play an essential role in respiration, speech, and filtering out particles and pathogens?
What structures play an essential role in respiration, speech, and filtering out particles and pathogens?
Which of the following muscles originates below the hyoid bone and depresses the hyoid bone and the larynx?
Which of the following muscles originates below the hyoid bone and depresses the hyoid bone and the larynx?
Which muscle is responsible for elongating the vocal cords?
Which muscle is responsible for elongating the vocal cords?
What is the landmark for Larson's maneuver used to elevate the larynx?
What is the landmark for Larson's maneuver used to elevate the larynx?
Which nerve innervates the vocal cords?
Which nerve innervates the vocal cords?
Which muscles modify the laryngeal inlet and narrow the inlet?
Which muscles modify the laryngeal inlet and narrow the inlet?
What is the emergency surgical airway technique used in a respiratory emergency?
What is the emergency surgical airway technique used in a respiratory emergency?
Which structure corresponds to the fauces?
Which structure corresponds to the fauces?
Which arteries supply the trachea?
Which arteries supply the trachea?
What is the function of the Nasopharynx?
What is the function of the Nasopharynx?
Which structure forms an incomplete ring around the pharynx?
Which structure forms an incomplete ring around the pharynx?
What is the unique characteristic of the laryngeal inlet?
What is the unique characteristic of the laryngeal inlet?
What is the main responsibility of the External Circular Layer of pharyngeal muscles?
What is the main responsibility of the External Circular Layer of pharyngeal muscles?
Which muscle is responsible for elevating the larynx and pharynx during swallowing and speaking?
Which muscle is responsible for elevating the larynx and pharynx during swallowing and speaking?
What determines the visibility of oral structures for airway assessment?
What determines the visibility of oral structures for airway assessment?
Which nerve supplies the motor and most sensory innervation to the pharynx?
Which nerve supplies the motor and most sensory innervation to the pharynx?
Where does the Laryngopharynx bifurcate to?
Where does the Laryngopharynx bifurcate to?
What is the potential site for upper airway obstruction?
What is the potential site for upper airway obstruction?
Which technique is used to visualize the vocal cords for endotracheal tube placement?
Which technique is used to visualize the vocal cords for endotracheal tube placement?
Where does the Oropharynx lie?
Where does the Oropharynx lie?
What are the subdivisions of pharynx?
What are the subdivisions of pharynx?
What is the primary function of the ligaments in the larynx?
What is the primary function of the ligaments in the larynx?
Which area is known as the 'pill box' of the larynx?
Which area is known as the 'pill box' of the larynx?
Which cartilage forms the narrowest fixed part of the upper airway in infants?
Which cartilage forms the narrowest fixed part of the upper airway in infants?
Which pair of cartilages sit atop and articulate with arytenoids, are visible during laryngoscopy, and are located in the ary-epiglottic fold?
Which pair of cartilages sit atop and articulate with arytenoids, are visible during laryngoscopy, and are located in the ary-epiglottic fold?
What is the function of the vestibular folds in the laryngeal cavity?
What is the function of the vestibular folds in the laryngeal cavity?
During normal respiration, what position does the rima glottidis assume?
During normal respiration, what position does the rima glottidis assume?
What is the function of infraglottic/subglottic cavity in the laryngeal cavity?
What is the function of infraglottic/subglottic cavity in the laryngeal cavity?
What happens during whispering in terms of the rima glottidis?
What happens during whispering in terms of the rima glottidis?
'Valsalva maneuver' involves which action related to the rima glottidis?
'Valsalva maneuver' involves which action related to the rima glottidis?
'Rima glottidis' is best defined as:
'Rima glottidis' is best defined as:
What is unique about Cuneiform cartilages compared to other paired cartilages?
What is unique about Cuneiform cartilages compared to other paired cartilages?
Which cartilage forms the skeleton of the larynx and is formed by 9 cartilages?
Which cartilage forms the skeleton of the larynx and is formed by 9 cartilages?
What is the function of the ligaments in the larynx?
What is the function of the ligaments in the larynx?
What is the significance of a Grade IV view in Cormack-Lehane Score?
What is the significance of a Grade IV view in Cormack-Lehane Score?
Which cartilage is described as a 'leaf-shaped elastic cartilage' and is attached to the tongue by the median glossoepiglottic fold?
Which cartilage is described as a 'leaf-shaped elastic cartilage' and is attached to the tongue by the median glossoepiglottic fold?
What is the role of the cricoid cartilage in the pediatric airway?
What is the role of the cricoid cartilage in the pediatric airway?
What is the significance of vestibular folds in the larynx?
What is the significance of vestibular folds in the larynx?
Which ligament joins the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone?
Which ligament joins the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone?
During which process does the rima glottidis assume a narrow, slit-like position?
During which process does the rima glottidis assume a narrow, slit-like position?
"Corniculate cartilages" are visible during which medical procedure?
"Corniculate cartilages" are visible during which medical procedure?
"Arytenoid cartilages" sit atop which part of another cartilage?
"Arytenoid cartilages" sit atop which part of another cartilage?
Study Notes
- Pharynx: a musculo-osseous tube extending from the base of skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra (C6)
- Pharynx has four layers: mucosal layer, muscular coat, and a thin fascial layer
- Subdivisions of pharynx and their functions: Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx
- Nasopharynx: lies posterior to the nasal cavity, includes pharyngotympanic tubes, and is mostly innervated by the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
- Oropharynx: lies posterior to the oral cavity, includes the root of tongue and lingual tonsils, palatopharyngeal arch, palatine tonsils, and the isthmus of the fauces (oropharyngeal isthmus)
- Laryngopharynx: posterior to the larynx, bifurcates to the trachea and esophagus, and contains the piriform fossa and aryepiglottic folds
- Waldeyer's tonsilar ring: lymphoid tissue forms an incomplete ring around the pharynx
- Pharyngeal muscles: two layers – external circular and internal longitudinal – responsible for swallowing and speaking
- External Circular Layer: fibers extend laterally and circle the pharyngeal wall, including superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors, and the cricopharyngeus muscle
- Internal Longitudinal Layer: elevates the larynx and pharynx during swallowing and speaking, including the stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, and salpingopharyngeus muscles
- Innervation of pharyngeal muscles: the pharyngeal plexus supplies the motor and most sensory innervation to the pharynx, with motor fibers derived from the vagus nerve (CN X) except for the stylopharyngeus muscle (CN IX)
- Mallampati score: determines the visibility of oral structures for airway assessment, with a Class 1 score indicating visible structures and higher scores indicating less visibility
- Upper airway obstruction: potential sites include the nasopharynx and oropharynx, and can be poorly tolerated without local anesthetic
- Larynx: the organ of voice production extending from the hyoid bone to the trachea, with unique characteristics such as the cricoid cartilage and the hyoid bone, and the laryngeal inlet bounded by the epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, and cuneiform and corniculate cartilages
- Direct laryngoscopy: a technique used to visualize the vocal cords for endotracheal tube placement using a laryngoscope.
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Description
Test your knowledge of laryngeal assessment techniques, including the Cormack-Lehane Score, and the anatomy of the laryngeal cartilages. Understand the grading system for visibility of the glottic opening and the structure of the laryngeal skeleton.
