Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to Reid & Ng (1999), language not only translates power into influence but also performs what function?
According to Reid & Ng (1999), language not only translates power into influence but also performs what function?
- It statically reflects existing social hierarchies without impacting them.
- It passively documents historical power structures.
- It actively creates, maintains, and changes power dynamics. (correct)
- It obscures existing power dynamics, making them invisible.
In Dovidio et al.'s (1988) study, what critical factor significantly influenced the display of power behaviors between men and women?
In Dovidio et al.'s (1988) study, what critical factor significantly influenced the display of power behaviors between men and women?
- The participants' physical attractiveness.
- The gender-linked topics of discussion. (correct)
- The participants' ages.
- The participants' levels of education.
Brundidge et al. (2014) found that conservative bloggers, compared to liberal bloggers, tend to use simpler language and fewer integrative complexity arguments. What does 'integrative complexity' refer to in this context?
Brundidge et al. (2014) found that conservative bloggers, compared to liberal bloggers, tend to use simpler language and fewer integrative complexity arguments. What does 'integrative complexity' refer to in this context?
- The inclusion of a wide range of diverse sources in their writing.
- The ability to recognize multiple perspectives and synthesize them into cohesive arguments. (correct)
- The use of complex jargon and technical terms.
- The reliance on emotional appeals rather than logical reasoning.
Carli (1990) found that women's language becomes more tentative when conversing with men. What effect does this tentative language have on their influence in mixed-sex dyads?
Carli (1990) found that women's language becomes more tentative when conversing with men. What effect does this tentative language have on their influence in mixed-sex dyads?
According to Robinson & Reid, what was the original aim of Political Correctness (PC)?
According to Robinson & Reid, what was the original aim of Political Correctness (PC)?
Reid suggests that conspiracy theories arise particularly in contexts of social anxiety and uncertainty. Besides these contexts, what primary function do conspiracy theories perform for individuals?
Reid suggests that conspiracy theories arise particularly in contexts of social anxiety and uncertainty. Besides these contexts, what primary function do conspiracy theories perform for individuals?
According to lecture slides L11, which of French & Raven's types of power involves the ability to administer positive incentives for compliance?
According to lecture slides L11, which of French & Raven's types of power involves the ability to administer positive incentives for compliance?
Lakoff’s work, as presented in lecture 11, emphasizes that women's language is often marked by politeness, hedging, and intensifiers. What broader implication does Lakoff draw from these linguistic differences?
Lakoff’s work, as presented in lecture 11, emphasizes that women's language is often marked by politeness, hedging, and intensifiers. What broader implication does Lakoff draw from these linguistic differences?
According to Lewin, power is defined as:
According to Lewin, power is defined as:
Which type of power from French & Raven involves using threats or punishments?
Which type of power from French & Raven involves using threats or punishments?
Conversational dominance includes:
Conversational dominance includes:
According to the lecture, dominance hierarchies are:
According to the lecture, dominance hierarchies are:
Zimmerman & West’s research indicates that men:
Zimmerman & West’s research indicates that men:
Women may face a 'double bind' in language use, meaning:
Women may face a 'double bind' in language use, meaning:
According to the lectures, an example of corporate abuse of power would be:
According to the lectures, an example of corporate abuse of power would be:
Platow et al.’s work suggests that leaders maintain leadership legitimacy by:
Platow et al.’s work suggests that leaders maintain leadership legitimacy by:
Political Correctness (PC) is defined in the lectures as:
Political Correctness (PC) is defined in the lectures as:
Campbell & Manning's 'victimhood culture' refers to situations in which:
Campbell & Manning's 'victimhood culture' refers to situations in which:
According to the lectures, targeting high-status offenders for sanctions in PC culture is done to:
According to the lectures, targeting high-status offenders for sanctions in PC culture is done to:
Kleck & Strenta’s research suggests that individuals may:
Kleck & Strenta’s research suggests that individuals may:
Jordan & Kouchaki suggest victims are often perceived as:
Jordan & Kouchaki suggest victims are often perceived as:
Which 'dark triad' trait is NOT typically associated with virtuous victim signalling?
Which 'dark triad' trait is NOT typically associated with virtuous victim signalling?
Jagdeep et al. indicate that exposure to systematic bias narratives can:
Jagdeep et al. indicate that exposure to systematic bias narratives can:
Reid's work on Conspiracy Theories highlights that they serve similar psychological functions as rumors and stereotypes, including all of the following EXCEPT:
Reid's work on Conspiracy Theories highlights that they serve similar psychological functions as rumors and stereotypes, including all of the following EXCEPT:
Which of the following best describes the relationship between language and power, according to Reid & Ng (1999)?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between language and power, according to Reid & Ng (1999)?
In the context of conversational dominance, as discussed in Lecture 12, which of the following behaviors is MOST indicative of exerting control in a conversation?
In the context of conversational dominance, as discussed in Lecture 12, which of the following behaviors is MOST indicative of exerting control in a conversation?
According to Lakoff's research on gender and language use, what is a common characteristic of women's speech patterns?
According to Lakoff's research on gender and language use, what is a common characteristic of women's speech patterns?
According to the Power-Identity Model (Hogg & Reid), what is the correct order of stages?
According to the Power-Identity Model (Hogg & Reid), what is the correct order of stages?
In the context of Political Correctness (PC) as discussed in Lecture 17, what is considered a primary goal?
In the context of Political Correctness (PC) as discussed in Lecture 17, what is considered a primary goal?
According to Reid's lecture on conspiracy theories, what psychological bias contributes to resisting correction despite evidence to the contrary?
According to Reid's lecture on conspiracy theories, what psychological bias contributes to resisting correction despite evidence to the contrary?
How does the use of passive voice in language depoliticize power, as discussed in Lecture 11?
How does the use of passive voice in language depoliticize power, as discussed in Lecture 11?
According to Expectation States Theory, how do status cues (e.g., gender, expertise) influence conversational dominance?
According to Expectation States Theory, how do status cues (e.g., gender, expertise) influence conversational dominance?
According to Carli (1990) and readings on gender and language use, why might women adopt less assertive language?
According to Carli (1990) and readings on gender and language use, why might women adopt less assertive language?
What is meant by 'virtuous victimhood' as discussed in the context of identity politics?
What is meant by 'virtuous victimhood' as discussed in the context of identity politics?
In the context of DEI (Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion) programs, why might resentment, discomfort, or hostility arise, as indicated by Jagdeep et al.?
In the context of DEI (Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion) programs, why might resentment, discomfort, or hostility arise, as indicated by Jagdeep et al.?
According to lecture 18, motivated by dominance, status, and intergroup dynamics in perception of offense, sanctioning a high-status offender is most likely to:
According to lecture 18, motivated by dominance, status, and intergroup dynamics in perception of offense, sanctioning a high-status offender is most likely to:
Brundidge et al. discuss blogging and complexity. Which is generally true?
Brundidge et al. discuss blogging and complexity. Which is generally true?
What psychological function do rumours, stereotypes, and conspiracies have in common?
What psychological function do rumours, stereotypes, and conspiracies have in common?
How did Zimmerman & West research demonstrate male dominance in mixed-gender interaction?
How did Zimmerman & West research demonstrate male dominance in mixed-gender interaction?
Flashcards
Legitimate Power
Legitimate Power
Authority-based power derived from a formal position or title.
Coercive Power
Coercive Power
Power based on the ability to punish or threaten others.
Reward Power
Reward Power
Power based on the ability to provide rewards or incentives.
Referent Power
Referent Power
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Expert Power
Expert Power
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Informational Power
Informational Power
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Conversational Dominance
Conversational Dominance
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Dominance Hierarchies
Dominance Hierarchies
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Tentative language
Tentative language
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Double Bind (women)
Double Bind (women)
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Political Correctness (PC)
Political Correctness (PC)
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PC Language
PC Language
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Victimhood Culture
Victimhood Culture
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Virtuous Victimhood
Virtuous Victimhood
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Dark Triad traits
Dark Triad traits
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Conservatives (language)
Conservatives (language)
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Conspiracy theories
Conspiracy theories
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Abuse of Power
Abuse of Power
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Leader Emergence
Leader Emergence
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Conditions for power abuse
Conditions for power abuse
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Perception of Bias
Perception of Bias
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DEI Consequences
DEI Consequences
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Face-ism
Face-ism
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Leadership Stabilization
Leadership Stabilization
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DEI Backlash
DEI Backlash
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Study Notes
Lecture 11: Language and Power
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Explores the multifaceted relationships between language and power
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Power defined as the ability to produce intended outcomes or overcome resistance
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Power, according to Hobbes, is humanity's endless desire
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French & Raven classify power into legitimate, coercive, reward, referent, expert, and informational types
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Language can reflect power dynamics, with lower-status speakers using more tentative language
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Language creates power through conversational dominance, such as controlling speaking turns
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Language depoliticizes power by concealing agency through passive voice or generalizations
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Language routinizes power by reinforcing gender norms through androcentric language
Lecture 12: Hierarchies and Conversational Dominance
- Examines how dominance is established and maintained in conversations
- Conversational dominance includes interruptions, speaking time, and overall control
- Dominance hierarchies are common across species and may have evolutionary roots
- Expectation states theory suggests social status characteristics shape conversational dominance
- Rosa & Mazur's work links gaze behavior to conversational dominance
- Hierarchies involve collective acceptance and behavioral patterns within groups
Lecture 14: Gender and Language Use
- Focuses on how gender influences language and vice versa
- Lakoff's theory highlights tentativeness, politeness, and indirectness in women's speech
- Zimmerman & West's research shows men dominate conversations through interruptions
- Women face a double bind: assertiveness leading to social backlash or tentativeness leading to perceived incompetence
- Self-categorization theory indicates gender salience affects assertiveness in speech
Lecture 16: Leadership and Abuse of Power
- Analyzes leadership dynamics and the potential for abuse
- Abuse of power can manifest in corporate malfeasance, political corruption, or institutional settings
- Hogg & Reid's Power-Identity Model outlines leader emergence, stabilization, differentiation, and abuse
- Platow et al.'s work demonstrates how ingroup-oriented actions can secure leadership legitimacy
- Conditions like discretionary power and perceived threats may facilitate power abuse
- Examines historical and contemporary examples of leadership abuse
Lecture 17: Identity Politics (Part 1)
- Explores the role of identity in political discourse and control
- Political Correctness (PC) is defined as an ideological strategy for controlling discourse
- PC language involves gender-neutral terms and avoidance of essentializing terms
- Victimhood culture emphasizes moral status, ideological motivations, and third-party intervention
- Intergroup dynamics influence perceptions of offense and motivations for dominance or status
- Sanctions are often targeted at high-status offenders, to challenge the established social order
Lecture 18: Identity Politics (Part 2)
- Continues the exploration of identity politics with a focus on perceptions of bias and victimhood
- Kleck & Strenta's research reveals stigmatized individuals tend to perceive bias, whether real or imagined
- Virtuous victimhood suggests that victims are morally superior
- Dark Triad traits such as narcissism and Machiavellianism can influence victimhood signaling
- DEI (Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion) initiatives can have negative consequences like hostility or resentment
- Resistance to correction can occur in victim narrative, due to psychological biases to remain in that victim role
Cross-Lecture Themes
- Language as an instrument of power plays a central role in gender dynamics, identity politics, leadership, and dominance
- Social identity and status intricately connect to language and behavior as individuals navigate social hierarchies
- Ideological control and conflict are expressed through PC language, identity politics, and victimhood culture
- Leadership dynamics underlie the processes of emergence, stabilization, differentiation, and abuse of leadership power
- Perceptions, offense, and social judgment are strongly influenced by biases in shaping attitudes and intergroup relations
Associated Readings Summary
- Reid & Ng (1999): Language reflects, creates, depoliticizes, and routinizes power
- Dovidio et al. (1988): Gender-based differences in power behaviors
- Carli (1990): Women's language becomes more tentative when conversing with men
- Lakoff (1973): Defines women's speech markers
- Brundidge et al. (2014): Conservative bloggers use simpler language
- Robinson & Reid: Political Correctness (PC) aims at linguistic discrimination but is contested
- Reid: Conspiracy theories thrive in uncertainty, serving functions similar to stereotypes
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