Respiratory Physiology quiz 1.2
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best defines extrapulmonary airways?

  • Airways involved in the exchange of gases between blood and tissues
  • Airways outside the lungs that conduct air to and from the respiratory zone (correct)
  • Airways within the lungs that participate in gas exchange
  • Airways that perform the function of warming and humidifying inhaled air

    • Why are thyromental distance and atlanto-occipital flexion and extension part of an airway assessment?

  • To evaluate the stability of the pharynx
  • To assess the flexibility of the trachea
  • To measure the adequacy of the oral cavity for breathing
  • To determine the potential difficulty in achieving a clear airway for intubation (correct)

    • What is the function of Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring?

  • To assist in the production of speech sounds
  • To warm and humidify inhaled air
  • To protect the airway from aspiration (correct)
  • To regulate gas exchange within the alveoli

    • Which structures are visible during direct laryngoscopy?

    <p>Glottis and vocal cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nasal epithelium and nasal mucosa?

    <p>Producing mucus to trap inhaled particles and microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Larson’s maneuver?

    <p>To assess the patency of upper airway during ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of conducting airways in the respiratory system?

    <p>To warm and moisten the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone forms the superior part of the nasal septum?

    <p>Ethmoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What maneuver may relieve laryngospasm by applying forcible jaw thrust with bilateral digital pressure on the body of the mandible?

    <p>Larson's maneuver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is measured to determine mouth opening and the ability to align axes for laryngoscopy?

    <p>Inter-incisor gap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which position does the sniffing position improve laryngoscopy view by displacing the tongue and aligning the oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal axes?

    <p>Extension position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint mobility is needed to obtain the sniffing position for laryngoscopy?

    <p>Atlanto-occipital joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal measurement for thyromental distance that correlates to the submandibular space for tongue displacement during laryngoscopy?

    <p>&gt; 6 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of intrapulmonary airways in the respiratory system?

    <p>To participate in gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is posterior portion of hard palate and found above uvula?

    <p>Palatine bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone creates turbulence for protection and conditioning in the respiratory system?

    <p>Ethmoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What test measures the mobility of the temporomandibular joint in preparation for airway manipulation?

    <p>Mandibular protrusion test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the cribriform plate transmit olfactory nerves?

    <p>Ethmoid bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the space between the lips/cheeks and gums/teeth known as?

    <p>Oral vestibule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle constitutes the bulk of the tongue mass and is responsible for protruding the tongue?

    <p>Genioglossus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sensory innervation for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue for taste sensations?

    <p>Chorda tympani branch of CN VII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle tenses and opens the nasopharynx?

    <p>Tensor Veli Palatini</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The soft palate is continuous with which folds?

    <p>Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery provides blood supply to the tongue?

    <p>Lingual artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is raised during deglutition to close isthmus of the pharynx between oral and nasal pharynx?

    <p>Soft palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for the sensory function of the nose?

    <p>CN I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelial lining is found in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity?

    <p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies rich blood to the nasal cavity?

    <p>Sphenopalatine artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area is known as a critical site of chronic epistaxis (nosebleed)?

    <p>Kiesselbach's area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the paranasal sinuses?

    <p>Resonate sounds of speech and produce mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the surgical procedure that accesses the pituitary gland via the sphenoid sinus?

    <p>Transphenoidal hypophysectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve provides sensory innervation to most of the nasal mucosa?

    <p>CN V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if the mucus flow from the paranasal sinuses is obstructed?

    <p>Sinusitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sympathetic fibers in the nasal cavity?

    <p>Control blood vessel dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nasal mucosa?

    <p>Humidify and warm inspired air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can affect the health and function of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses?

    <p>Allergies and polyps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures play an essential role in respiration, speech, and filtering out particles and pathogens?

    <p>Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles originates below the hyoid bone and depresses the hyoid bone and the larynx?

    <p>Sternohyoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for elongating the vocal cords?

    <p>Posterior cricoarytenoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the landmark for Larson's maneuver used to elevate the larynx?

    <p>Mastoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the vocal cords?

    <p>Recurrent laryngeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles modify the laryngeal inlet and narrow the inlet?

    <p>Aryepiglottic and oblique arytenoid muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the emergency surgical airway technique used in a respiratory emergency?

    <p>Cricothyrotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure corresponds to the fauces?

    <p>Pharyngeal tonsils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries supply the trachea?

    <p>Superior thyroid arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Nasopharynx?

    <p>Innervation by the trigeminal nerve (CN V)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure forms an incomplete ring around the pharynx?

    <p>Waldeyer's tonsilar ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique characteristic of the laryngeal inlet?

    <p>Bounded by the epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, and cuneiform and corniculate cartilages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main responsibility of the External Circular Layer of pharyngeal muscles?

    <p>Fibers extend laterally and circle the pharyngeal wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for elevating the larynx and pharynx during swallowing and speaking?

    <p>Palatopharyngeus muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the visibility of oral structures for airway assessment?

    <p>Mallampati score</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the motor and most sensory innervation to the pharynx?

    <p>Vagus nerve (CN X)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Laryngopharynx bifurcate to?

    <p>Trachea and esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential site for upper airway obstruction?

    <p>Nasopharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is used to visualize the vocal cords for endotracheal tube placement?

    <p>Direct laryngoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Oropharynx lie?

    <p>Posterior to the oral cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the subdivisions of pharynx?

    <p>Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ligaments in the larynx?

    <p>To hold the laryngeal cartilages together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area is known as the 'pill box' of the larynx?

    <p>Vallecula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cartilage forms the narrowest fixed part of the upper airway in infants?

    <p>Cricoid cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair of cartilages sit atop and articulate with arytenoids, are visible during laryngoscopy, and are located in the ary-epiglottic fold?

    <p>Arytenoid and Corniculate cartilages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the vestibular folds in the laryngeal cavity?

    <p>Protecting the true vocal cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During normal respiration, what position does the rima glottidis assume?

    <p>Narrow, slit-like position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of infraglottic/subglottic cavity in the laryngeal cavity?

    <p>Assists in respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during whispering in terms of the rima glottidis?

    <p>Air is allowed to pass between the arytenoid cartilages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Valsalva maneuver' involves which action related to the rima glottidis?

    <p>&quot;Sealing&quot; of the rima glottidis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Rima glottidis' is best defined as:

    <p>&quot;Opening between true cords and arytenoid cartilages&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about Cuneiform cartilages compared to other paired cartilages?

    <p>They do not communicate with other cartilages directly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cartilage forms the skeleton of the larynx and is formed by 9 cartilages?

    <p>Thyroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ligaments in the larynx?

    <p>To hold the laryngeal cartilages together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a Grade IV view in Cormack-Lehane Score?

    <p>The inability to see the glottic opening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cartilage is described as a 'leaf-shaped elastic cartilage' and is attached to the tongue by the median glossoepiglottic fold?

    <p>Epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cricoid cartilage in the pediatric airway?

    <p>It is the narrowest fixed part of the upper airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of vestibular folds in the larynx?

    <p>They are superior to true cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament joins the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone?

    <p>Thyrohyoid ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process does the rima glottidis assume a narrow, slit-like position?

    <p>Normal respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Corniculate cartilages" are visible during which medical procedure?

    <p>&quot;Laryngoscopy&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Arytenoid cartilages" sit atop which part of another cartilage?

    <p>&quot;Cricoid&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Pharynx: a musculo-osseous tube extending from the base of skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra (C6)
    • Pharynx has four layers: mucosal layer, muscular coat, and a thin fascial layer
    • Subdivisions of pharynx and their functions: Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx
    • Nasopharynx: lies posterior to the nasal cavity, includes pharyngotympanic tubes, and is mostly innervated by the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
    • Oropharynx: lies posterior to the oral cavity, includes the root of tongue and lingual tonsils, palatopharyngeal arch, palatine tonsils, and the isthmus of the fauces (oropharyngeal isthmus)
    • Laryngopharynx: posterior to the larynx, bifurcates to the trachea and esophagus, and contains the piriform fossa and aryepiglottic folds
    • Waldeyer's tonsilar ring: lymphoid tissue forms an incomplete ring around the pharynx
    • Pharyngeal muscles: two layers – external circular and internal longitudinal – responsible for swallowing and speaking
    • External Circular Layer: fibers extend laterally and circle the pharyngeal wall, including superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors, and the cricopharyngeus muscle
    • Internal Longitudinal Layer: elevates the larynx and pharynx during swallowing and speaking, including the stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, and salpingopharyngeus muscles
    • Innervation of pharyngeal muscles: the pharyngeal plexus supplies the motor and most sensory innervation to the pharynx, with motor fibers derived from the vagus nerve (CN X) except for the stylopharyngeus muscle (CN IX)
    • Mallampati score: determines the visibility of oral structures for airway assessment, with a Class 1 score indicating visible structures and higher scores indicating less visibility
    • Upper airway obstruction: potential sites include the nasopharynx and oropharynx, and can be poorly tolerated without local anesthetic
    • Larynx: the organ of voice production extending from the hyoid bone to the trachea, with unique characteristics such as the cricoid cartilage and the hyoid bone, and the laryngeal inlet bounded by the epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, and cuneiform and corniculate cartilages
    • Direct laryngoscopy: a technique used to visualize the vocal cords for endotracheal tube placement using a laryngoscope.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of laryngeal assessment techniques, including the Cormack-Lehane Score, and the anatomy of the laryngeal cartilages. Understand the grading system for visibility of the glottic opening and the structure of the laryngeal skeleton.

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