Language Ideologies and Graffiti
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What does the original graffiti 'SPEAK ENGLISH' in Walthamstow imply about the relationship between language and place, according to the text?

  • That all residents of Walthamstow are expected to learn English as a second language.
  • That the area welcomes linguistic diversity and encourages multilingualism.
  • That the local government is promoting English as the primary language for official communication.
  • That English is the only acceptable language in England, excluding other languages and their speakers. (correct)

How does Chris Walker's response to the 'SPEAK ENGLISH' graffiti challenge the message of the original graffiti?

  • By dismissing the original graffiti as harmless vandalism.
  • By listing the diverse languages spoken in the Walthamstow area after the word SPEAK. (correct)
  • By replacing the phrase 'SPEAK ENGLISH' with 'LEARN ENGLISH'.
  • By painting over the original graffiti with a picture of the English flag.

What is one key takeaway from the 'SPEAK ENGLISH' graffiti incident and Chris Walker's response, regarding people's beliefs about languages?

  • People are primarily concerned with the economic benefits of speaking multiple languages.
  • People generally do not care about which languages are spoken in their local area.
  • People view all languages as equally valuable and do not prioritize any language over others.
  • People believe that languages exist as distinct entities and hold strong opinions about their use in specific places. (correct)

The text mentions 'language ideologies'. Which of the following best characterizes language ideologies?

<p>Beliefs and assumptions people have about what languages are and how they should be used. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'monolingual ideology'?

<p>The belief that monolingualism is preferable or superior to multilingualism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text introduces the 'standard language ideology'. What does this ideology assert?

<p>That there is one correct way of speaking a language, and other variations are inferior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might the 'standard language ideology' negatively impact individuals?

<p>By leading to discrimination against speakers of non-standard dialects or accents. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person believes that only English should be spoken in the United States, which language ideology are they likely subscribing to?

<p>A form of monolingual ideology, potentially combined with elements of standard language ideology. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between language and national identity, as evidenced by the examples of Austria and Germany?

<p>Distinct national identities can evolve despite a shared language. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary implication of multilingualism in countries like Nigeria and Papua New Guinea regarding the concept of national unity?

<p>Multilingualism challenges the notion that a single language is essential for national unity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might the multilingual ideologies in places like Switzerland and Singapore inadvertently lead to exclusion?

<p>By strictly associating languages with specific ethnic groups. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical perspective does Sinfree Makoni offer regarding the South African Constitution's treatment of African languages?

<p>It overlooks similarities between languages and may hinder educational opportunities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Hannele Dufva and colleagues, how does the ideology of nationalism affect languages?

<p>It establishes boundaries between languages and elevates a standard variant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines which way of speaking becomes the 'standard language'?

<p>The social and political influence of its speakers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do grammars play in the context of standard language ideology?

<p>They selectively legitimize certain ways of speaking while censoring others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When conducting interviews about language varieties in a community, which factor is most important to consider to gain comprehensive insights?

<p>Analyzing social values and prestige assigned to different varieties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When analyzing media discussions on language standards, how can perceived declines in language proficiency be linked to wider societal issues?

<p>By linking complaints to social issues, such as anxieties about immigration or generational shifts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central tenet of the 'standard language ideology'?

<p>That a specific way of speaking is superior and should be the norm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In researching language and citizenship policies, what is the primary purpose of collecting official documents and political speeches?

<p>To understand the stated justifications and underlying language ideologies shaping the policies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to James Milroy, what unrealistic expectation underlies the myth of a standard language?

<p>All speakers should use identical pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary without change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial step in the process of language standardization, according to Haugen?

<p>Choosing one variety of language to be the 'standard'. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do language ideologies reflected in citizenship policies potentially affect individuals living in or wanting to live in a country?

<p>They can create advantages or disadvantages based on language background. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the educational system contribute to the promotion of a 'standard' language?

<p>By teaching exclusively in the 'standard' language. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A country implements a policy requiring immigrants to pass a fluency test in the official language to gain citizenship. What potential consequence might arise from this policy, considering different language ideologies?

<p>It might disadvantage individuals with strong literacy skills in their native language but limited exposure to the official language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does standard language ideology influence people's beliefs about different ways of speaking?

<p>It leads people to believe that the standard form is the 'true' or 'original' language. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST accurate definition of 'standard language ideology'?

<p>The belief that a standard language is superior to other forms of the same language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor in determining whether a variety of speech is considered a 'language', 'dialect', or 'accent'?

<p>The political power and influence of the speakers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of language standardization, what does 'codification' entail?

<p>Formulating standard rules for grammar, spelling, and pronunciation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs of languages demonstrates that mutual intelligibility is not always a reliable indicator of distinct languages?

<p>Norwegian and Danish (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a direct consequence of a language being recognized as the 'standard'?

<p>The marginalization or stigmatization of non-standard ways of speaking. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason mentioned in the text for the existence of multiple, very similar indigenous African 'languages' in South Africa?

<p>The influence of missionary linguists during the colonial period. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of South Africa, what unintended consequence arose from treating similar ways of speaking as distinct 'languages'?

<p>Exacerbated social divisions and educational obstacles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'verbal hygiene', as the term is used in the context of South African languages?

<p>Equating standard languages with moral purity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the government of Thailand (formerly Siam) use language to promote a common sense of nationhood?

<p>By elevating Central Thai as the 'standard language'. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the example of a Swati child using Xhosa/Zulu vocabulary in their siSwati utterance illustrate?

<p>The fluid and overlapping nature of language boundaries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the term 'accent-less' misleading when referring to speakers of 'standard' accents like Received Pronunciation (RP)?

<p>Everyone speaks with an accent; RP is simply a regional/social accent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Matsuda (1991) suggest about the perception of accents and 'normal' English?

<p>Those in power are perceived as speaking normal, unaccented English. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the relationship between Serbian and Croatian?

<p>They are mutually comprehensible but have different writing systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributed to the resistance against harmonizing South Africa's indigenous languages after independence?

<p>Resistance from speakers who considered their variety distinct. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Referring to Phasa Isan, which is spoken in the north-east of Thailand, near the border with Laos, the text implies:

<p>It is considered subordinate to Central Thai. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the term 'standard language ideology'?

<p>It refers to when the variety of speaker is considered a language or dialect. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'standard language' ideology is sustained by:

<p>Emotional investment from individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best captures Makoni's view on language standardization in South Africa?

<p>It often leads to the perception of non-standard varieties as morally irresponsible. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discrimination based on language is considered acceptable even though discrimination based on other factors such as ethnicity is not because:

<p>Linguistic ability is seen as a matter of personal choice and effort. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 'complaint tradition' in 'standard language cultures' involves:

<p>Constant criticism about the decline of the standard language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred from the discussion about the standardization of languages in Thailand and South Africa?

<p>Political and social factors significantly influence language standardization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Verbal hygiene, as defined by Deborah Cameron, primarily aims to:

<p>Clean up and improve language. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Policing the borders of language is often associated with:

<p>Restricting immigration and hindering social mobility. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Language standardization can be beneficial because it:

<p>Enhances wider comprehension and functionality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cost of language standardization can be:

<p>Exclusion of certain groups or communities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between a dialect and an accent?

<p>Accents only vary in pronunciation, while dialects vary in grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What assumption underlies the advertisement promising a 'fluent British accent'?

<p>A specific British accent is considered the standard and is more desirable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person from a minority ethnic group uses non-standard language forms. What is a likely consequence?

<p>Discrimination in employment due to language, which indirectly affects their ethnic group. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do media portrayals of language use typically contribute to standard language ideology?

<p>By promoting and normalizing the 'standard language' as correct and desirable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might adopting a 'fluent British accent' provide different social rewards for different people?

<p>Because the perceived value of the accent is influenced by existing social biases and expectations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If open discrimination based on ethnicity is unacceptable, why does linguistic discrimination persist, according to the provided content?

<p>Language is perceived as a skill that can be acquired regardless of social background, making discrimination seem justifiable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential negative consequence of prioritizing 'verbal hygiene' and campaigns for 'the basics' in schools?

<p>It might lead to the stigmatization of students who speak non-standard dialects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the standardization of language differ from the standardization of currency or weights and measures?

<p>Language standardization can lead to social exclusion and discrimination in ways that currency standardization typically does not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Eric Hobsbawm, what is the relationship between national languages and national identity?

<p>National languages are constructed and standardized from various spoken dialects, rather than being primordial foundations of national culture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the concept of 'One Language, One Nation' influence the formation of modern nations, contrasting with previous empires?

<p>It promoted the idea of monolingual nations, unlike multilingual empires such as the Holy Roman Empire and the Habsburg Empire. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Gottlieb Fichte's ideas contribute to the relationship between language and nationalism in Germany?

<p>He believed that a shared language creates inherent bonds between people, unifying them into a single, inseparable nation and creating natural divisions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of associating language with national identity and intolerance, as highlighted by John Joseph?

<p>It led to the development of 'scientific racism', resulting in unspeakable atrocities by creating hierarchies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did monolingual ideology manifest in 'immigration nations' like the United States and Australia?

<p>By enforcing monolingualism to assimilate immigrants and viewing it as a matter of national security. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Theodore Roosevelt's stance on language in the United States, as reflected in his 1919 address?

<p>He insisted on English as the sole language, viewing it as essential for forging a unified American nationality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did European colonizers use language analysis in non-European nations?

<p>To divide and administer colonies by categorizing dialects into distinct languages, often disregarding native understandings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Grierson's experience in India reveal about European colonizers' attitudes toward native languages?

<p>It demonstrates the colonizers' arrogance in assuming their linguistic understanding was superior to the natives'. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the true linguistic diversity within nations?

<p>Nations are diverse linguistically, with people using various ways of speaking depending on the situation, often unrelated to national identity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which European countries serve as examples of cultivating multilingual identities?

<p>Switzerland and Belgium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary motivation behind standardizing languages according to Hobsbawm?

<p>To create a unified national identity by imposing a standardized idiom. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the idea of 'One Language, One Nation' affect minority language speakers?

<p>It often resulted in the suppression and marginalization of minority languages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did European colonization impact the understanding and classification of languages in colonized regions?

<p>It led to the imposition of European linguistic structures and classifications, often disregarding local knowledge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying assumption did European colonizers like Grierson hold regarding their understanding of language compared to that of the native populations they encountered?

<p>That their own linguistic frameworks were superior and more accurate than those of the native populations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text challenge the conventional notion of nations as monolingual entities?

<p>By highlighting the inherent linguistic diversity within nations and how people utilize various ways of speaking depending on the situation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Phasa Isan considered a 'dialect' of 'Standard Thai' despite its linguistic differences?

<p>As a result of sociopolitical subordination rather than purely linguistic reasons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can dialects contribute to social cohesion and identity?

<p>By reinforcing a sense of solidarity and social belonging. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary basis for criticisms against new urban language varieties like Multicultural London English?

<p>Monolingual and standard language ideologies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might a multilingual language policy unintentionally reinforce monolingual ideology?

<p>By standardizing multiple languages and creating distinct boundaries between them. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way might recognizing several African 'languages' in the South African Constitution, as individual units, be seen as disadvantageous?

<p>It fails to acknowledge the diverse dialects within those 'languages'. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the relationship between language and citizenship?

<p>Nations frequently use language as a criterion for controlling who can live within their borders. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of how language can be used to marginalize a group of people?

<p>Characterizing speakers of a dialect as 'unsophisticated'. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do globalization and urbanization influence language?

<p>By fostering the development of new language varieties. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the example of David Starkey's assessment of Multicultural London English on BBC's Newsnight illustrate?

<p>Criticism based on monolingual and standard language ideologies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What measures does Section 2 of the Constitution of South Africa mandate to address historical linguistic imbalances?

<p>To take practical and positive measures to elevate the status and advance the use of indigenous languages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Sinfree Makoni, what is a potential drawback of the South African Constitution's approach to multilingualism?

<p>It may perpetuate colonial ways of categorizing languages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ideological perspective underlies the statement 'everybody in a particular place should talk the same'?

<p>Monolingual ideology. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do 'champions of the standard language' typically react to new urban language varieties?

<p>They criticize them, often based on perceived deviations from the 'correct' way of speaking. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Section 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa stipulate regarding official languages?

<p>That all official languages must be treated equitably. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might the feeling of solidarity created by using a specific dialect be used?

<p>To resist power or emphasize uniqueness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying assumption does the UK government's requirement for English proficiency for residency and citizenship reveal?

<p>Monolingualism is key to national unity and social cohesion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Blackledge, what is a significant limitation of linking English proficiency to 'British values' through tests like 'Life in the United Kingdom'?

<p>It may be biased towards specific cultural knowledge and disadvantage certain groups. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Tony Blair's justification for English language requirements connect language proficiency to social justice?

<p>By arguing English proficiency is a condition of citizenship and enables equal opportunity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implied relationship between language and integration in the UK government's consultation document, 'Marriage visas: Pre-entry English requirement for spouses'?

<p>A common language is essential for spousal integration and societal cohesion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Blackledge, what is a potential negative consequence of the UK's emphasis on English proficiency for immigrants?

<p>Demonizing migrants and suggesting other languages threaten social cohesion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Blackledge, debates about language in a society are often reflections of what deeper issues?

<p>Concerns about social inclusion, multiculturalism, and desired societal values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might learning English not solve all the challenges faced by immigrants in the UK, according to Blackledge?

<p>Systemic racism and economic disadvantages may persist regardless of English proficiency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the requirement for immigrants to demonstrate English proficiency before gaining residency or citizenship reveal about the UK's language policy?

<p>It reinforces a monolingual ideology that emphasizes the dominance of English. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main critique against English language testing for citizenship, as presented?

<p>It marginalizes minority languages and privileges a specific English variety, affecting even native-born citizens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contradiction does Blackledge highlight concerning the UK government's language policies for immigrants?

<p>While advocating for integration, the policies may inadvertently create barriers for certain groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Language Analysis for Determination of Origin (LADO)?

<p>To determine the geographical origins of asylum seekers by analyzing their speech patterns. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is one potential problem with relying on 'native speakers' rather than trained linguists for LADO analysis?

<p>Native speakers may hold folk linguistic views that reflect inaccurate assumptions about language. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do language ideologies, specifically monolingualism, influence governmental policies on immigration?

<p>They can lead to policies requiring proficiency in a dominant language, affecting residency and citizenship. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key assumption of LADO that the authors Ateek and Rasinger challenge?

<p>People's language use is static and uniform within a specific region or country. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of the 'Life in the United Kingdom' test on immigrants, according to Blackledge?

<p>It may disadvantage individuals unfamiliar with specific (white) British cultural references. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Ateek and Rasinger, what sociolinguistic reality often goes unconsidered in LADO?

<p>Countries often contain a wide variety of languages, dialects, and linguistic influences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between language testing and 'British values'?

<p>Language testing is explicitly connected to a specific understanding of 'British values'. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the linguistic repertoire of an individual who has lived in multiple regions or countries?

<p>Their linguistic repertoire is likely to be influenced by multiple languages, dialects, and ways of speaking. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might an immigrant's lack of English proficiency be misinterpreted within the framework of monolingual language ideology?

<p>As a sign of unwillingness to integrate and contribute to society. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Ateek and Rasinger, what effect might the predictable nature of LADO have on asylum seekers?

<p>It may lead them to over-rehearse, potentially making them sound inauthentic. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical perspective does Blackledge offer regarding the assumption that English proficiency leads to equal opportunity?

<p>Systemic inequalities may limit opportunities even for English-proficient immigrants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of economic factors in the acquisition of English proficiency among immigrants?

<p>Economic disparities can restrict access to language education, hindering English acquisition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might an asylum seeker's desire to 'please' an interviewer impact their speech during a LADO interview?

<p>They might unintentionally adopt some of the interviewer's linguistic features. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do governmental requirements such as language testing reflect broader societal views on language and belonging?

<p>They often embody ideologies about who belongs and what constitutes national identity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential emotional or psychological factor that could affect an asylum seeker's language during a LADO interview?

<p>Feelings of intimidation or anxiety caused by the test-taking context. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key reform do Ateek and Rasinger suggest to improve the validity of LADO?

<p>Hiring trained linguists to conduct interviews and analyze language. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the example of the Syrian asylum seeker who lived in Dubai illustrate about language acquisition?

<p>Exposure to multiple dialects and languages can lead to a complex and varied linguistic repertoire. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant ethical concern regarding the use of LADO in asylum cases?

<p>The possibility of misidentifying an individual's origin potentially leading to unjust asylum decisions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between language and identity, as revealed in the context?

<p>Language is closely tied to identity, and assumptions about a person's language can lead to misjudgments about their background. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the content suggest language testing for citizenship impacts the power dynamics within a society?

<p>By reinforcing existing power structures and marginalizing those who do not speak the dominant language fluently. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily contributed to the rise of nationalism in Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?

<p>The belief that people speaking the same language should form a nation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Before the rise of nationalism, what was the primary basis for dividing people in Europe?

<p>Religious beliefs and allegiance to feudal lords. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the invention of the printing press influence the concept of nations, according to Benedict Anderson?

<p>It allowed people to imagine a community through shared texts, fostering a sense of national identity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of language and national identity, what does Benedict Anderson mean by describing a nation as an 'imagined community'?

<p>National identity is socially constructed, as members feel a sense of connection despite not knowing everyone. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the perception of everyday language change during the Renaissance period?

<p>Everyday language started to be seen as a defining characteristic that set people apart and contributed to identity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the experience of Respondent 5 in Seville, Spain, demonstrate the challenges of language acquisition?

<p>It demonstrated the importance of immersion and necessity in rapidly acquiring basic conversational skills. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contradicts the idea of a direct, uncomplicated relationship between language and national identity?

<p>The existence of multilingual nations where various languages coexist. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the experiences of the respondents, how can exposure to different languages and accents impact an individual's perspective?

<p>It enhances awareness of linguistic diversity and cultural identity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Respondent 4's reflection on their French pronunciation suggest about the relationship between language and identity?

<p>Maintaining a native language can be a conscious effort to preserve cultural identity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the statement by Thomas Cooper: 'The moral entity – the grammatical being called a nation, has been clothed in attributes that have no real existence except in the imagination...' What is he suggesting?

<p>Nations are social constructs whose characteristics are imagined and not inherently real. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might advancements in technology, such as translation apps, affect the perceived importance of maintaining distinct language borders?

<p>Diminish those borders by facilitating communication across different languages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following situations exemplifies the conflict between language as a tool for communication and language as a marker of identity?

<p>A business prioritizing fluency in a dominant language for international trade. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the experiences of Respondent 3, who speaks a Neapolitan dialect, and Respondent 4, who is aware of various English accents in New York, converge?

<p>Both illustrate the potential for linguistic diversity to exist within and across national borders. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the arguments presented about language and nation-building, what is a potential consequence of promoting a single national language?

<p>Fostering a stronger sense of national unity and identity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, what is a key difference between the pre-nationalism and post-nationalism views on language?

<p>Before nationalism, language was primarily Latin; after, vernacular languages gained importance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The statement 'Speak English' scrawled in public places is viewed by Creasy and her Instagram followers as what type of act?

<p>An act of violence or hate crime. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central conflict regarding language in the context of the text?

<p>The disagreement over whether multilingualism is a threat or enforced monolingualism is an act of violence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the artist Chris Walker include Cockney in his list of languages spoken in Walthamstow, according to the text?

<p>To emphasize the linguistic diversity within the English language itself and challenge conventional notions of what constitutes a 'language'. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'language ideology' as defined by Judith Irvine?

<p>A cultural system of ideas about social and linguistic relationships, loaded with moral and political interests. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'monolingual ideology'?

<p>The idea that only one language should be spoken in a particular place. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'standard language ideology' promote?

<p>The idea that there is one 'correct' way of speaking a language, with other variations being inferior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Respondent 1, what historical event contributed to the decline of the Welsh language?

<p>The dominance of English and the suppression of Welsh in schools. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What measures have been taken to revive the Welsh language, according to Respondent 1?

<p>Teaching Welsh in schools and universities, using it in shops, traffic signs, radio, and TV. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general sentiment of Respondent 1 towards the Welsh language revival efforts?

<p>Skepticism about the effectiveness of the revival efforts due to the continued dominance of English. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Respondent 2 describe their city?

<p>An ethnically diverse, multilingual city with distinct ethnic enclaves. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Respondent 2's description of their city reveal about language and community?

<p>Language is a key element of community identity and is often tied to specific geographic locations within the city. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of language ideologies, what does the graffiti in Figure 1.1 primarily represent?

<p>The monolingual ideology, advocating for the dominance of English. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the inclusion of languages like Bengali, Panjabi, and Tamil in Chris Walker's artwork complicate the idea of language and nation?

<p>It demonstrates that some languages are associated with particular regions within a country, rather than the entire nation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between how some people view the statement 'Speak English' and how Creasy and her followers view it?

<p>Some see it as a harmless request, while others see it as a hostile act rooted in prejudice. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Taking into account the discussion of language ideologies, what are potential real-world consequences for individuals who do not conform to the 'standard language'?

<p>They may experience discrimination when applying for jobs or seeking citizenship. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Language Ideologies

Beliefs about languages and how they should be used.

Monolingual Ideology

The idea that being monolingual is better than being multilingual.

Standard Language Ideology

The idea that there's one correct way to speak a language and other ways are inferior.

Dialect

A variety of a language spoken in a particular area or by a particular group.

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Language

A system of communication used by a particular community or country.

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Multilingualism

More than one language is in use or known.

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Accent

The way someone pronounces words, influenced by their regional or social background.

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Codification

The action of setting a language's forms and norms in dictionaries and grammars.

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Enforcing a Single Language

An act of violence, an attempt to force the speaking of only one language.

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Multiple Languages as a Threat

Multiple languages are spoken in a particular place and are seen as a threat to national identity.

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Cockney

A variety of English considered a dialect, mainly spoken in London.

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Forcing English as Racist

Thinking that telling people they should speak English in England is racist.

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Judith Irvine's Definition of Language Ideology

The cultural system of ideas about social and linguistic relationships, together with their loading of moral and political interests.

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Common Sense (Monolingualism)

Belief that only one language is right or 'makes sense'.

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Multilingualism Discomfort

A negative perception of speaking more than one language in an area.

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Caribbean mish-mash

Mixing of multiple ethnic groups in the neighborhood

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Ethnic Areas

Area in city tied to specific ethnic group or origin of the residents that reside there.

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Language Revival

Reviving a declining language through different sectors of society such as education, media and business.

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Multilingual City

City containing 30+ spoken languages

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Language Suppression

A language being forbidden and punished to promote its extinction.

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Italian Dialects

A variety of a language spoken in a specific region of Italy.

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Language as Identity

The sense that a language is part of one's identity and origin.

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Language Learning via Media

Learning a language by watching movies and programs.

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Language Immersion

Being forced to use Spanish due to lack of English speakers.

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Language and Nation

The belief associating countries with a single language.

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Pan-European Language

Latin was this for the Church in Europe.

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Development of 'Languages'

The idea that everyday communication constitutes ‘languages’.

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Challenge to Catholic Authority

Questioning the authority of the Church.

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Printing Press Impact

A key invention to spread new language Bibles.

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Nationalism Ideology

People are divided into nations with unique cultures.

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Common Language Role

A shared language helped people think of themselves as belonging to unified nations.

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Benedict Anderson

Described the nation as an ‘imagined community’.

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Shared Texts

People feel affiliated by their ability to read the same texts.

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Languages and Borders

Languages are also distinct entities separated by borders.

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Imagined Common Languages

Created to assist the ideological work of nation-building.

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Prestige in language

Beliefs people have about different languages and how valuable they are.

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Language standards concerns

Complaints about language correctness; often linked to social anxieties.

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Language and citizenship policies

Official rules and ideas a country has about who can be a citizen based on their language skills.

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Policy justification

The reasons or justifications given for language and citizenship policies.

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Policy consequences

The potential effects, both intended and unintended, of language policies.

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Language and National Identity

The belief that nations are defined by a shared language.

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Multilingualism as a Threat

The idea that multiple languages can threaten national unity.

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Languages as Discrete Entities

The notion of languages as distinct entities, often tied to specific groups.

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Standard Language

The idea that one language variety is supreme and should be the norm.

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Standard Language Basis

Basing a standard language on the speech of a country's elite or capital region.

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Standard Language Myth

The idea that the standard language is the original, true form, while others are deviations.

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Language Attitudes

The attitudes towards which languages or dialects are appropriate.

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Uniformity Expectation

Unrealistic expectation for uniform pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary.

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Standardization Origin

Language standardization is a deliberate result of social and political forces.

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Language Choice

Choosing one language variety to be the ‘standard’ from all available options.

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Codification in Standardization

The formulation of standardized grammar, spelling, and pronunciation rules.

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Censoring

The action of ignoring and censoring non-standard ways of speaking

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Language Promotion

Promoting the standard language through institutions like education.

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Vertical Difference

The elevation of a specific language variant above others with nationalism.

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Horizontal Difference

Drawing boundaries between languages with the aid of nationalism.

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Monolingual Nation

The idea that nations should ideally have one shared language, even though this is rarely the reality.

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Standardized Language

Creating a standard form of a language from various spoken dialects, often tied to national identity.

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Nationalist Language Mythology

The belief that language is a fundamental and ancient basis of national culture and identity (often a myth).

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Gottlieb Fichte

Philosopher who believed language unites people naturally and separates them from others; advocate for German linguistic unity.

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Linguistic Purism

The idea that mixing different languages and cultures can disrupt a nation's cultural progress.

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Scientific Racism

The discriminatory belief that perceived racial differences are tied to language.

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Immigration Nations

Nations formed through immigration, like the US and Australia, that often promote monolingualism.

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Language as National Security

The idea that speaking the 'national' language is vital for national cohesion and security.

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Colonial Linguistics

Viewing and categorizing non-European languages through a European lens, often to control colonized populations.

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Sir George Abraham Grierson

British linguist who surveyed Indian languages, imposing European ideas of language onto the subcontinent.

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Fluid Language Practices

A range of ways of speaking used in different contexts, showing that language use is flexible and not always tied to nationality.

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Multilingual Nations

Nations, like Switzerland and Belgium, that embrace multiple official languages.

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Multilingual Empires

The historical reality of empires with multiple languages, contrasting with the monolingual ideal of modern nations.

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Theodore Roosevelt (Language)

President who advocated exclusive use of English in the U.S. to assimilate immigrants.

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Eric Hobsbawm

British historian who argued national languages are constructed, not primordial.

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Language Discrimination

Discrimination against people based on their language use.

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Open to Everyone Fallacy

Belief that everyone can learn 'correct' forms, justifying discrimination based on language.

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Complaint Tradition

Politicians and media personalities complain about the decline of the standard language.

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Verbal Hygiene

Practices aimed at 'cleaning up' or 'improving' language.

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Language Standardisation

The process of making a language uniform.

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Language as Proxy

Often used as a proxy for other forms of discrimination.

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Teaching the Basics

Campaigns pushing for schools to teach standard grammar.

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Policing Language Borders

Promoting a standard language often involves policing language 'borders'.

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Linguistic Prestige

Judging someone's intelligence or worth based on their language.

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Double-Edged Standardization

Standardization can unify but also create out-groups.

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Linguistic Stereotyping

Assigning positive traits to 'standard' speakers and negative traits to non-standard speakers.

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Phasa Isan

A language sharing lexical and phonological similarities with Lao, but considered a 'dialect' of Standard Thai.

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Subordination of a dialect

The act of marginalizing speakers of a particular 'dialect'.

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Dialect as social reinforcement

Solidarity and social belonging facilitated by speaking the same 'dialect'.

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New urban varieties of language

New forms influenced by immigration, culture, and music.

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Criticism of language change origins

Criticisms of new language varieties rooted in monolingualism and standard language.

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Language and citizenship

Using language to control who resides within a nation's borders.

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Parity of esteem

Ensuring equal respect and treatment for all official languages.

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Language Promotion Definition

Promoting the development and use of all official languages.

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Reproducing ideologies

A multilingual policy that unintentionally reinforces monolingual or standard language norms.

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Language as Boundary

The idea that nations use language to determine who can live within their borders.

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Multilingual Ideology

A perspective recognizing and valuing multiple languages within a society.

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Elevating Indigenous Languages

To improve the status and usage of previously diminished languages.

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Language-Sensitive Governance

Accounting for language usage when providing services

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Language vs. Dialect

Varieties often mutually intelligible but considered distinct due to political and cultural reasons.

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Accent Definition

The phonological features of one's speech, differing across regions and social classes.

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Accent Perception

The perception that those in power speak 'normal' English, while others are 'accented'.

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Politics of Language

The relative influence speakers of one linguistic variety have over others.

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South African Languages

Eleven languages in South Africa with five being mutually intelligible yet are called different languages.

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Colonial Influence on Language

Linguistic diversity treated as distinct languages due to colonial history and territorial divisions.

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Resistance to Language Harmonization

The harmonization of similar languages resisted due to established territorial group identities.

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Linguistic Continuum

Linguistic continuum across a region, not conforming to specific 'standard languages'.

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Verbal Hygiene in South Africa

Efforts to equate standard language use with morality, stigmatizing non-standard varieties.

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Thailand's Standard Language

Elevated status of Central Thai, with other varieties considered subordinate 'dialects'.

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English translation of sentence examples

The man has gone to town.

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Siam

Thailand before 1939, which was made up of various ethnic groups that spoke different languages

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Norwegian and Danish

They are actually so similar that most speakers of Norwegian can easily under- stand speakers of Danish and vice versa

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Cyrillic Alphabet

The same alphabet used in Russian

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Language Proficiency Requirement

Requiring immigrants to prove language skills for residency or citizenship.

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Language Analysis for Origin Determination (LADO)

Using language tests to verify if asylum seekers truly originate from the claimed country.

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UK Language Policy for Immigrants

The UK policy requiring English proficiency for residency and citizenship.

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Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002

An act requiring applicants for British citizenship to pass an English language test.

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'Life in the United Kingdom' Test

A UK test assessing English proficiency and knowledge of British culture for citizenship.

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Justification for Language Requirements

Claiming English proficiency promotes social unity and equal opportunities.

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Pre-Entry English Requirement for Spouses

Policy requiring English proficiency for spouses seeking long-term stay in the UK.

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Demonizing Migrants

The idea that speaking other languages threatens social harmony.

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Challenges to Integration

Systemic inequalities making it harder for migrants to learn English and integrate.

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Linguistic Hegemony

Prioritizing one language (like English) over others in a society or nation.

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Linguistic Discrimination

Unfair treatment or prejudice based on someone's language or accent.

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Linguistic Assimilation

The belief that everyone should speak the same language for unity.

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Overemphasis on Language

Viewing language skills as key to addressing complex social and economic problems.

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Language as a Gatekeeper

Using language tests to exclude or disadvantage certain groups of people.

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Promoting Multilingualism

Promoting the value and use of multiple languages in society.

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LADO (Language Analysis for Determination of Origin)

A method used by governments to determine asylum seekers' origins based on linguistic analysis.

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Asylum

The right to live safely in a country based on fears of persecution in their home country.

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Sociolinguistic realities in LADO

Flaws in LADO that don't account for the complex language backgrounds and travel history.

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Linguistic Repertoire

A range of languages and dialects a person uses.

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Lexical Borrowing

Unintentional integration of words or phrases from other languages/dialects.

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Over-rehearsal in LADO

Applicants overly preparing and memorizing answers.

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Speech Accommodation

How people change their speech based on who they’re talking to.

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Power dynamics & speech

Adjusting speech to match or please the listener, especially a person of authority.

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Emotional influence on speech

How emotions/attitudes can alter speech patterns.

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Validity of LADO

The questionable accuracy of LADO due to not considering all sociolinguistic factors.

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Trained Linguists in LADO

Reforms that involve hiring experts in language to conduct interviews and analysis.

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Marginalizing minority languages

The effect of marginalizing minority languages when testing for citizenship.

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Privileging a particular variety of English

The privileging of a specific form English over other languages.

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Intimidation and LADO interviews

LADO interviews may affect applicant's speech due to intimidating test conditions.

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Resources to improve English proficiency

An alternative solution to English language testing.

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Study Notes

  • This chapter explores language ideologies, focusing on how people perceive languages and their proper usage.
  • It will cover the monolingual ideology (monolingualism is superior) and the standard language ideology (one correct language form exists).
  • The chapter concludes by examining the effects of these ideologies on individuals' lives, such as citizenship applications.

Key Terms

  • Accent: A way of pronouncing words that is particular to a region, social group, etc.
  • Codification: The process of standardizing a language by creating rules for grammar, spelling, and pronunciation.
  • Dialect: A regional or social variety of a language characterized by distinct vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation.
  • Language: A system of communication used by a particular community or country.
  • Language ideologies: Beliefs and ideas about language and its users, often reflecting social, political, and moral viewpoints.
  • Monolingual ideology: The belief that speaking only one language is ideal or superior.
  • Multilingual ideology: The belief that speaking multiple languages is beneficial or normal.
  • Standard language ideology: The belief in one correct or superior way of speaking a language.
  • Verbal hygiene: Attempts to regulate or "clean up" language use to conform to a perceived standard

Introduction

  • Graffiti in Walthamstow with the words "SPEAK ENGLISH" sparked debate about language and belonging.
  • Artist Chris Walker photoshopped the graffiti to include other languages spoken in the area, highlighting linguistic diversity.
  • The incident reveals the belief that languages are distinct entities and that specific languages belong to specific places.
  • Some view the presence of multiple languages as a threat, while others consider enforcing a single language as violence.
  • Associations between language and nation are emotionally charged.
  • The list of languages spoken within Walthamstow includes French, Bengali, Panjabi, Urdu etc, and even Cockney, blurring the lines of distinct linguistic categories.
  • This raises questions about the diversity within the English language itself.

Language Ideologies

  • Language ideologies encompass how people imagine languages, their expected usage, and perceptions of their speakers
  • Judith Irvine defines language ideology as a cultural system of ideas and moral and political interests.
  • The graffiti exemplifies the monolingual ideology, advocating for a single language in a specific place.
  • The standard language ideology promotes the belief in one correct language form, deeming others inferior.
  • These ideologies impact people's lives, influencing citizenship applications and asylum cases.

Languages and Nations

  • The idea that a country is defined by a single language is a relatively recent concept, gaining popularity with 18th-19th century European nationalism.
  • Before, religion and feudal allegiances primarily divided people.
  • Latin served as the pan-European language of the Church.
  • During the Renaissance, the concept of everyday communication constituting distinct "languages" emerged, differentiating groups.
  • Questioning the Catholic Church's authority and the printing press's role in disseminating translated Bibles contributed to this.

Nationalism and Language

  • Nationalism posits the natural division of humans into nations distinguished by culture and traditions, each with the right to self-governance.
  • Benedict Anderson argued that a shared language fostered a sense of affiliation and national identity through shared texts.
  • Some linguists suggest that "common languages" were created to support nation-building.
  • As nations were defined by borders, languages were also imagined as distinct entities separated by boundaries.
  • Eric Hobsbawm argues that national languages are standardized versions of spoken idioms, not primordial foundations.

Monolingual Nations

  • Nationalism led to the concept of monolingual nations, replacing the multilingual empires of the past with the ideology "One Language, One Nation."
  • Pre-19th century Germany was divided into 300+ entities.
  • Philosophers envisioned a nation united by a common language during the French Empire.
  • Gottlieb Fichte believed that shared language created unity and separation from other peoples.
  • The notion that those not speaking the nation's language should not be tolerated also emerged.
  • John Joseph notes that these ideas led to "scientific racism" with dire consequences.

Immigration Nations

  • The monolingual ideology influenced "immigration nations" like the US and Australia, arising from European colonialism.
  • Enforcing monolingualism was seen as a way to integrate immigrants and ensure national security.
  • Theodore Roosevelt advocated for English as the sole language to forge a unified American identity.

European Imagination

  • European imagination played a role in how they viewed non-European nations and languages.
  • Great Britain used linguists to analyze and categorize languages in conquered territories.
  • Sir George Abraham Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India divided Indian ways of speaking into languages.
  • He believed native people lacked understanding of "languages."
  • Grierson asserted that Europeans invented most names of Indian languages.
  • The colonizers viewed their linguistic classifications as superior to the native speakers' understanding.
  • No nation is truly monolingual.

Multilingualism

  • People use various ways of speaking in situations unrelated to their country of origin.
  • Some European nations, like Switzerland, embrace multilingualism.
  • Austria and Germany share a language but have separate national identities.
  • Multilingualism is common outside Europe, with Nigeria having 520+ languages.
  • Papua New Guinea has 832 languages, the most linguistically diverse country.
  • The notion that nations are defined by language remains, influencing policies and treatment of diverse speakers.
  • Even multilingual ideologies can exclude people, as seen in Singapore's restrictions on language learning based on ethnicity.
  • Sinfree Makoni argues that South Africa's labeling of African languages ignores similarities and hinders education, interfering with the educational opportunities of those who speak in ways that don’t conform to standard versions of these languages.

Standard Language Ideology

  • Nationalism creates a need to define a nation's "common language."
  • Hannele Dufva notes that nationalism differentiates languages horizontally and elevates one variant vertically.
  • The "standard language" is based on the speech of the powerful or people in the region where most of those people live.
  • Standard French is based on Parisian speech, Standard Spanish on Castilian, etc.
  • The "standard" is seen as the true form, with other dialects viewed as distortions.
  • This is a myth, often perpetuated by standard speakers, while other ways of speaking are just as old as the "standard".
  • The standard language ideology is the belief that one way of speaking is superior and the standard against which others are judged.
  • James Milroy defines it as language attitudes based on the supposed existence of a standard form
  • According to Milroy, the myth of a standard language is the unrealistic expectation that every sound should be pronounced in the same way by every speaker.

Standard Languages

  • Standard languages result from social and political processes, not natural development.
  • Haugen states that choosing the standard is the first step and is based on power, not elegance.
  • Codification involves standardizing grammar, spelling, and pronunciation through grammars and dictionaries.
  • Grammars selectively represent some speech while censoring others.
  • Variety is promoted through education and media.
  • Government agencies, such as L’Académie française, play a role.
  • Maintenance of the standard depends on emotional investment.

Standard Language Values

  • The standard is associated with correctness, morality, and civilization.
  • Speaking the standard is seen as a sign of intelligence and worthiness.
  • Promoting the standard stigmatizes those who speak differently, portraying them as ignorant.
  • The standard language ideology leads to discrimination based on speech, impacting ethnic minorities and lower social classes.
  • It is believed to be open to everyone to learn what the correct forms are, therefore, it is thought to be quite proper to discriminate against people who use non-standard forms
  • People do not usually realize that language stands proxy for these other social categories.
  • A related characteristic in standard language cultures is a complaint tradition.
  • Verbal hygiene, defined by Deborah Cameron as attempts to improve language, also plays a role such as going back to teaching the grammar of a standard language.
  • Policing language borders is linked to policing country borders.

Effects of Language Standardisation

  • Standardisation can unify people but also acts to exclude people from communities
  • Standard varieties are usually more widely comprehensible
  • Similar to standardising currency.

Languages, Dialects and Accents

  • The idea is that a language should refer to a standard variety.
  • Ways of speaking that are different from the ‘standard’ variety are often called dialects.
  • Dialect: varieties of a given language which are associated with a particular region of a country and/or a particular sub- group within a community
  • Varieties are different from the ‘standard’ only in pronunciation, people usually use the word accent rather than dialect.
  • People refer to Norwegian and Danish as different ‘languages’, they are actually so similar that most speakers of Norwegian can easily under- stand speakers of Danish.
  • Shanghainese and Cantonese are regarded as ‘dialects’ of the same lan- guage, speakers of one of these two varieties are mutually unintelligible to speakers of the other.
  • Serbian and Croatian are, mutually comprehensible, but are written differently and reject being labelled the same language.
  • All people speak with an accent, in that their speech has phonological features that may differ from those of people with similar ways of speak- ing.
  • Speakers of ‘standard’ accents, such as Received Pronunciation (RP) in the UK and General American in the US are not ‘accent-less’.
  • Whether a variety is considered a language, a dialect, or an accent is chiefly a matter of politics.

The case of South Africa

  • South Africa has eleven official ‘languages’ but five of these are linguistically very similar and speakers of them are mutually intelligible.
  • The explanation for this can be traced to missionary linguists during the colonial period.
  • When South Africa gained its independence in 1961, politicians and linguists made an attempt to harmonise these ‘languages’ into one, but this was resisted by the speakers.
  • Treating these different ways of speaking as different ‘languages’, has, in some cases, exacerbated social divisions and created obstacles for children being schooled in these ‘languages’.
  • Most people talk in ways that do not conform to and resembles a kind of linguistic continuum across the region in which these ‘languages’ are supposedly spoken.
  • Insistence by teachers that these ‘languages’ are utterly separate, can actually create problems for children learning them in school.
  • The child’s Zulu would thus be classified as incorrect even though it is correct Standard Xhosa!
  • Along with standardisation has come increasing efforts of verbal hygiene in South Africa.
  • Saowanee and McCargo (2014) report that before 1939, Thailand was made a nation through elevating Central Thai or Phasa Thai as a ‘standard language’

Dialects and New ways of speaking

  • Labelling a certain way of talking as a dialect almost always marginalises people.
  • Dialects can also reinforce a feeling of solidarity and social belonging among the people who speak them.
  • New ways of speaking are developing all the time, especially under the influence of globalisation and urbanisation.
  • New urban varieties, such as Multicultural London English are often influenced by the ways of speaking of many different immigrant groups as well as by popular culture and music.
  • Inevitably people criticise these new ways of speaking.
  • Their criticisms are invariably based in the two ideologies that we have discussed in this chapter, the monolingual ideology says that everybody in a particular place should talk the same, the standard language ideology that says that there is only one true, correct, or ‘moral’ way of speaking a ‘language’.

Focal Topic: Language and Citizenship

  • Nations often use language to control who can live within their borders.
  • They may require immigrants to demonstrate proficiency in the country's language.
  • Governments may test asylum seekers' language skills to verify their origin.
  • This article discusses the ideological underpinnings of British policy.
  • A second article discusses how Language Analysis for Determination of Origin (LADO) is used to screen asylum seekers.
  • The articles demonstrate real-world consequences of monolingual and standard language ideologies.

Language Testing in the UK

  • Adrian Blackledge argues that making English proficiency a requirement for residency and citizenship discriminates against speakers of other languages.
  • Discourses around language proficiency in it are frequently and explicitly linked to ideas about ‘British values’.
  • An example would be the ‘Life in the United Kingdom’ test
  • Forcing people to speak English will increase social cohesion and give migrants equal opportunities in British society.
  • Making it difficult for people who speak different languages to enter and more difficult for those who have entered to get ahead if the version of the national language they have learnt is different from the ‘standard’.
  • Despite wanting to learn English it will not address systematic racism and economic disadvantages that migrants face.

LADO

  • Ateek, M., and Rasinger, S. M. (2018) explain that Language Analysis for Determination of Origin (LADO) is a technique used by governments to determine the geographical origins of people who are applying for asylum.
  • LADO usually consists of an interview with an asylum seeker, which is recorded and subjected to linguistic analysis
  • It is subject to naive and inaccurate assumptions that everyone who claims to have come from a certain country should speak in a certain way.
  • A wide variety of languages and dialects can exist in a given country.
  • Linguistic borrowing, influences from different dialects and even influence from who is interviewing that person.
  • Interviewees may over rehearse their answers to sound authentic.
  • Intimidation in the test-taking situation may affect interviews.
  • Hiring trained linguistics is paramount.

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Description

Explore the implications of the 'SPEAK ENGLISH' graffiti and Chris Walker's response. Understand language ideologies, monolingual ideology, and standard language ideology. Analyze the impact of these beliefs on individuals and society.

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