Laboratory Equipment: Autoclave and Centrifuge
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Questions and Answers

Research-grade autoclaves are used to sterilize lab instruments, glassware, culture media, and ______.

liquid media

Laboratory centrifuges work by the ______ principle, which uses centripetal acceleration to separate substances.

sedimentation

Differential centrifugation is often used to separate certain ______ from whole cells.

organelles

Isopycnic centrifugation is employed to isolate ______ such as DNA.

<p>nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microcentrifuges are devices designed for small tubes ranging from 0.2 ml to ______ ml.

<p>2.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clinical centrifuges are moderate-speed devices used for clinical applications like ______ collection tubes.

<p>blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Many types of laboratory centrifuges are refrigerated and ______ regulated due to the heat generated during operation.

<p>temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

The load in a laboratory centrifuge must be carefully ______.

<p>balanced</p> Signup and view all the answers

Small differences in mass can result in a large force ______ when the rotor is at high speed.

<p>imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some centrifuges have an automatic rotor imbalance detection ______.

<p>feature</p> Signup and view all the answers

A shaker is a piece of laboratory equipment used to ______, blend, or agitate substances.

<p>mix</p> Signup and view all the answers

A vortex shaker is used to shake or mix ______ substances.

<p>small</p> Signup and view all the answers

An orbital shaker has a circular shaking motion and operates at a slow ______.

<p>speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

A platform shaker has a table board that oscillates ______.

<p>horizontally</p> Signup and view all the answers

The magnetic stirrer has lately come to replace the ______, but it is still preferred for large volumes.

<p>shaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

Orbital shakers do not create vibrations and produce low ______ compared to other shakers.

<p>heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is recommended to use this feature several hours before adding more than ______ kg of unfrozen food to the freezer.

<p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

Manual Defrost units are also referred to as ______ units.

<p>cyclic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Advances in automatic defrosting technology were introduced in the ______s.

<p>1950</p> Signup and view all the answers

Refrigerators made today are much more efficient than those made in the ______s.

<p>1930</p> Signup and view all the answers

A small device called a ______ acts like a thermostat to shut off the heating element during defrosting.

<p>defrost limiter</p> Signup and view all the answers

An incubator shaker can be considered a mix of an incubator and a ______.

<p>shaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

A refrigerator maintains a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of ______.

<p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rate at which oxygen diffuses from the gaseous phase into the shaken liquid phase is too ______ to support cell growth.

<p>slow</p> Signup and view all the answers

Refrigeration is an essential ______ storage technique around the world.

<p>food</p> Signup and view all the answers

Artificial refrigeration began in the mid-______s.

<p>1750</p> Signup and view all the answers

The optimal temperature range for perishable food storage is ______ °C (37 to 41 °F).

<p>3 to 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first cooling systems for food involved ______.

<p>ice</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first commercial ice-making machine was invented in ______.

<p>1854</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 1913, refrigerators for home use were ______.

<p>invented</p> Signup and view all the answers

To grow yeast or bacteria in the laboratory, an investigator must ensure proper ______ in the incubator shaker.

<p>shaking</p> Signup and view all the answers

The introduction of ______ in the 1920s expanded the refrigerator market.

<p>Freon</p> Signup and view all the answers

The United States Food and Drug Administration recommends that the refrigerator be kept at or below ______ °C (40 °F).

<p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

Home freezers were introduced as separate compartments in ______.

<p>1940</p> Signup and view all the answers

An incubator shaker maintains optimal conditions for incubating ______ or DNA replications.

<p>microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

The freezer-over-______ style became common since the 1940s.

<p>refrigerator</p> Signup and view all the answers

A device that maintains a temperature below the freezing point of water is called a ______.

<p>freezer</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the early 1950s, most refrigerators were ______.

<p>white</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the late 1990s, ______ steel became popular for refrigerators.

<p>stainless</p> Signup and view all the answers

Food stored at or below −18 °C (0 °F) is safe ______.

<p>indefinitely</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freezer units are used in both households and in ______.

<p>commerce</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Research-Grade Autoclave

A specialized type of autoclave used in research, education, and industry for sterilizing laboratory equipment, culture media, and liquids.

Laboratory Centrifuge

A laboratory equipment that spins liquid samples at high speeds to separate components based on their density.

Differential Centrifugation

A type of centrifugation used to isolate specific organelles from whole cells for further analysis.

Isopycnic Centrifugation

A type of centrifugation used to isolate nucleic acids like DNA based on their density.

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Sucrose Gradient Centrifugation

A type of centrifugation used to purify enveloped viruses and ribosomes, and also to separate cell organelles from crude cellular extracts.

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Microcentrifuges

Small laboratory centrifuges designed for microtubes and 96-well plates, characterized by compact design and high speed.

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Clinical Centrifuges

Laboratory centrifuges used for clinical purposes, typically for separating blood components.

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Shaker (laboratory)

A laboratory device used to mix, blend, or agitate substances in tubes or flasks by shaking them.

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Platform Shaker

A type of shaker that utilizes a horizontally oscillating platform to stir liquids in various containers.

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Orbital Shaker

A type of shaker that has a circular motion with a slow speed, suitable for culturing microbes and general mixing.

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Vortex Shaker

A type of shaker that utilizes a small platform that shakes vials when turned on.

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Balanced Load in Centrifuges

The load in a centrifuge must be balanced to prevent damage and injury.

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Automatic Rotor Imbalance Detection

A safety feature in some centrifuges that automatically stops the run if an imbalance is detected.

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Checking Centrifuge Mechanisms

Before using a centrifuge, it is crucial to check the rotor and lid locking mechanisms.

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Magnetic Stirrer

A device that uses a magnetic field to stir solutions, often used in place of a shaker.

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Fast Freeze Feature

A feature in some freezers that automatically lowers the temperature to quickly freeze newly added food. This prevents the freezer from warming up significantly, ensuring optimal freezing conditions.

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Freezer Defrosting

Early freezers required periodic defrosting to remove accumulated ice crystals caused by condensation from opening the door. This ice build-up hindered the freezer's efficiency.

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Automatic Defrost

A system found in modern freezers that automatically defrosts the freezer compartment to prevent ice build-up. This eliminates the need for manual defrosting.

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Defrost Limiter

A component found in some freezers that regulates the defrosting process. It prevents the freezer from getting too warm by shutting off the heating element before the timed defrost cycle ends.

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Energy Efficiency

The process of using less energy to achieve the same or better results. Modern refrigerators are much more energy-efficient than older models due to advancements in technology.

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Incubator shaker

A piece of laboratory equipment that combines the functions of an incubator and a shaker, providing both controlled temperature and shaking for optimal growth conditions of microorganisms like bacteria or yeast. It helps distribute nutrients and oxygen evenly, promoting efficient cell growth.

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Thermal shaker for test tubes

A type of incubator shaker that specifically caters to test tubes, typically used in microbiology research or for growing bacterial cultures.

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Refrigerator

A common appliance used in homes and businesses to preserve food by maintaining a cold temperature. It slows down the growth of bacteria that cause spoilage, extending the shelf life of perishable items.

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Refrigeration

The process of reducing the temperature of a space or an object below the surrounding temperature. This is often achieved by using a refrigeration system that transfers heat from the inside to the outside.

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Freezer

A type of refrigeration unit specifically designed to maintain a temperature below the freezing point of water. It is used for long-term storage of food and other items.

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Icebox

A device that uses ice to maintain a cool temperature. It was a common household appliance before the advent of the refrigerator.

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Optimal temperature range for perishable food storage

The optimal temperature range for storing perishable food in a refrigerator, ensuring optimal quality and preventing excessive bacterial growth. This range is generally between 3 to 5 degrees Celsius (37 to 41 degrees Fahrenheit).

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Oxygen diffusion rate

The rate at which oxygen diffuses from the air into a liquid medium. This is an important factor in microbiology, as microorganisms require oxygen for respiration and growth.

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Oxygen consumption rate

The rate at which microorganisms, such as bacteria and yeast, consume oxygen during their metabolic processes. This rate is dependent on factors like the type of organism and the growth conditions.

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Mid-exponential phase of growth

A phase in the growth of microorganisms where the population is increasing exponentially. This is characterized by a rapid increase in cell numbers and a high oxygen consumption rate.

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Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle

The process of using a refrigerant to remove heat from an enclosed space, typically used in refrigerators and freezers.

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Home Freezer Unit

A type of refrigerator that has a separate compartment for freezing food. These compartments significantly expanded the possibilities for storing food.

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Impact of Freon on Refrigerator Market

The introduction of Freon in the 1920s greatly expanded the refrigerator market during the 1930s. This was a major breakthrough.

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Shift from Freezer-Over-Refrigerator Design

The freezer-over-refrigerator style was the standard design for many years. However, the invention of side-by-side refrigerators disrupted this trend.

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Impact of Refrigerators on Food Preservation

The development of refrigerators made it possible to keep food fresh for longer periods, allowing for improved food storage and reduced waste.

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Impact of Freezers on Food Shopping

Freezers enabled consumers to buy perishable food in bulk, allowing for greater flexibility in meal planning and reducing the need for frequent grocery shopping.

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Evolution of Refrigerator Design

From the 1950s onwards, refrigerators have become more than just functional appliances. They have been redesigned to incorporate color and style.

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Color Coordination in Consumer Goods

The Color Marketing Group has been involved in coordinating the colors of appliances and other consumer goods since 1961. This effort aims to achieve harmony in design aesthetics.

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Food Safety and Freezing Temperatures

Food stored at or below -18°C (0°F) is safe indefinitely. This temperature effectively prevents the growth of microorganisms and spoilage.

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Applications of Freezer Units

The use of freezer units is widespread, extending beyond households to industries and businesses. This highlights their essential role in preserving food and other materials.

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Study Notes

Autoclave

  • An autoclave is a machine used for scientific processes requiring elevated temperatures and pressures.
  • It's used for sterilization before surgical procedures.
  • Autoclaves use pressurized saturated steam at 121°C (250°F) for 30-60 minutes.
  • The name "autoclave" comes from Greek and Latin, meaning a self-locking device.
  • It's widely used in microbiology, mycology, and medicine to sterilize equipment.
  • Autoclaves vary in size and function based on the items being sterilized.

Laboratory Centrifuge

  • A centrifuge spins liquid samples at high speed to separate substances based on density.
  • There are different types of centrifuges for various applications.
  • Differential centrifugation separates organelles.
  • Isopycnic centrifugation isolates nucleic acids.
  • Sucrose gradient centrifugation purifies enveloped viruses and organelles.
  • Microcentrifuges are used for small tubes and microtubes (up to 96 well plates).
  • Clinical centrifuges are used for blood collection.
  • Multipurpose high-speed centrifuges work with various tube sizes and samples.
  • Ultracentrifuges are used for analytical and preparative models.
  • Centrifuges often include temperature regulation or refrigeration due to heat generated.
  • Balancing the load is crucial to prevent damage and potential injury.

Shaker (Laboratory)

  • A laboratory shaker mixes, blends, or agitates substances in tubes or flasks.
  • Shakers use oscillating boards to move the containers.
  • Magnetic stirrers are an alternative, especially for large volumes.
  • Vortex shakers are small devices used to mix small vials.
  • Platform shakers use a table board that oscillates, holding beakers, flasks, etc.
  • Orbital shakers use a circular shaking motion and are suitable for many applications.
  • Incubator shakers are combined incubators and shakers, used to maintain temperature and mix samples.

Refrigerator

  • A refrigerator is a commercial and household appliance maintaining a lower temperature than the surrounding environment.
  • It uses a heat pump to transfer heat from inside to outside to keep the inside cool.
  • The optimal temperature range is 3-5 °C (37-41 °F).
  • Original cooling methods involved ice.
  • Freezers are similar devices that maintain a temperature below the freezing point of water.
  • Freezers are often used for long-term storage of biologicial samples.

Freezer

  • Freezers are used in households, industry, and commerce to maintain food or samples at temperatures below -18°C (0°F) for indefinite storage.
  • Freezers maintain temperatures from -23°C to -18°C.
  • Some have automatice defrosting features or systems for removing frost.
  • Some freezers contain water dispensers or automatic ice makers, or may have cabinets built for specific uses.
  • The different types of freezers also include ultra-low temperature (ULT) freezers used for storing biological samples at very low temperatures (-80 to -86 °C).

Incubator

  • An incubator is used for biological applications and maintaining conditions that are optimal for the growth of microbes or cells.
  • Incubators maintain appropriate temperatures, humidity, gases (like CO2).
  • They're usually insulated chambers with regulated temperature and humidity and can facilitate the growth of cells or microorganisms.
  • Some can be designed to regulate gases, mix samples automatically, or use a heating system.

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Description

This quiz covers two essential laboratory devices: the autoclave and the centrifuge. Learn about the operational principles, uses, and variations of these instruments in scientific processes. Ideal for students in biology or medical-related fields.

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