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Questions and Answers
What is the role of goblet cells in the larynx?
What is the role of goblet cells in the larynx?
The false vocal folds are located below the true vocal folds.
The false vocal folds are located below the true vocal folds.
False
Name the muscle responsible for the majority of phonation control.
Name the muscle responsible for the majority of phonation control.
thyroarytenoid muscle
The area between the ventricular folds and true vocal folds is called the ______.
The area between the ventricular folds and true vocal folds is called the ______.
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Match each muscle with its function:
Match each muscle with its function:
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Which layer of the vocal fold structure is considered 'compliant'?
Which layer of the vocal fold structure is considered 'compliant'?
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The intrinsic muscles of the larynx only connect outside of the larynx.
The intrinsic muscles of the larynx only connect outside of the larynx.
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What is the primary function of the glottis?
What is the primary function of the glottis?
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Extrinsic muscles of the larynx are also known as ______.
Extrinsic muscles of the larynx are also known as ______.
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Which of the following is NOT an extrinsic muscle of the larynx?
Which of the following is NOT an extrinsic muscle of the larynx?
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What is the primary function of the vocal folds in the larynx?
What is the primary function of the vocal folds in the larynx?
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The hyoid bone is connected to other bones in the body.
The hyoid bone is connected to other bones in the body.
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What is required for the mucosal wave to occur in the vocal folds?
What is required for the mucosal wave to occur in the vocal folds?
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The __________ is the largest laryngeal cartilage, typically made of hyaline cartilage.
The __________ is the largest laryngeal cartilage, typically made of hyaline cartilage.
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Match the following laryngeal cartilages with their characteristics:
Match the following laryngeal cartilages with their characteristics:
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Which of the following is NOT a biological function of the larynx?
Which of the following is NOT a biological function of the larynx?
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The glottis refers to the opening between the vocal folds.
The glottis refers to the opening between the vocal folds.
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What happens to the vocal folds during normal breathing?
What happens to the vocal folds during normal breathing?
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The __________ is the supportive structure for the tongue root and provides a connection for muscles in the larynx.
The __________ is the supportive structure for the tongue root and provides a connection for muscles in the larynx.
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What happens to the subglottal pressure (Psub) during the mucosal wave?
What happens to the subglottal pressure (Psub) during the mucosal wave?
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What is the primary structure of the epiglottis?
What is the primary structure of the epiglottis?
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The glottis is involved in the adjustment of vocal fold tension.
The glottis is involved in the adjustment of vocal fold tension.
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Name one external membrane that connects the larynx to the hyoid bone.
Name one external membrane that connects the larynx to the hyoid bone.
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The _____ cartilages support the aryepiglottic folds.
The _____ cartilages support the aryepiglottic folds.
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Match the following laryngeal joints with their primary actions:
Match the following laryngeal joints with their primary actions:
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Which of the following membranes connects the lower border of the cricoid to the upper border of the first tracheal ring?
Which of the following membranes connects the lower border of the cricoid to the upper border of the first tracheal ring?
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The thyroid cartilage is characterized by an inward-facing arch known as the thyroid notch.
The thyroid cartilage is characterized by an inward-facing arch known as the thyroid notch.
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What is the shape of the cricoid cartilage?
What is the shape of the cricoid cartilage?
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The vocal process of the arytenoid cartilages is where the _____ ligament inserts.
The vocal process of the arytenoid cartilages is where the _____ ligament inserts.
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Match the following laryngeal cartilages with their description:
Match the following laryngeal cartilages with their description:
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What is a primary function of the epiglottis?
What is a primary function of the epiglottis?
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The arytenoid cartilages have no role in the musculature of the larynx.
The arytenoid cartilages have no role in the musculature of the larynx.
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List one function of the cricoarytenoid joint.
List one function of the cricoarytenoid joint.
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The laminae of the thyroid cartilage are divided into two _____ plates.
The laminae of the thyroid cartilage are divided into two _____ plates.
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What articulates with the inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage?
What articulates with the inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage?
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Study Notes
Laryngeal Anatomy and Physiology
- The larynx is the primary structure for producing a vibrating air stream.
- Vocal folds vibrate within the larynx, creating a glottal tone.
- The larynx is part of the respiratory system.
- It protects the lower respiratory tract by preventing food, drink and reflux from entering.
- The larynx serves as a valving mechanism.
- Thoracic fixation is managed by the larynx.
- Coughing involves vocal folds abducting (spreading widely apart) during normal breathing.
Introduction
- The larynx is the primary structure for generating a vibrating air stream, vital for speech.
- Vocal folds within the structure are the vibrating elements that produce the essential glottal tone for speech.
Biological Function of Larynx
- The larynx is part of the respiratory system.
- It prevents food, drink, and reflux from entering the lower respiratory tract.
- It acts as a valving mechanism for the respiratory system.
- Thoracic fixation is part of its function.
- Coughing requires vocal folds to abduct widely.
Glottis Spectrum
- The glottis generates sound only when not active in biological functions.
- Harmonics are created at integer multiples of Fo.
- Fo and harmonic spacing can be adjusted.
- Intensity can be increased by manipulating vocal folds.
- Spectral slope is approximately -12 dB/8ve.
Mucosal Wave
- Vocal folds are adducted during a mucosal wave.
- Subglottal pressure increases during a mucosal wave.
- Loudness (sound intensity) is determined by bubble size (amplitude).
Laryngeal Cartilage
- Hyoid Bone: Stabilizes the larynx, supports the root of the tongue.
- Thyroid Cartilage: Largest laryngeal cartilage, forming the "Adam's apple."
- Cricoid Cartilage: The only complete tracheal ring, in a signet ring shape.
- Arytenoid Cartilages: Pyramid shaped; these are major attachment points for laryngeal muscles.
- Corniculate Cartilages: Resemble penguin heads, situated on the top of the arytenoids.
- Cuneiform Cartilages: Cylindrical; embedded in the aryepiglottic folds.
Laryngeal Membranes and Joints
- Extrinsic laryngeal membranes: Suspend the larynx, connect the thyroid to the hyoid, and link the cricoid to the trachea.
- Laryngeal joints: Cricoarytenoid, cricothyroid; vital for vocal fold adduction & abduction; and for pitch adjustment.
Laryngeal Cavities
- Vestibule: The area above the vestibular folds.
- Aditus: The superior entrance to the laryngeal cavity.
- Supraglottal region: lies above the true vocal folds.
- Subglottal region: lies below the true vocal folds.
Vocal Folds
- Vocal folds are composed of muscle tissue, vocal ligament, and conus elasticus.
- The glottis is the space between vocal folds.
- The vocalis is the medial portion of the thyroarytenoid and flanks the vocal ligament.
Vocal Fold Histology
- Epithelium: outer, shapes the vocal fold.
- Superficial layer of lamina propria: elastic gelatinous mass.
- Intermediate layer of lamina propria: soft rubber-band like.
- Deep layer of lamina propria: cotton-thread like.
- Muscle body: stiff rubber bands.
Vocal Fold Physiology and Body Model
- Vocal folds have three layers: cover (epithelium and superficial lamina propria), transition (intermediate and deep lamina propria), and body (thyroarytenoid muscle).
- The cover layer is compliant, the transition layer is stiffer, and the body is muscular.
Normal Larynx
- The normal larynx has a supraglottal region (above the glottis), a glottis, and a subglottal region (below the glottis).
Muscles of the Larynx
- Extrinsic Muscles: connect laryngeal cartilage to external structures, important for swallowing.
- Intrinsic Muscles: control vocal fold vibration, fundamental to phonation. The four main types (abductors, adductors, tensors, relaxers) are vital for voice production.
Laryngeal Function
- The Larynx is involved in swallowing and sound production (phonation).
Supraglottic Region
- The space or region above the glottis.
Parameters of Voice Production
- Maximum/minimum frequency/amplitude.
- Jitter (differing glottal periods).
- Shimmer (differing glottal amplitudes).
- Voice quality (e.g., breathiness, hoarseness).
Changes Over Lifespan
- Presbyphonia, referring to age-related voice changes.
References
- References regarding speech science texts and sources regarding voice disorders and related physiological mechanisms.
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Description
Explore the anatomy and physiology of the larynx, the key structure in sound production and respiratory protection. Understand the functions of vocal folds and how the larynx aids in mechanisms like thoracic fixation and coughing.
