Laryngeal and Pharyngeal Function Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What effect does experimental laryngeal stimulation have on blood pressure?

  • It has no effect on blood pressure.
  • It causes bradycardia.
  • It leads to hypertension. (correct)
  • It consistently causes hypotension.
  • What is the role of the superior laryngeal nerve in cardiovascular responses?

  • It mediates afferent sensory input. (correct)
  • It regulates muscle activity.
  • It enhances lung capacity.
  • It blocks arrhythmias.
  • Which physiological condition may stimulate receptors in the larynx, leading to cardiac arrhythmias?

  • Asthma attack
  • Hypertension
  • Obstructive sleep apnea (correct)
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • What are likely consequences of bradycardia and ectopy in clinical scenarios?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of the transection of the superior laryngeal nerve in experimental settings?

    <p>Eliminates cardiovascular responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the position and shape of the glottis vary with the production of different vowels?

    <p>They change to facilitate phonation complexity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle activity is being monitored according to the content?

    <p>Thyroarytenoid muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is significant about the organization of laryngeal motor neurons after RLN injury?

    <p>It alters significantly even with nerve alterations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of negative airway pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea?

    <p>Stimulation of cardiac arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does auditory feedback play in phonatory control during speech?

    <p>It is unnecessary for everyday speech use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do prelingually deaf people typically develop their speech patterns?

    <p>They develop abnormal speech patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the control pathways for spontaneous and learned vocalization in humans?

    <p>Learned vocalization is controlled by the nucleus ambiguus pathway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of speech primarily relies on passive expiration?

    <p>Conversational speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary requirement for shouting and singing compared to normal speech?

    <p>Deeper prephonatory inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What muscle activation primarily facilitates the oropharyngeal passage?

    <p>Palatoglossal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main idea behind the neurochronaxic hypothesis presented by Husson?

    <p>Glottic vibrations arise from rhythmic neural impulses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which activity is reported to be highest during forced nasal breathing with the mouth open?

    <p>Oropharyngeal passage activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory of phonation is widely accepted today?

    <p>Myoelastic-aerodynamic theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological changes can occur due to stimulation of the larynx?

    <p>Changes in heart rate and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential clinical issue for patients with functional dysphonia?

    <p>Insufficient prephonatory inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is widely assumed about the respiratory function of the pharyngeal constrictors during general anesthesia?

    <p>They are not well understood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of organic voice disorders impact patients with respiratory issues?

    <p>It complicates treatment for the glottic defect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does normal phonation require?

    <p>Satisfaction of five specific conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does endotracheal intubation primarily affect during induction of general anesthesia?

    <p>Both respiration and circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What vocal training aspect is critical for improving vocal output?

    <p>Controlling inspiratory airflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trace indicates intraesophageal pressure in the provided figure related to upper airway occlusion?

    <p>Bottom trace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does transection of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) likely have on arterial blood pressure during upper airway occlusion?

    <p>Decreased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to stress-induced injury of the vocal folds in patients with functional dysphonia?

    <p>Excessive strain during speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor complicates the symptoms for a patient with laryngeal paralysis and emphysema?

    <p>Limited capacity to compensate for glottic defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle activity is monitored through electromyography during the study of upper airway occlusion?

    <p>Posterior cricoarytenoid and diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of measuring Pes as an indicator of respiratory effort?

    <p>It demonstrates respiratory effort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the 'body-cover' concept in phonation?

    <p>The mucosal wave propagates independently from the vocal fold's body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the pattern of vibration change during phonation?

    <p>It varies depending on the pitch and vocal register.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs as the superior edges of the vocal folds begin to separate?

    <p>Airflow generates negative pressure at the lower edges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model accounts for the temporal relationship in vocal fold closure and separation?

    <p>The two-mass model by Ishizaka and Flanagan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the vocal fold's structure during phonation?

    <p>It vibrates in three dimensions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the mucosal wave begin during vocal fold vibration?

    <p>On the inferomedial aspect of the vocal fold.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to airflow during the separation of the superior edges of the vocal folds?

    <p>Airflow increases through the divergent glottis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a relatively static 'body' of the vocal fold imply about its function?

    <p>The vibration occurs mainly in the mucosal cover.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increased airflow through the glottis have on vocal fold closure?

    <p>It promotes closure of the inferior glottis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Laryngeal and Pharyngeal Function

    • The upper aerodigestive tract has competing functions of respiration and swallowing.
    • The anterior portions of the vocal folds are fixed at the anterior commissure.
    • Arytenoid cartilage movement causes all vocal fold motion.
    • The posterior cricoarytenoid muscle is the only muscle that actively opens the larynx.
    • The recurrent laryngeal nerve controls all intrinsic laryngeal muscles, except the cricothyroid muscle.
    • The cricothyroid muscle is controlled by the superior laryngeal nerve's motor branch.
    • The superior laryngeal nerve's internal branch gives sensory information from the larynx.
    • Exhaled air vibrates the vocal folds to create sounds.

    Laryngeal Motion

    • Textbooks often depict membranous vocal fold motion in just the axial plane (like a windshield wiper).
    • Laryngeal motion is more complex than previously thought, with three-dimensional movement.
    • Changes in length, shape, and volume occur during laryngeal movement.
    • "Cadaveric" and "paramedian" terms inadequately describe the three-dimensional changes in glottis configuration during paralysis.
    • Laryngeal motion is a combination of its component parts.

    Laryngeal Skeleton

    • The hyoid bone: U-shaped, connected to the base of skull and mandible through muscles/ligaments.
    • The thyroid cartilage: Largest laryngeal cartilage, V-shaped with two wings projecting posteriorly. The vocal folds attach to the anterior inner surface of the thyroid cartilage, while posterior ends connect to the arytenoid cartilages.
    • The cricoid cartilage: Complete, ring-shaped cartilage, the only complete rigid ring in the airway, widest posteriorly.
    • The arytenoid cartilages: Located atop the posterior rim of the cricoid cartilage, act like ball-and-socket joints, are the primary moving parts of the larynx.

    Pharyngeal Function in Breathing

    • Upper airway: A pathway with points for altered shape/cross-sectional area.
    • The pharynx is the largest/most compliant region of the upper airway and can collapse passively.
    • Upper airway muscles work with respiratory pump muscles to maintain airway patency.
    • Upper airway muscles help determine whether air enters the nose or mouth.

    Laryngeal Function in Speech

    • Phonation: production of sound by vibrating vocal folds.
    • Resonance: vocal tract amplification, shaping, and filtering of sound, creating different sounds. Articulation: shaping sounds into words via jaw, tongue, lips, and palate.
    • Breath support is critical for phonation. Vocal fold edges need to close/open at appropriate intervals
    • The process of phonation involves exhalation increasing subglottic pressure and causing vocal fold movement.
    • Vocal fold shape and tension influence pitch.
    • The larynx is important for producing a wide range of sounds and regulating airflow during speech, singing, and other vocalizations.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the anatomy and functions of the larynx and pharynx. Covering topics such as vocal fold motion, muscle control, and the interplay between respiration and swallowing, this quiz presents key concepts related to laryngeal and pharyngeal anatomy. Perfect for students in speech-language pathology or related fields.

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