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Questions and Answers
Which artery is responsible for the vascular supply to the nasal cavity?
Which artery is responsible for the vascular supply to the nasal cavity?
What is the primary function of the paranasal sinuses?
What is the primary function of the paranasal sinuses?
Which cell type in the respiratory epithelium is responsible for secreting mucus onto the luminal surface?
Which cell type in the respiratory epithelium is responsible for secreting mucus onto the luminal surface?
Which nerve innervates the olfactory epithelium in the upper portion of the nose?
Which nerve innervates the olfactory epithelium in the upper portion of the nose?
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What is the common site of chronic epistaxis in the nasal cavity?
What is the common site of chronic epistaxis in the nasal cavity?
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What is the significance of Larson's maneuver in airway assessment?
What is the significance of Larson's maneuver in airway assessment?
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Which structure is part of the three divisions of the pharynx?
Which structure is part of the three divisions of the pharynx?
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What is the function of Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring?
What is the function of Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring?
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Which structures are visible during direct laryngoscopy?
Which structures are visible during direct laryngoscopy?
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What is the innervation of the structures of the airways and larynx?
What is the innervation of the structures of the airways and larynx?
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What is the distance of the trachea?
What is the distance of the trachea?
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What is the correct depth for an endotracheal tube in comparison to the trachea?
What is the correct depth for an endotracheal tube in comparison to the trachea?
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Where is a tracheostomy performed in relation to the anatomy of the trachea?
Where is a tracheostomy performed in relation to the anatomy of the trachea?
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What is the purpose of conducting airways in the respiratory system?
What is the purpose of conducting airways in the respiratory system?
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Which condition may reduce the mobility of the atlanto-occipital joint, affecting the sniffing position for laryngoscopy?
Which condition may reduce the mobility of the atlanto-occipital joint, affecting the sniffing position for laryngoscopy?
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Which cartilage is the largest cartilage of the larynx?
Which cartilage is the largest cartilage of the larynx?
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What is the function of the ligaments in the larynx?
What is the function of the ligaments in the larynx?
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During which process does the epiglottis cover the inlet to the larynx?
During which process does the epiglottis cover the inlet to the larynx?
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Which part of the adult upper airway is the narrowest?
Which part of the adult upper airway is the narrowest?
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What muscles are responsible for opening the rima glottidis widely into an inverted kite shape during a deep inhalation?
What muscles are responsible for opening the rima glottidis widely into an inverted kite shape during a deep inhalation?
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Which muscle constitutes the bulk of the tongue mass and protrudes the tongue?
Which muscle constitutes the bulk of the tongue mass and protrudes the tongue?
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What is the division of the oropharynx that begins at the palatoglossal arch known as?
What is the division of the oropharynx that begins at the palatoglossal arch known as?
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Which nerve transmits taste sensations in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Which nerve transmits taste sensations in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
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What muscle tenses and opens the nasopharynx, and is responsible for relaxing to allow the soft palate to occlude the airway?
What muscle tenses and opens the nasopharynx, and is responsible for relaxing to allow the soft palate to occlude the airway?
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Where is the lingual tonsils located?
Where is the lingual tonsils located?
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Which layer of the pharynx is predominantly composed of respiratory epithelium?
Which layer of the pharynx is predominantly composed of respiratory epithelium?
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Which cranial nerve predominantly innervates the oropharynx?
Which cranial nerve predominantly innervates the oropharynx?
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Which structure is located in the posterior/superior part of the Waldeyer's tonsillar ring?
Which structure is located in the posterior/superior part of the Waldeyer's tonsillar ring?
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Which muscle is responsible for constricting the walls of the pharynx during swallowing?
Which muscle is responsible for constricting the walls of the pharynx during swallowing?
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What is the visibility score given when the faucial pillars, uvula, soft and hard palate are all visible during airway assessment using Mallampati score?
What is the visibility score given when the faucial pillars, uvula, soft and hard palate are all visible during airway assessment using Mallampati score?
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Which muscle is responsible for elevating the larynx?
Which muscle is responsible for elevating the larynx?
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What is the main function of the cricothyroid muscle?
What is the main function of the cricothyroid muscle?
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Injury to which nerve would lead to paralysis of ipsilateral vocal cord abductors?
Injury to which nerve would lead to paralysis of ipsilateral vocal cord abductors?
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What is the diameter of the trachea in adults?
What is the diameter of the trachea in adults?
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What supplies blood to the trachea?
What supplies blood to the trachea?
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Which structure forms the lateral walls of the epiglottis?
Which structure forms the lateral walls of the epiglottis?
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What nerve innervates the carina and true vocal cords?
What nerve innervates the carina and true vocal cords?
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Which bone's mastoid process is a landmark for Larson’s maneuver?
Which bone's mastoid process is a landmark for Larson’s maneuver?
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What is a long-term surgical airway procedure called?
What is a long-term surgical airway procedure called?
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What is the emergency airway procedure used when a tracheostomy cannot be performed?
What is the emergency airway procedure used when a tracheostomy cannot be performed?
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Study Notes
Vascular Supply and Functions
- The sphenopalatine artery supplies blood to the nasal cavity.
- Paranasal sinuses primarily function to lighten the skull and humidify air.
Respiratory Epithelium and Innervation
- Goblet cells in the respiratory epithelium secrete mucus onto the luminal surface.
- The olfactory epithelium is innervated by the olfactory nerve (Cranial Nerve I).
Clinical Considerations and Anatomy
- The Kiesselbach area is the common site for chronic epistaxis in the nasal cavity.
- Larson's maneuver aids in assessing a patient's airway by guiding the head for better visualization.
Pharynx and Tonsillar Ring
- The pharynx is divided into three sections: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
- Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring functions as an immune defense mechanism.
Laryngoscopy and Airways
- Direct laryngoscopy reveals structures like the epiglottis, vocal cords, and arytenoids.
- The innervation of the airways and larynx chiefly comes from the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Tracheal Anatomy
- The trachea in adults measures approximately 10-12 cm in length and 1.5-2.5 cm in diameter.
- An endotracheal tube should be inserted approximately 2-4 cm below the vocal cords in comparison to the trachea.
- A tracheostomy is typically performed at the second or third tracheal ring.
Respiratory System Functions
- Conducting airways are responsible for transporting air to the alveoli for gas exchange.
Clinical Conditions and Anatomy
- Atlanto-occipital joint mobility may be reduced by conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, affecting laryngoscopy positioning.
- Thyroid cartilage is the largest cartilage of the larynx and plays a key role in voice modulation.
Laryngeal Functions and Muscles
- Ligaments in the larynx provide structural support and elasticity during phonation.
- The epiglottis covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to prevent aspiration.
- The narrowest part of the adult upper airway is the cricoid cartilage.
Pharyngeal and Tongue Muscle Functions
- Cricoarytenoid muscles open the rima glottidis widely during deep inhalation.
- The genioglossus muscle constitutes the majority of the tongue mass and is responsible for protrusion.
- The oropharynx begins at the palatoglossal arch.
Sensory and Motor Innervation
- The chorda tympani (part of the facial nerve) transmits taste sensations from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
- The tensor veli palatini muscle opens the nasopharynx and assists with soft palate mobility during swallowing.
- Lingual tonsils are located on the posterior part of the tongue.
Pharynx Layers and Innervation
- The pharyngeal layer composed predominantly of respiratory epithelium is the nasopharynx.
- The glossopharyngeal nerve (Cranial Nerve IX) predominantly innervates the oropharynx.
Tonsillar and Swallowing Mechanisms
- The superior part of Waldeyer's tonsillar ring contains the adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils).
- Constrictor muscles of the pharynx assist in wall constriction during swallowing.
Airway Assessment Metrics
- A Mallampati score of 1 indicates full visibility of faucial pillars, uvula, soft and hard palate.
Laryngeal Elevation and Muscle Functions
- The digastric, mylohyoid, and stylohyoid muscles are responsible for elevating the larynx.
- The cricothyroid muscle's main function is to modulate pitch by altering the tension on vocal cords.
Nerve Injuries and Surgical Considerations
- Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve results in paralysis of ipsilateral vocal cord abductors.
- Blood supply to the trachea comes from the inferior thyroid arteries and bronchial arteries.
Epiglottis and Anatomy Landmarks
- The lateral walls of the epiglottis are formed by the aryepiglottic folds.
- The carina and true vocal cords are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Clinical Procedures and Interventions
- The mastoid process of the temporal bone serves as a landmark for Larson’s maneuver.
- A long-term surgical airway procedure is termed a tracheostomy.
- An emergency airway procedure when tracheostomy is not possible is known as cricothyrotomy.
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Description
Test your knowledge of laryngeal assessment and cartilages with this quiz. Questions cover Cormack-Lehane Score, visibility of the glottic opening, laryngeal cartilages, and more.
