Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the ability to memorize sounds and specific vocabulary referred to as?
What is the ability to memorize sounds and specific vocabulary referred to as?
What does the principle of Transfer-Appropriate Processing (TAP) emphasize?
What does the principle of Transfer-Appropriate Processing (TAP) emphasize?
Which theory suggests that all humans share an inherent set of grammatical principles?
Which theory suggests that all humans share an inherent set of grammatical principles?
What does the term 'pragmatics' refer to in language study?
What does the term 'pragmatics' refer to in language study?
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What is a false cognate?
What is a false cognate?
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In the context of language learning, what does 'monitoring' refer to?
In the context of language learning, what does 'monitoring' refer to?
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What does 'process writing' involve?
What does 'process writing' involve?
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What is an approach in language theory commonly understood as?
What is an approach in language theory commonly understood as?
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What does the behaviorist approach to language development emphasize?
What does the behaviorist approach to language development emphasize?
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What is the main principle of Noam Chomsky's innatism?
What is the main principle of Noam Chomsky's innatism?
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Which approach focuses on learning through social interactions and environmental context?
Which approach focuses on learning through social interactions and environmental context?
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What characterizes the DOGME approach in English Language Teaching (ELT)?
What characterizes the DOGME approach in English Language Teaching (ELT)?
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What does the lexical approach prioritize in language teaching?
What does the lexical approach prioritize in language teaching?
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How does the Engage-Study-Activate (ESA) model structure language learning?
How does the Engage-Study-Activate (ESA) model structure language learning?
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Which method is based on repetition of sentences for language acquisition?
Which method is based on repetition of sentences for language acquisition?
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What does the noticing hypothesis suggest about learning?
What does the noticing hypothesis suggest about learning?
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What is the focus of integrated form-focused instruction (FFI)?
What is the focus of integrated form-focused instruction (FFI)?
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What is characteristic of field independent learners?
What is characteristic of field independent learners?
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What does inductive learning involve?
What does inductive learning involve?
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What describes comprehensible input?
What describes comprehensible input?
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What is a defining feature of field dependent learners?
What is a defining feature of field dependent learners?
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What does output refer to in language learning?
What does output refer to in language learning?
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What is the difference between deductive and inductive learning?
What is the difference between deductive and inductive learning?
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What is meant by developmental readiness in language learning?
What is meant by developmental readiness in language learning?
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Study Notes
Behaviorism
- Learn by doing
- Imitation and practice are key
- B.F. Skinner's theory
- Children learn by imitating language around them
- Positive reinforcement solidifies learned language
Innatist
- Noam Chomsky's theory
- Humans are born with language capabilities
- Language development is inherent
Interactionism
- George Herbert Mead's approach
- Language development occurs through social interaction
- Interaction with the environment and social contexts are key
Connectionism
- Connecting previous knowledge with current knowledge
- Associating things with words
Audiolingualism
- Students repeat sentences
- Learning focuses on playing sentences, then repeating
Suggestopedia
- Georgi Lozanov developed it
- Relaxed and comfortable learning environments help
- Students more easily absorb information
Lexical Approach
- Dave Willis and Michael Lewis
- Focus on multi-word chunks (phrases) not just grammar
- Improve fluency
Lexical Phrases
- Phrases, like "make a cake," sound more natural
- Help with fluency and natural-sounding language
Input Processing
- How learners understand and interpret language
- Emotional barriers (like anxiety) can affect learning
Affective Filter
- Concept in Krashen's theory
- Emotional factors can affect language acquisition
- Anxiety and low motivation can hinder learning
Comprehensible Language
- Second language learners need input slightly above their level
- Better understanding of new language structure
Hot Air Balloon Debate
- Debate where speakers try to win approval
- Participants decide who will leave
Accuracy
- Grammar translation focusing on correct sentences
- Mother tongue to L2 translation
- Focus on specific grammar or vocabulary
Presentation, Practice, Production (PPP)
- Presentation: Teacher introduces new material/task.
- Practice: Developing the activity through repetition.
- Production: Students use new knowledge.
Engage, Study, Activate (ESA)
- Engage: Emotional engagement of students.
- Study: Learning a part of the learning process.
- Activate: Using language knowledge.
DOGME (ELT)
- Teaching approach focusing entirely on interaction between teacher and student.
- No textbooks, tech or other materials used during discussions
Integrated Form-Focused Instruction (FFI)
- Grammatical form within meaningful communication
Isolated Form-Focused Instruction (SFFI)
- Focuses on grammar and language forms separately
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
- Lev Vygotsky
- Children can reach higher levels with support and materials
- Learners develop higher understanding and performance with help from knowledgeable people
Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH)
- Errors occur when there are differences between languages
- Transfer from L1 is a factor
Task-Based Learning (TBL)
- Students complete tasks to learn language
- Practical application of language
Total Physical Response (TPR)
- Using the body to learn language
- Primarily through tasks and activities
Time In, Time Out (TITO)
- Methodology for timekeeping, project management
Modern Language Aptitude Test (MLAT) and Pimsleur Language Aptitude Test (PLAB)
- Measure language aptitude
- Aspects include memorizing sounds and learning grammar rules.
Fluency
- Smooth speaking without pauses using correct grammar.
- Skills in grammar translation
Universal Grammar
- Humans share inherent grammatical principles
- Guiding language acquisition
Schema
- Background knowledge about the world
- Previously acquired knowledge
False Cognates
- Words that sound the same in different languages but have different meanings.
- Need to be careful not to confuse them.
Monitoring
- Checking student progress during learning
Cognitive Perspective
- Learning focused on mental processes
- Thinking, remembering, understanding, without a specific module
Approach (Linguistics)
- Term for theory in explaining language acquisition
- Describing how people learn and need
- How/what needed to master language
Method (Linguistics)
- How an approach is used in the classroom
- Steps, actions & techniques for instruction
Procedure (Linguistics)
- A series of steps followed during learning
- Doing this, then doing that, to learn
Technique (Linguistics)
- A task or activity used in learning
- A single action rather than several steps
Transfer-Appropriate Processing (TAP)
- Information best recalled in similar contexts
- Authentic learning environment better
Paraphrasing
- Expressing meaning using different words
- Greater clarity in communication
Pragmatics
- How language is used within context
- Includes directness, politeness, deference
Second Language Application/Monitor Model (Krashen)
Method influenced by Chomsky's ideas. Learning and rules, and observing mistakes
Process Writing
- Editing and revisions to produce writing or editing tasks
Community Language Learning
- Students sit in a circle and teacher helps with translation/suggestions
- Conversation recordings for future analysis
Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL)
- Teaching subjects in another language (not L1)
- Content and language learning integrated
Content-Based Teaching (2 for 1)
- Combining content and language learning
- Ex: learning linguistics while practicing English
Sociocultural Theory
- Language learning influenced by social interaction
- Learning happens in social and cultural contexts
Automaticity
- Fluent use of language due to frequent practice
Speaking as preparation
- Activities to prepare for speaking
- Activate previous knowledge
Intensive Reading
- Focused, goal-oriented reading
- Achievement over pleasure
Extensive Reading
- Fun, leisure reading outside the classroom.
- Ex: podcasts, articles, books
Intensive Listening
- Focused listening for specific goals, not just enjoyment
Extensive Listening
- Recreational listening, like podcasts or radio
Declarative Knowledge
- Conscious awareness of facts or rules; verbalized but not always applied fluently
Procedural Knowledge
- Applying knowledge, like using grammar rules, automatically (usually practiced until unconscious)
Top-Down Processing
- Understanding general context before details
Bottom-Up Processing
- Understanding details first to grasp the general context
Field-Independent Learners
- Focus on specifics, analyzing context
Field-Dependent Learners
- Focus on broader context, less detail
Order of Acquisition
Stages of language acquisition in different cultures
Output
- What a learner produces through speaking or writing/practice
Input
- Language exposure through listening and reading
Comprehensible Input
- Understandable language learners easily comprehend
Incomprehensible Input
- Difficult to understand language
Restructuring
- Change in learners' language understanding/use
Information Processing
How learners acquire and use language through attention and practice
Competition Model
- Language learned by looking at language structure and meaning
Patchwork Model
Integration of skills in learning
Integrating Skills
Combining various language skills in learning
Listening for Detail
Specific skill of scanning/reading text for specific information
Error Analysis
- Identifying errors in language
Listen for a gist
- General understanding of text, specific language points
- Analytical reading, by finding relevant phrases & important words
Skimming
- Focusing on main ideas when reading
Ethnography
- Observing teaching/learning in classrooms without specific rules
Receptive Skills
- Meaning extraction from text; reading and listening
Productive Skills
- Producing language
Immersion System
- Language used in different subjects or topics
- 2 language usage for instruction example
Compensation Strategies
- Finding ways to communicate despite knowledge gap
Inferencing
- Finding meanings from clues and prior knowledge
Scaffolding
- Support provided by more knowledgeable people in learning
Integrated phrases
- Pronunciation and other language aspects practiced naturally.
L1 Interference
Confusion when using 2 languages
Summative Feedback
- Final grade based on overall learning
Formative Feedback
- Feedback during the learning process for better learning
Online Correction
- Immediate feedback to learners
Offline Correction
- Feedback after the event to avoid disrupting learning
Modeling
- Demonstrating or presenting an example
- Students can learn by example
Product Writing/Approach
- Presenting a sample of the writing to learners to teach them style
Intrinsic motivation
- Learners' internal desire to learn
Extrinsic motivation
- Learning motivated externally(rewards or goals)
Metacognitive Strategies
- Planning learning (notes, homework) and better understanding
Cognitive Strategies
- Processing information
Perceptual Preferences
- How people experience and process the world sensory or movement
Subtractive Bilingualism
- Second language acquisition negatively affects knowledge of first language
Multiple Intelligences
- Diverse forms of intelligence (linguistic, logical, visual)
Corpus Linguistics
- Collection of language samples, used to study language or learn language
Signposting
- Guiding learners through material to show the pathway.
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Description
Explore various theories of language acquisition ranging from behaviorism to suggestopedia. This quiz covers foundational concepts from notable theorists like B.F. Skinner, Noam Chomsky, and George Herbert Mead. Test your understanding of how language learning occurs through imitation, inherent capabilities, and social interactions.
