Language Acquisition Theories Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the ability to memorize sounds and specific vocabulary referred to as?

  • Monitoring
  • Memorization (correct)
  • Schema
  • Fluency
  • What does the principle of Transfer-Appropriate Processing (TAP) emphasize?

  • Fluency in conversation
  • Recalling information in similar contexts (correct)
  • Learning grammar rules
  • Understanding background knowledge
  • Which theory suggests that all humans share an inherent set of grammatical principles?

  • Universal Grammar (correct)
  • Pragmatics
  • Community Language Learning
  • False Cognates
  • What does the term 'pragmatics' refer to in language study?

    <p>The study of how language is used in context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a false cognate?

    <p>A word that is spelled the same but has a different meaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of language learning, what does 'monitoring' refer to?

    <p>Checking in on students’ progress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'process writing' involve?

    <p>Editing and revising written work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an approach in language theory commonly understood as?

    <p>An alternative word for teaching method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the behaviorist approach to language development emphasize?

    <p>Imitation and positive reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main principle of Noam Chomsky's innatism?

    <p>All humans have innate language capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach focuses on learning through social interactions and environmental context?

    <p>Interactionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the DOGME approach in English Language Teaching (ELT)?

    <p>Interactive learning without materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the lexical approach prioritize in language teaching?

    <p>Using multi-word phrases for fluency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Engage-Study-Activate (ESA) model structure language learning?

    <p>Through emotional engagement followed by study and activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is based on repetition of sentences for language acquisition?

    <p>Audiolingualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the noticing hypothesis suggest about learning?

    <p>Nothing can be learned unless it is noticed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of integrated form-focused instruction (FFI)?

    <p>Integrating grammar focus within meaningful communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of field independent learners?

    <p>They analyze specific details and are good at problem-solving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does inductive learning involve?

    <p>Figuring out rules for themselves through exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes comprehensible input?

    <p>Clear and easily understood information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of field dependent learners?

    <p>They learn in large jumps and make random connections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does output refer to in language learning?

    <p>What the learner produces through speaking or writing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between deductive and inductive learning?

    <p>Deductive learning relies on clear rules, whereas inductive learning is based on figuring out rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by developmental readiness in language learning?

    <p>The stage at which a learner is ready to grasp complex structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Behaviorism

    • Learn by doing
    • Imitation and practice are key
    • B.F. Skinner's theory
    • Children learn by imitating language around them
    • Positive reinforcement solidifies learned language

    Innatist

    • Noam Chomsky's theory
    • Humans are born with language capabilities
    • Language development is inherent

    Interactionism

    • George Herbert Mead's approach
    • Language development occurs through social interaction
    • Interaction with the environment and social contexts are key

    Connectionism

    • Connecting previous knowledge with current knowledge
    • Associating things with words

    Audiolingualism

    • Students repeat sentences
    • Learning focuses on playing sentences, then repeating

    Suggestopedia

    • Georgi Lozanov developed it
    • Relaxed and comfortable learning environments help
    • Students more easily absorb information

    Lexical Approach

    • Dave Willis and Michael Lewis
    • Focus on multi-word chunks (phrases) not just grammar
    • Improve fluency

    Lexical Phrases

    • Phrases, like "make a cake," sound more natural
    • Help with fluency and natural-sounding language

    Input Processing

    • How learners understand and interpret language
    • Emotional barriers (like anxiety) can affect learning

    Affective Filter

    • Concept in Krashen's theory
    • Emotional factors can affect language acquisition
    • Anxiety and low motivation can hinder learning

    Comprehensible Language

    • Second language learners need input slightly above their level
    • Better understanding of new language structure

    Hot Air Balloon Debate

    • Debate where speakers try to win approval
    • Participants decide who will leave

    Accuracy

    • Grammar translation focusing on correct sentences
    • Mother tongue to L2 translation
    • Focus on specific grammar or vocabulary

    Presentation, Practice, Production (PPP)

    • Presentation: Teacher introduces new material/task.
    • Practice: Developing the activity through repetition.
    • Production: Students use new knowledge.

    Engage, Study, Activate (ESA)

    • Engage: Emotional engagement of students.
    • Study: Learning a part of the learning process.
    • Activate: Using language knowledge.

    DOGME (ELT)

    • Teaching approach focusing entirely on interaction between teacher and student.
    • No textbooks, tech or other materials used during discussions

    Integrated Form-Focused Instruction (FFI)

    • Grammatical form within meaningful communication

    Isolated Form-Focused Instruction (SFFI)

    • Focuses on grammar and language forms separately

    Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

    • Lev Vygotsky
    • Children can reach higher levels with support and materials
    • Learners develop higher understanding and performance with help from knowledgeable people

    Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH)

    • Errors occur when there are differences between languages
    • Transfer from L1 is a factor

    Task-Based Learning (TBL)

    • Students complete tasks to learn language
    • Practical application of language

    Total Physical Response (TPR)

    • Using the body to learn language
    • Primarily through tasks and activities

    Time In, Time Out (TITO)

    • Methodology for timekeeping, project management

    Modern Language Aptitude Test (MLAT) and Pimsleur Language Aptitude Test (PLAB)

    • Measure language aptitude
    • Aspects include memorizing sounds and learning grammar rules.

    Fluency

    • Smooth speaking without pauses using correct grammar.
    • Skills in grammar translation

    Universal Grammar

    • Humans share inherent grammatical principles
    • Guiding language acquisition

    Schema

    • Background knowledge about the world
    • Previously acquired knowledge

    False Cognates

    • Words that sound the same in different languages but have different meanings.
    • Need to be careful not to confuse them.

    Monitoring

    • Checking student progress during learning

    Cognitive Perspective

    • Learning focused on mental processes
    • Thinking, remembering, understanding, without a specific module

    Approach (Linguistics)

    • Term for theory in explaining language acquisition
    • Describing how people learn and need
    • How/what needed to master language

    Method (Linguistics)

    • How an approach is used in the classroom
    • Steps, actions & techniques for instruction

    Procedure (Linguistics)

    • A series of steps followed during learning
    • Doing this, then doing that, to learn

    Technique (Linguistics)

    • A task or activity used in learning
    • A single action rather than several steps

    Transfer-Appropriate Processing (TAP)

    • Information best recalled in similar contexts
    • Authentic learning environment better

    Paraphrasing

    • Expressing meaning using different words
    • Greater clarity in communication

    Pragmatics

    • How language is used within context
    • Includes directness, politeness, deference

    Second Language Application/Monitor Model (Krashen)

    Method influenced by Chomsky's ideas. Learning and rules, and observing mistakes

    Process Writing

    • Editing and revisions to produce writing or editing tasks

    Community Language Learning

    • Students sit in a circle and teacher helps with translation/suggestions
    • Conversation recordings for future analysis

    Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL)

    • Teaching subjects in another language (not L1)
    • Content and language learning integrated

    Content-Based Teaching (2 for 1)

    • Combining content and language learning
    • Ex: learning linguistics while practicing English

    Sociocultural Theory

    • Language learning influenced by social interaction
    • Learning happens in social and cultural contexts

    Automaticity

    • Fluent use of language due to frequent practice

    Speaking as preparation

    • Activities to prepare for speaking
    • Activate previous knowledge

    Intensive Reading

    • Focused, goal-oriented reading
    • Achievement over pleasure

    Extensive Reading

    • Fun, leisure reading outside the classroom.
    • Ex: podcasts, articles, books

    Intensive Listening

    • Focused listening for specific goals, not just enjoyment

    Extensive Listening

    • Recreational listening, like podcasts or radio

    Declarative Knowledge

    • Conscious awareness of facts or rules; verbalized but not always applied fluently

    Procedural Knowledge

    • Applying knowledge, like using grammar rules, automatically (usually practiced until unconscious)

    Top-Down Processing

    • Understanding general context before details

    Bottom-Up Processing

    • Understanding details first to grasp the general context

    Field-Independent Learners

    • Focus on specifics, analyzing context

    Field-Dependent Learners

    • Focus on broader context, less detail

    Order of Acquisition

    Stages of language acquisition in different cultures

    Output

    • What a learner produces through speaking or writing/practice

    Input

    • Language exposure through listening and reading

    Comprehensible Input

    • Understandable language learners easily comprehend

    Incomprehensible Input

    • Difficult to understand language

    Restructuring

    • Change in learners' language understanding/use

    Information Processing

    How learners acquire and use language through attention and practice

    Competition Model

    • Language learned by looking at language structure and meaning

    Patchwork Model

    Integration of skills in learning

    Integrating Skills

    Combining various language skills in learning

    Listening for Detail

    Specific skill of scanning/reading text for specific information

    Error Analysis

    • Identifying errors in language

    Listen for a gist

    • General understanding of text, specific language points
    • Analytical reading, by finding relevant phrases & important words

    Skimming

    • Focusing on main ideas when reading

    Ethnography

    • Observing teaching/learning in classrooms without specific rules

    Receptive Skills

    • Meaning extraction from text; reading and listening

    Productive Skills

    • Producing language

    Immersion System

    • Language used in different subjects or topics
    • 2 language usage for instruction example

    Compensation Strategies

    • Finding ways to communicate despite knowledge gap

    Inferencing

    • Finding meanings from clues and prior knowledge

    Scaffolding

    • Support provided by more knowledgeable people in learning

    Integrated phrases

    • Pronunciation and other language aspects practiced naturally.

    L1 Interference

    Confusion when using 2 languages

    Summative Feedback

    • Final grade based on overall learning

    Formative Feedback

    • Feedback during the learning process for better learning

    Online Correction

    • Immediate feedback to learners

    Offline Correction

    • Feedback after the event to avoid disrupting learning

    Modeling

    • Demonstrating or presenting an example
    • Students can learn by example

    Product Writing/Approach

    • Presenting a sample of the writing to learners to teach them style

    Intrinsic motivation

    • Learners' internal desire to learn

    Extrinsic motivation

    • Learning motivated externally(rewards or goals)

    Metacognitive Strategies

    • Planning learning (notes, homework) and better understanding

    Cognitive Strategies

    • Processing information

    Perceptual Preferences

    • How people experience and process the world sensory or movement

    Subtractive Bilingualism

    • Second language acquisition negatively affects knowledge of first language

    Multiple Intelligences

    • Diverse forms of intelligence (linguistic, logical, visual)

    Corpus Linguistics

    • Collection of language samples, used to study language or learn language

    Signposting

    • Guiding learners through material to show the pathway.

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    Description

    Explore various theories of language acquisition ranging from behaviorism to suggestopedia. This quiz covers foundational concepts from notable theorists like B.F. Skinner, Noam Chomsky, and George Herbert Mead. Test your understanding of how language learning occurs through imitation, inherent capabilities, and social interactions.

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