Language Development Milestones

Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the language acquisition device (LAD) according to Chomsky?

To encode principles of language and grammatical structures. (correct)

To develop a child's emotional intelligence.

To facilitate social interactions in early childhood.

To enhance a child's memory capabilities.

At what age do children typically begin to combine sentences of two words?

4 years

1-2 years

12 months

3 years (correct)

Which type of encoding relates specifically to the meaning of words?

Tactile Encoding

Visual Encoding

Semantic Encoding (correct)

Acoustic Encoding

Which method of retrieval involves reproducing previously presented material?

Recall Signup and view all the answers

What are the three stages of memory?

Sensory Memory, Short-term Memory, Long-term Memory Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the babbling stage is true?

It includes spontaneous utterances of various phonemes. Signup and view all the answers

How does storage affect the retrieval of information?

The manner of storage influences how information is later retrieved. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hypothalamus play in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system?

It regulates hormonal functions via the pituitary gland. Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about acoustic encoding?

It involves encoding sounds. Signup and view all the answers

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, what occurs first in the emotional process?

Emotions arise simultaneously with physical reactions. Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitters are classified as emotions?

Serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes internalized emotions from externalized emotions?

Internalized emotions are based on internal stimuli, while externalized emotions originate from external stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What does the James-Lange theory emphasize about the relationship between physiological responses and emotions?

Emotional experiences are interpretations of physiological responses. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of emotions is primarily focused on subjective feelings?

Affective component Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the adrenal glands in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system?

To respond by releasing stress hormones into the blood. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a somatic emotion?

Rapid heartbeats during anxiety. Signup and view all the answers

What does the continuity principle in perception primarily help us understand?

How we perceive overlapping stimuli as a single object Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes perceptual constancy?

Recognizing familiar objects as stable despite changes in sensory input Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a binocular cue for depth perception?

Overlap Signup and view all the answers

What do binocular cues primarily rely on?

Distance between the two images perceived by both eyes Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about monocular cues?

They depend on one eye and include size and texture Signup and view all the answers

Which binocular cue indicates how much our eyes need to turn inward to focus on an object?

Convergence Signup and view all the answers

How does size perception relate to depth perception?

Larger images appear closer when compared to smaller objects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following influences auditory perception in assessing distance?

Clarity and intensity of sound Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of punishment in behavioral psychology?

It weakens the behavior it follows. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reinforcement schedules involves giving reinforcement every time a desired response is exhibited?

Continuous reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would fixed ratio reinforcement be applied?

Reinforcement is provided after every third response. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement schedule is most likely to maintain a behavior longer once it is established?

Intermittent reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes cognitive learning?

It involves processes like attention, perception, and reasoning. Signup and view all the answers

Which application of learning theories is associated with aversion therapy?

Addressing sexual paraphilia. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes variable interval reinforcement from fixed interval reinforcement?

Variable interval is based on random amounts of time passing. Signup and view all the answers

What is one common method used alongside shaping and chaining in individuals with mental retardation?

Positive reconditioning in nocturnal enuresis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected increase in intelligence levels due to environmental enrichment?

20-30 points Signup and view all the answers

Which intelligence test is designed for children aged 2-18 years?

Stanford Binet test Signup and view all the answers

In intelligence testing, which group typically performs better in language tasks?

Females Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of intelligence tests in education?

To direct educational efforts according to abilities Signup and view all the answers

How does achievement differ from capacity in the context of abilities?

Achievement is actual ability while capacity is potential ability Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Language Acquisition

Chomsky proposes that children possess a 'language acquisition device' (LAD), allowing them to learn the principles and structures of language.
Milestones for language development include:
- Babbling stage occurs between 3 to 4 months, leading to the first words by 12 months.
- At 1-2 years, children typically have a vocabulary of about 25 words.
- By age 3, children combine words into two-word sentences with increased vocabulary but limited use of grammar.
- By age 4, children can apply grammatical rules to their speech.

Memory & Intelligence

Memory encompasses the processes of acquiring, encoding, storing, and retrieving information.
Encoding can be:
- Semantic – understanding meaning.
- Acoustic – processing sounds.
- Visual – interpreting images.
Memory storage occurs over time and affects retrieval efficacy, comprising three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Retrieval involves recalling stored information, using cues that can enhance memory recall:
- Recall involves reproducing material without prompts.
- Recognition involves identifying previously learned information.
Enriched environments can boost intelligence levels, roughly by 20-30 points.
Key intelligence tests include:
- Stanford-Binet (ages 2-18).
- Wechsler scales for children and adults.
Observed differences in intelligence include:
- Gender – females excel in language, males in math.
- Geographic – slight IQ advantages in urban children.
Intelligence assessments serve various purposes: educational guidance, vocational selection, assessing impairments, and evaluating therapy effects.

Learning Theories

Learning produces lasting behavioral changes informed by experience.
Behavioral theories emphasize observable actions, highlighting punishment's role in decreasing unwanted behavior.
Reinforcement can be:
- Continuous – rewarded every time the desired action occurs.
- Intermittent – rewards given sporadically.
- Fixed/Variable ratio – based on a set response pattern.
- Fixed/Variable interval – based on time intervals between rewards.
Continuous reinforcement accelerates initial learning; intermittent reinforcement sustains long-term behavior patterns.
Cognitive theories consider learning as a mix of cognitive, social, and emotional processes, focusing on attention, reasoning, and understanding of information.

Emotion and Its Theories

Emotions are classified into internalized (e.g., mood) and externalized (e.g., anger).
Types of emotions comprise:
- Cognitive – related to thought processes (e.g., judgment).
- Affective – tied to feelings.
- Somatic – based on physical responses (e.g., heart rate).
Theories of emotion:
- Cannon-Bard – emotions arise independently of physiological changes.
- James-Lange – physiological reactions precede emotional experiences.
- Freud’s view connects emotional repression to mental illness.

Perception

Continuity principle helps recognize patterns in overlapping stimuli, creating a seamless perception of objects.
Perceptual constancy allows us to perceive familiar objects as unchanged despite variations in sensory input.
Depth perception relies on auditory cues (intensity, clarity, direction) and visual cues (binocular and monocular).
Binocular cues require both eyes for depth perception, with convergence (eye inward movement for focus) and retinal disparity (difference between images) being critical.
Monocular cues include size, texture, overlap, shading, and height, assisting in depth judgment using one eye, where larger shapes are perceived as closer.

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Description

Explore the key developmental milestones in language acquisition as proposed by Chomsky. This quiz covers stages from babbling to the first words spoken by children, providing insights into how infants develop their linguistic skills.