Language Learning and Theories of Acquisition
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Language Learning and Theories of Acquisition

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Questions and Answers

What evidence suggests that syntax and semantics are integrated in language?

  • Arguments for Universal Grammar emphasize pure grammatical rules.
  • Syntax can exist independently from semantics.
  • Modern language models learn without needing innate grammatical structures. (correct)
  • Children learn language through imitation without semantic understanding.

    • What is a key argument against the idea of Universal Grammar (UG) in language acquisition?

  • Children are exposed to insufficient linguistic input to learn language.
  • Language models are trained on limited data compared to human children.
  • All languages share identical grammatical structures.
  • Language can develop without strictly defined grammatical rules. (correct)

    • What critical ability do animals lack that limits their use of language?

  • The ability to mimic human speech accurately.
  • The capability to use non-verbal communication effectively.
  • The ability to reference objects not present at the moment. (correct)
  • The ability to create simple 'words' for communication.

    • According to Chomsky, what is unique about human language capability?

    <p>It is based on a specific genetic mutation allowing for Universal Grammar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Warstadt et al. imply about the amount of data used in training language models compared to children's language acquisition?

    <p>Models are trained on significantly more data than children are exposed to.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a requirement for learning language?

    <p>Geometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main argument in support of the Universal Grammar hypothesis?

    <p>Children are exposed to diverse grammatical structures but still learn specific grammar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'phonology' refer to in language learning?

    <p>The sounds and signs used in a language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective argues that cognition is primarily based on life experiences?

    <p>Empiricism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key elements of nativism in language acquisition?

    <p>We are born with basic representations and algorithms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT included in the components required for language learning?

    <p>Mathematics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes syntax in language learning?

    <p>The construction of phrases and sentences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of language learning does pragmatics address?

    <p>The contextual usage of language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence supports the argument for Universal Grammar (UG)?

    <p>Structured languages emerging in isolated environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a proposed linguistic universal argument in favor of UG?

    <p>Commenting on societal structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the anti-UG hypothesis suggest about language learning?

    <p>Language can be learned through domain-general cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach is used to challenge the ‘Poverty of the Stimulus’ argument?

    <p>Fitting hierarchical models to datasets of child speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to arguments against UG, which of the following is true?

    <p>Counter-examples exist for all proposed universals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the role of flat grammars in language learning according to the studies referenced?

    <p>Flat grammars make it increasingly complex over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What example illustrates the absence of auxiliaries in certain languages?

    <p>Riau Indonesian lacking linear order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon did deaf children create that suggests innate grammatical structures?

    <p>Consistent models of home sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is 'Occam's Razor' mentioned in the context of language learning?

    <p>It favors simpler explanations for how children learn grammatical rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of language learning is highlighted by the study of the 'Adam' corpus?

    <p>The comparison of flat vs hierarchical grammar models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual option es un modo de representar le valores in le Ultimatum Game?

    <p>Utilisar numeros binarios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Que representa le algoritmo mencionate pro computar le maximum in le Ultimatum Game?

    <p>Identificar le plus alte '1'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es un altere modo de representar le choices in le Ultimatum Game?

    <p>Utilisar intensitates continuate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In le implementation del Ultimatum Game, que indica un resultado negative?

    <p>Un valore negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In le Ultimatum Game, que es le objectivo del algoritmo con respecto a intensitates?

    <p>Competir inter intensitates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual conceptu in human spatial perception determina le evaluation negative inter pares quando le distantia es violate?

    <p>Interpersonal distance expectation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In le context de le Ultimatum Game, que action es facibile de parte de Player 2?

    <p>Acceptar le offer o rejettar le, resultando in zero pro ambos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual aspecte del Ultimatum Game es referite a le computation del maximum pro Player 1?

    <p>Maximum share computation based on offers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In le context de collision detection pro character movement, que factor es crucial in determinante positione?

    <p>Position tracking in physical space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual parte del striatum es responsable pro trackar le distantia expectate in le contexto de perceptione spational humana?

    <p>Parte ventral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le principal idea posta in evidentia per Marr's Three Levels?

    <p>Le analyse de un systema computationale requiere diferentes nivellos de abstraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quo es le objectivo final de un cash register secundo le description presentate?

    <p>Calcular le summa de precios inputte, disregarding le ordines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In le context de le gioco Donkey Kong, qual es un fator importante pro le predictibilitate del movemento del characteres?

    <p>Le algorithms de collision que determina interactiones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quo describe le conceptu de 'simple tuning' in relation a neurones?

    <p>Le neurone responde a formas geometric in specific locations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quo es le relation inter 'inputs' e 'outputs' in un systema computationale?

    <p>Le outputs es transformate e manipulate del inputs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quo es un exemplo de 'representation' in un systema computationale como le cash register?

    <p>Le prezzi es representate como cifras in base-10.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es un aspecte importante de le 'collision detection' in le contextos de juegos?

    <p>Le detection de collision determine como le characteres interagisce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le valore crucial de diverse nivellos de abstraction in le analyse de systemas computational?

    <p>Le abstraction permite a comprension de complexitate altissime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a barrel when Mario hits it with the hammer?

    <p>The barrel disappears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Mario's position assessed in relation to the barrels?

    <p>By comparing pixel values between Mario and barrel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of RAM is used to store position information for Mario?

    <p>IDT6116SA/LA 2Kb C-MOS RAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can Mario jump while he has the hammer?

    <p>Yes, he can jump like usual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of placing a magnet near the arcade cabinet?

    <p>It could disrupt the hammer's behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected interpersonal distance adjustment based on?

    <p>Familiarity and liking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Ultimatum Game, what action can Player 2 take after receiving an offer from Player 1?

    <p>Accept or reject the offer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is suggested for representing values in the Ultimatum Game?

    <p>Representing values as binary numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the striatum's prediction error measure in the context of spatial perception?

    <p>The discrepancy between expected and actual interpersonal distances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which algorithmic approach is mentioned for determining the maximum share in the Ultimatum Game?

    <p>Identifying the highest-value '1'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What main strategy might Player 1 utilize to ensure they maximize their own share in the Ultimatum Game?

    <p>Calculate the maximum feasible offer based on what Player 2 might accept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the competing intensity represented over time in the Ultimatum Game?

    <p>Through alternating positive and negative values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the IDT6116SA/LA 2Kb C-MOS RAM in the implementation context mentioned?

    <p>To store position information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of representing choices as continuous-valued intensities in the Ultimatum Game?

    <p>To allow for a more dynamic comparison between values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intended implementation of the algorithm and representation in physical objects related to the Ultimatum Game?

    <p>Physical representations of share options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a barrel when Mario hits it with the hammer in Donkey Kong?

    <p>It disappears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition must be met for Mario to hit a barrel with the hammer?

    <p>Position_Mario equals position_barrel and has_hammer is True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of storing position information in an IDT6116SA/LA 2Kb C-MOS RAM?

    <p>To store position information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If Mario has the hammer, how is the interaction model potentially impacted when many barrels are present?

    <p>The game may slow down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of question pertains to the maximum size of a level in the Donkey Kong context?

    <p>Algorithmic representations/processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would NOT be a valid consideration when determining the implementation of the hammer in the game?

    <p>The color of the barrels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In determining action upon hitting a barrel, which aspect is crucial in the algorithmic design?

    <p>Checking both Mario's position and whether he has the hammer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the interaction of Mario with the barrels impact game dynamics?

    <p>It allows Mario to progress through the level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of a computational system does Marr's Three Levels primarily address?

    <p>The various levels of abstraction used to analyze the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the cash register example, what does the physical implementation refer to?

    <p>The mechanical processes used to perform addition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of questions are crucial when analyzing a computational system?

    <p>Questions about the goals, inputs, and outputs of the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does simple tuning in neurons play according to the example provided?

    <p>Reacting to specific shapes or locations within a visual field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is information manipulated in a computational system described in Marr's framework?

    <p>By employing algorithms for data retrieval and processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical objects correspond to the processes in a cash register according to Marr's Three Levels?

    <p>The gears and mechanical components inside the cash register</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'brightness of a pixel' relate to when playing Donkey Kong?

    <p>The visual representation and pixel interactions on screen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of abstraction levels in analyzing computational systems?

    <p>They enable a more comprehensive understanding of various processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Language

    • Language is a system to transfer complex information between minds using marks on paper, squeezing air through your throat and mouth, or moving your hands.

    Language Learning

    • Language learning requires phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics
    • Learning language from sound is possible without explicit teaching of linguistic concepts
    • Language learning is a complex process

    Language Acquisition: Nativism and Empiricism

    • Nativism suggests innate, specialized cognitive modules exist for language processing
    • Empiricism suggests learning is based on experience and general cognitive abilities

    Theories of Language Acquisition

    • Universal Grammar (UG) theory proposes an innate language-specific module for grammar processing
    • The Anti-UG view suggests language learning is entirely based on general cognitive abilities

    Arguments for Universal Grammar

    • Poverty of the stimulus argument: children learn complex grammar despite limited exposure to complex sentence structures.
    • Linguistic Universals argument: commonalities across languages suggest innate constraints on possible languages.
    • Emergence of structured languages in environments without structured language suggest innate grammar modules.

    Arguments Against Universal Grammar

    • Occam's Razor suggests children might learn complex grammar through simplified explanations rather than innate modules.
    • Universal language features might have counter examples in some languages contradicting the assumption of innate constraints.
    • Modern language models demonstrate learning complex structures without innate constraints, but models are trained on significantly more data than humans.

    Why Don't Animals Use Language?

    • Animals can be taught to use "words", but lack complex sentence construction and displacement (referencing things not present)

    Theories of Animal Language

    • Chomsky: Universal Grammar mutation is unique to humans
    • Terrace: humans learn words through shared attention

    Up Next

    • First paper due tomorrow at 11:59pm
    • Grading rubric is available on Courseworks
    • Example papers emailed on October 1st
    • Thursday class: Introduction to the brain

    Mario Example

    • Mario's position is compared to the barrels' positions
    • If Mario has a hammer and his position matches a barrel, it signifies a specific condition

    Hardware

    • Uses IDT6116SA/LA 2Kb C-MOS RAM for storing positional information

    Personal Space

    • Interpersonal distance violation negatively impacts the evaluation of one's partner
    • Expected distance is 3 ft with adjustments based on familiarity
    • Degree of response is determined by the difference between expected and actual distance
    • Striatum tracks expected and actual distances and computes a prediction error

    Ultimatum Game

    • Player 1 proposes a division of 100 units.
    • Player 2 can accept the division or reject it, resulting in both players receiving 0 units.
    • The game illustrates the dynamics of fairness and cooperation in decision-making.

    Computational Level Theory

    • Focuses on explaining players' behavior in the Ultimatum Game
    • Attempts to describe the strategies and rational choices involved
    • Analyzes the probabilities of rejection based on the proposed division.

    Algorithmic/Representation Level

    • Aims to represent and compute the maximum share for Player 1
    • One representation uses binary numbers for each share option
    • Another approach involves continuous-valued intensities that compete against each other over time.

    Implementation Level

    • Focuses on physically implementing the representation and algorithm
    • Explores how these concepts can be realized in the real world
    • Relates to the physical mechanisms that support the decision-making process.

    Marr's Three Levels

    • A framework for understanding computational systems
    • Used to analyze the "how" and "why" of mental processes.
    • Levels: Computational, Algorithmic, and Implementational
    • Example: cash register.

    Neurons and Computation

    • Neurons can be analyzed at the computational level
    • Hubel and Wiesel's work on visual processing demonstrates how neurons "compute" specific information about stimuli.
    • The response of a neuron can be described in terms of its preferred stimuli and computational function.

    High-Speed Microscopy

    • Advances in microscopy allow detailed observation of brain activity
    • Captures fleeting signals related to brain function, such as the firing patterns of individual neurons.

    Donkey Kong Simulation

    • Computer simulations can be used to model cognitive processes
    • The brightness of pixels in a Donkey Kong game can be used to represent different information

    Abstraction Levels

    • Different questions require different levels of abstraction
    • Marr's Three Levels provide a framework for understanding the nature of explanations at different levels.

    Levels of Explanation

    • To understand how the mind works, we need to examine it at different levels of abstraction.
    • One way to think about this is by asking different kinds of questions about a computational system:
      • What are the goals of the system?
      • What are its inputs and outputs?
      • What representation does the system use?
      • How are these representations transformed?
      • How are these operations physically implemented?

    Marr’s Three Levels

    • Marr's Three Levels offer a framework for understanding a computational system:
      • Computational (goals/properties): This level focuses on the overall goals and properties of the system.
      • Algorithmic (representations/processes): This level describes the specific algorithms and representations used to achieve the system's goals.
      • Implementational (physical hardware): This level explains how the algorithms and representations are physically implemented in the real world.

    Examples:

    • Cash Register: The first example is the cash register.

      • Computational: The goal of a cash register is to calculate the total price of items.
      • Algorithmic: The cash register represents prices in base-10 and uses addition to calculate totals.
      • Implementational: Digits in the cash register may represent quantities to be added, and their positions may correspond to different powers of 10 (e.g., ones, tens, hundreds).

    • Donkey Kong: The second example is playing Donkey Kong on a computer.

      • Computational: When Mario hits a barrel with a hammer, the barrel disappears.
      • Algorithmic: The game checks if Mario's position matches the barrel's and if Mario has the hammer.
      • Implementational: The game stores position information in a specific type of RAM chip (IDT6116SA/LA 2Kb C-MOS RAM).

    • Personal Space: This example describes how we perceive and respond to violations of personal space.

      • Computational: Violations of personal space lead to negative evaluations of the partner.
      • Algorithmic: We maintain an expected distance based on familiarity and liking. The degree of response depends on the difference between expected and actual distance.
      • Implementational: The striatum (part of the brain) tracks expected and actual distances, computing a 'prediction error'.

    • Ultimatum Game: The final example showcases the Ultimatum Game, a game where players negotiate over a sum of money.

      • Computational: Players' decisions can be explained by maximizing their own share.
      • Algorithmic: We can represent value choices using binary numbers or continuous-valued intensities.
      • Implementational: The brain can implement these algorithms by representing values as neural activity and using neural networks to process them.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the intricate processes of language learning and acquisition theories, including nativism and empiricism. Delve into the concepts of Universal Grammar and the arguments supporting it. Test your understanding of how we acquire and process language.

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