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Questions and Answers
What evidence suggests that syntax and semantics are integrated in language?
What is a key argument against the idea of Universal Grammar (UG) in language acquisition?
What critical ability do animals lack that limits their use of language?
According to Chomsky, what is unique about human language capability?
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What do Warstadt et al. imply about the amount of data used in training language models compared to children's language acquisition?
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Which of the following is NOT a requirement for learning language?
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What is the main argument in support of the Universal Grammar hypothesis?
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What does the term 'phonology' refer to in language learning?
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Which perspective argues that cognition is primarily based on life experiences?
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What is one of the key elements of nativism in language acquisition?
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What is NOT included in the components required for language learning?
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Which of the following best describes syntax in language learning?
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What aspect of language learning does pragmatics address?
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What evidence supports the argument for Universal Grammar (UG)?
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Which of the following is NOT a proposed linguistic universal argument in favor of UG?
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What does the anti-UG hypothesis suggest about language learning?
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Which approach is used to challenge the ‘Poverty of the Stimulus’ argument?
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According to arguments against UG, which of the following is true?
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Which statement correctly describes the role of flat grammars in language learning according to the studies referenced?
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What example illustrates the absence of auxiliaries in certain languages?
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What phenomenon did deaf children create that suggests innate grammatical structures?
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Why is 'Occam's Razor' mentioned in the context of language learning?
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Which aspect of language learning is highlighted by the study of the 'Adam' corpus?
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Qual option es un modo de representar le valores in le Ultimatum Game?
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Que representa le algoritmo mencionate pro computar le maximum in le Ultimatum Game?
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Qual es un altere modo de representar le choices in le Ultimatum Game?
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In le implementation del Ultimatum Game, que indica un resultado negative?
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In le Ultimatum Game, que es le objectivo del algoritmo con respecto a intensitates?
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Qual conceptu in human spatial perception determina le evaluation negative inter pares quando le distantia es violate?
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In le context de le Ultimatum Game, que action es facibile de parte de Player 2?
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Qual aspecte del Ultimatum Game es referite a le computation del maximum pro Player 1?
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In le context de collision detection pro character movement, que factor es crucial in determinante positione?
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Qual parte del striatum es responsable pro trackar le distantia expectate in le contexto de perceptione spational humana?
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Qual es le principal idea posta in evidentia per Marr's Three Levels?
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Quo es le objectivo final de un cash register secundo le description presentate?
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In le context de le gioco Donkey Kong, qual es un fator importante pro le predictibilitate del movemento del characteres?
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Quo describe le conceptu de 'simple tuning' in relation a neurones?
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Quo es le relation inter 'inputs' e 'outputs' in un systema computationale?
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Quo es un exemplo de 'representation' in un systema computationale como le cash register?
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Qual es un aspecte importante de le 'collision detection' in le contextos de juegos?
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Qual es le valore crucial de diverse nivellos de abstraction in le analyse de systemas computational?
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What happens to a barrel when Mario hits it with the hammer?
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How is Mario's position assessed in relation to the barrels?
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What type of RAM is used to store position information for Mario?
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Can Mario jump while he has the hammer?
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What is a potential effect of placing a magnet near the arcade cabinet?
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What is the expected interpersonal distance adjustment based on?
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In the Ultimatum Game, what action can Player 2 take after receiving an offer from Player 1?
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What method is suggested for representing values in the Ultimatum Game?
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What does the striatum's prediction error measure in the context of spatial perception?
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Which algorithmic approach is mentioned for determining the maximum share in the Ultimatum Game?
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What main strategy might Player 1 utilize to ensure they maximize their own share in the Ultimatum Game?
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How is the competing intensity represented over time in the Ultimatum Game?
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What is the role of the IDT6116SA/LA 2Kb C-MOS RAM in the implementation context mentioned?
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What is the purpose of representing choices as continuous-valued intensities in the Ultimatum Game?
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What is the intended implementation of the algorithm and representation in physical objects related to the Ultimatum Game?
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What happens to a barrel when Mario hits it with the hammer in Donkey Kong?
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What condition must be met for Mario to hit a barrel with the hammer?
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What is the purpose of storing position information in an IDT6116SA/LA 2Kb C-MOS RAM?
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If Mario has the hammer, how is the interaction model potentially impacted when many barrels are present?
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Which type of question pertains to the maximum size of a level in the Donkey Kong context?
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What would NOT be a valid consideration when determining the implementation of the hammer in the game?
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In determining action upon hitting a barrel, which aspect is crucial in the algorithmic design?
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How does the interaction of Mario with the barrels impact game dynamics?
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What aspect of a computational system does Marr's Three Levels primarily address?
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In the context of the cash register example, what does the physical implementation refer to?
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What kind of questions are crucial when analyzing a computational system?
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What role does simple tuning in neurons play according to the example provided?
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How is information manipulated in a computational system described in Marr's framework?
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What physical objects correspond to the processes in a cash register according to Marr's Three Levels?
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What does the term 'brightness of a pixel' relate to when playing Donkey Kong?
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What is the significance of abstraction levels in analyzing computational systems?
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Study Notes
Language
- Language is a system to transfer complex information between minds using marks on paper, squeezing air through your throat and mouth, or moving your hands.
Language Learning
- Language learning requires phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics
- Learning language from sound is possible without explicit teaching of linguistic concepts
- Language learning is a complex process
Language Acquisition: Nativism and Empiricism
- Nativism suggests innate, specialized cognitive modules exist for language processing
- Empiricism suggests learning is based on experience and general cognitive abilities
Theories of Language Acquisition
- Universal Grammar (UG) theory proposes an innate language-specific module for grammar processing
- The Anti-UG view suggests language learning is entirely based on general cognitive abilities
Arguments for Universal Grammar
- Poverty of the stimulus argument: children learn complex grammar despite limited exposure to complex sentence structures.
- Linguistic Universals argument: commonalities across languages suggest innate constraints on possible languages.
- Emergence of structured languages in environments without structured language suggest innate grammar modules.
Arguments Against Universal Grammar
- Occam's Razor suggests children might learn complex grammar through simplified explanations rather than innate modules.
- Universal language features might have counter examples in some languages contradicting the assumption of innate constraints.
- Modern language models demonstrate learning complex structures without innate constraints, but models are trained on significantly more data than humans.
Why Don't Animals Use Language?
- Animals can be taught to use "words", but lack complex sentence construction and displacement (referencing things not present)
Theories of Animal Language
- Chomsky: Universal Grammar mutation is unique to humans
- Terrace: humans learn words through shared attention
Up Next
- First paper due tomorrow at 11:59pm
- Grading rubric is available on Courseworks
- Example papers emailed on October 1st
- Thursday class: Introduction to the brain
Mario Example
- Mario's position is compared to the barrels' positions
- If Mario has a hammer and his position matches a barrel, it signifies a specific condition
Hardware
- Uses IDT6116SA/LA 2Kb C-MOS RAM for storing positional information
Personal Space
- Interpersonal distance violation negatively impacts the evaluation of one's partner
- Expected distance is 3 ft with adjustments based on familiarity
- Degree of response is determined by the difference between expected and actual distance
- Striatum tracks expected and actual distances and computes a prediction error
Ultimatum Game
- Player 1 proposes a division of 100 units.
- Player 2 can accept the division or reject it, resulting in both players receiving 0 units.
- The game illustrates the dynamics of fairness and cooperation in decision-making.
Computational Level Theory
- Focuses on explaining players' behavior in the Ultimatum Game
- Attempts to describe the strategies and rational choices involved
- Analyzes the probabilities of rejection based on the proposed division.
Algorithmic/Representation Level
- Aims to represent and compute the maximum share for Player 1
- One representation uses binary numbers for each share option
- Another approach involves continuous-valued intensities that compete against each other over time.
Implementation Level
- Focuses on physically implementing the representation and algorithm
- Explores how these concepts can be realized in the real world
- Relates to the physical mechanisms that support the decision-making process.
Marr's Three Levels
- A framework for understanding computational systems
- Used to analyze the "how" and "why" of mental processes.
- Levels: Computational, Algorithmic, and Implementational
- Example: cash register.
Neurons and Computation
- Neurons can be analyzed at the computational level
- Hubel and Wiesel's work on visual processing demonstrates how neurons "compute" specific information about stimuli.
- The response of a neuron can be described in terms of its preferred stimuli and computational function.
High-Speed Microscopy
- Advances in microscopy allow detailed observation of brain activity
- Captures fleeting signals related to brain function, such as the firing patterns of individual neurons.
Donkey Kong Simulation
- Computer simulations can be used to model cognitive processes
- The brightness of pixels in a Donkey Kong game can be used to represent different information
Abstraction Levels
- Different questions require different levels of abstraction
- Marr's Three Levels provide a framework for understanding the nature of explanations at different levels.
Levels of Explanation
- To understand how the mind works, we need to examine it at different levels of abstraction.
- One way to think about this is by asking different kinds of questions about a computational system:
- What are the goals of the system?
- What are its inputs and outputs?
- What representation does the system use?
- How are these representations transformed?
- How are these operations physically implemented?
Marr’s Three Levels
- Marr's Three Levels offer a framework for understanding a computational system:
- Computational (goals/properties): This level focuses on the overall goals and properties of the system.
- Algorithmic (representations/processes): This level describes the specific algorithms and representations used to achieve the system's goals.
- Implementational (physical hardware): This level explains how the algorithms and representations are physically implemented in the real world.
Examples:
-
Cash Register: The first example is the cash register.
- Computational: The goal of a cash register is to calculate the total price of items.
- Algorithmic: The cash register represents prices in base-10 and uses addition to calculate totals.
- Implementational: Digits in the cash register may represent quantities to be added, and their positions may correspond to different powers of 10 (e.g., ones, tens, hundreds).
-
Donkey Kong: The second example is playing Donkey Kong on a computer.
- Computational: When Mario hits a barrel with a hammer, the barrel disappears.
- Algorithmic: The game checks if Mario's position matches the barrel's and if Mario has the hammer.
- Implementational: The game stores position information in a specific type of RAM chip (IDT6116SA/LA 2Kb C-MOS RAM).
-
Personal Space: This example describes how we perceive and respond to violations of personal space.
- Computational: Violations of personal space lead to negative evaluations of the partner.
- Algorithmic: We maintain an expected distance based on familiarity and liking. The degree of response depends on the difference between expected and actual distance.
- Implementational: The striatum (part of the brain) tracks expected and actual distances, computing a 'prediction error'.
-
Ultimatum Game: The final example showcases the Ultimatum Game, a game where players negotiate over a sum of money.
- Computational: Players' decisions can be explained by maximizing their own share.
- Algorithmic: We can represent value choices using binary numbers or continuous-valued intensities.
- Implementational: The brain can implement these algorithms by representing values as neural activity and using neural networks to process them.
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Description
This quiz explores the intricate processes of language learning and acquisition theories, including nativism and empiricism. Delve into the concepts of Universal Grammar and the arguments supporting it. Test your understanding of how we acquire and process language.