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Questions and Answers
What effect does experimental laryngeal stimulation have on blood pressure?
What effect does experimental laryngeal stimulation have on blood pressure?
What is the role of the superior laryngeal nerve in cardiovascular responses?
What is the role of the superior laryngeal nerve in cardiovascular responses?
Which physiological condition may stimulate receptors in the larynx, leading to cardiac arrhythmias?
Which physiological condition may stimulate receptors in the larynx, leading to cardiac arrhythmias?
What are likely consequences of bradycardia and ectopy in clinical scenarios?
What are likely consequences of bradycardia and ectopy in clinical scenarios?
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What is the impact of the transection of the superior laryngeal nerve in experimental settings?
What is the impact of the transection of the superior laryngeal nerve in experimental settings?
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How does the position and shape of the glottis vary with the production of different vowels?
How does the position and shape of the glottis vary with the production of different vowels?
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Which muscle activity is being monitored according to the content?
Which muscle activity is being monitored according to the content?
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What is significant about the organization of laryngeal motor neurons after RLN injury?
What is significant about the organization of laryngeal motor neurons after RLN injury?
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What is a potential effect of negative airway pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea?
What is a potential effect of negative airway pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea?
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What role does auditory feedback play in phonatory control during speech?
What role does auditory feedback play in phonatory control during speech?
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How do prelingually deaf people typically develop their speech patterns?
How do prelingually deaf people typically develop their speech patterns?
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What separates the control pathways for spontaneous and learned vocalization in humans?
What separates the control pathways for spontaneous and learned vocalization in humans?
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What type of speech primarily relies on passive expiration?
What type of speech primarily relies on passive expiration?
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What is the primary requirement for shouting and singing compared to normal speech?
What is the primary requirement for shouting and singing compared to normal speech?
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What muscle activation primarily facilitates the oropharyngeal passage?
What muscle activation primarily facilitates the oropharyngeal passage?
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What was the main idea behind the neurochronaxic hypothesis presented by Husson?
What was the main idea behind the neurochronaxic hypothesis presented by Husson?
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Which activity is reported to be highest during forced nasal breathing with the mouth open?
Which activity is reported to be highest during forced nasal breathing with the mouth open?
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Which theory of phonation is widely accepted today?
Which theory of phonation is widely accepted today?
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What physiological changes can occur due to stimulation of the larynx?
What physiological changes can occur due to stimulation of the larynx?
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What is a potential clinical issue for patients with functional dysphonia?
What is a potential clinical issue for patients with functional dysphonia?
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What is widely assumed about the respiratory function of the pharyngeal constrictors during general anesthesia?
What is widely assumed about the respiratory function of the pharyngeal constrictors during general anesthesia?
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How does the presence of organic voice disorders impact patients with respiratory issues?
How does the presence of organic voice disorders impact patients with respiratory issues?
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What does normal phonation require?
What does normal phonation require?
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What does endotracheal intubation primarily affect during induction of general anesthesia?
What does endotracheal intubation primarily affect during induction of general anesthesia?
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What vocal training aspect is critical for improving vocal output?
What vocal training aspect is critical for improving vocal output?
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Which trace indicates intraesophageal pressure in the provided figure related to upper airway occlusion?
Which trace indicates intraesophageal pressure in the provided figure related to upper airway occlusion?
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What effect does transection of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) likely have on arterial blood pressure during upper airway occlusion?
What effect does transection of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) likely have on arterial blood pressure during upper airway occlusion?
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What can lead to stress-induced injury of the vocal folds in patients with functional dysphonia?
What can lead to stress-induced injury of the vocal folds in patients with functional dysphonia?
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What factor complicates the symptoms for a patient with laryngeal paralysis and emphysema?
What factor complicates the symptoms for a patient with laryngeal paralysis and emphysema?
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Which muscle activity is monitored through electromyography during the study of upper airway occlusion?
Which muscle activity is monitored through electromyography during the study of upper airway occlusion?
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What is the significance of measuring Pes as an indicator of respiratory effort?
What is the significance of measuring Pes as an indicator of respiratory effort?
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What is indicated by the 'body-cover' concept in phonation?
What is indicated by the 'body-cover' concept in phonation?
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How does the pattern of vibration change during phonation?
How does the pattern of vibration change during phonation?
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What occurs as the superior edges of the vocal folds begin to separate?
What occurs as the superior edges of the vocal folds begin to separate?
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Which model accounts for the temporal relationship in vocal fold closure and separation?
Which model accounts for the temporal relationship in vocal fold closure and separation?
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What is a characteristic of the vocal fold's structure during phonation?
What is a characteristic of the vocal fold's structure during phonation?
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Where does the mucosal wave begin during vocal fold vibration?
Where does the mucosal wave begin during vocal fold vibration?
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What happens to airflow during the separation of the superior edges of the vocal folds?
What happens to airflow during the separation of the superior edges of the vocal folds?
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What does a relatively static 'body' of the vocal fold imply about its function?
What does a relatively static 'body' of the vocal fold imply about its function?
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What effect does increased airflow through the glottis have on vocal fold closure?
What effect does increased airflow through the glottis have on vocal fold closure?
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Study Notes
Laryngeal and Pharyngeal Function
- The upper aerodigestive tract has competing functions of respiration and swallowing.
- The anterior portions of the vocal folds are fixed at the anterior commissure.
- Arytenoid cartilage movement causes all vocal fold motion.
- The posterior cricoarytenoid muscle is the only muscle that actively opens the larynx.
- The recurrent laryngeal nerve controls all intrinsic laryngeal muscles, except the cricothyroid muscle.
- The cricothyroid muscle is controlled by the superior laryngeal nerve's motor branch.
- The superior laryngeal nerve's internal branch gives sensory information from the larynx.
- Exhaled air vibrates the vocal folds to create sounds.
Laryngeal Motion
- Textbooks often depict membranous vocal fold motion in just the axial plane (like a windshield wiper).
- Laryngeal motion is more complex than previously thought, with three-dimensional movement.
- Changes in length, shape, and volume occur during laryngeal movement.
- "Cadaveric" and "paramedian" terms inadequately describe the three-dimensional changes in glottis configuration during paralysis.
- Laryngeal motion is a combination of its component parts.
Laryngeal Skeleton
- The hyoid bone: U-shaped, connected to the base of skull and mandible through muscles/ligaments.
- The thyroid cartilage: Largest laryngeal cartilage, V-shaped with two wings projecting posteriorly. The vocal folds attach to the anterior inner surface of the thyroid cartilage, while posterior ends connect to the arytenoid cartilages.
- The cricoid cartilage: Complete, ring-shaped cartilage, the only complete rigid ring in the airway, widest posteriorly.
- The arytenoid cartilages: Located atop the posterior rim of the cricoid cartilage, act like ball-and-socket joints, are the primary moving parts of the larynx.
Pharyngeal Function in Breathing
- Upper airway: A pathway with points for altered shape/cross-sectional area.
- The pharynx is the largest/most compliant region of the upper airway and can collapse passively.
- Upper airway muscles work with respiratory pump muscles to maintain airway patency.
- Upper airway muscles help determine whether air enters the nose or mouth.
Laryngeal Function in Speech
- Phonation: production of sound by vibrating vocal folds.
- Resonance: vocal tract amplification, shaping, and filtering of sound, creating different sounds. Articulation: shaping sounds into words via jaw, tongue, lips, and palate.
- Breath support is critical for phonation. Vocal fold edges need to close/open at appropriate intervals
- The process of phonation involves exhalation increasing subglottic pressure and causing vocal fold movement.
- Vocal fold shape and tension influence pitch.
- The larynx is important for producing a wide range of sounds and regulating airflow during speech, singing, and other vocalizations.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy and functions of the larynx and pharynx. Covering topics such as vocal fold motion, muscle control, and the interplay between respiration and swallowing, this quiz presents key concepts related to laryngeal and pharyngeal anatomy. Perfect for students in speech-language pathology or related fields.