Lab No. 5: Blood Transfusion Reactions

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson
Download our mobile app to listen on the go
Get App

Questions and Answers

What are the two main blood group systems that can cause transfusion reactions?

The O-A-B and Rh systems.

What type of antibodies does type A blood contain?

Type A blood contains anti-B antibodies.

What happens to red blood cells during a transfusion reaction?

They undergo clumping and hydrolysis, losing their functions.

What is the significance of the presence or absence of Rh antigens in blood types?

<p>Rh+ blood has Rh antigens, while Rh- blood does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of antibodies are present in type O blood?

<p>Type O blood contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do antigens play in blood transfusion reactions?

<p>Antigens on red blood cells trigger antibody responses that can lead to reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a blood group kit be helpful in emergency medicine?

<p>It allows quick identification of a patient's blood type to ensure safe transfusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of transfusing incompatible blood types?

<p>It can lead to acute hemolytic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to know an individual's blood type?

<p>Knowing one's blood type is crucial for safe blood transfusions and can influence medical decisions in emergencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Could knowing your own blood type impact your health?

<p>Yes, knowing your blood type can inform dietary choices and lifestyle adjustments, as well as risk assessment for certain diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the materials required to determine blood groups?

<p>Materials needed include anti-A, anti-B, anti-D reagents, a glass slide, a dropper, and a lancet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the procedure by which a blood group test is done.

<p>The procedure involves adding specific anti-sera to a glass slide, collecting a blood sample from the fingertip, and mixing it with the reagents to observe reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are antigen-antibody reactions?

<p>Antigen-antibody reactions occur when antibodies bind to specific antigens present on the surface of cells, leading to immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of thrombin in blood clotting?

<p>Thrombin is essential for converting fibrinogen into fibrin, forming the structural framework of a blood clot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do intrinsic and extrinsic pathways differ in blood clotting?

<p>The intrinsic pathway is activated by foreign surfaces during vascular damage, while the extrinsic pathway is initiated by tissue damage exposing collagen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does prolonged clotting time indicate?

<p>Prolonged clotting time can indicate a deficiency or dysfunction of clotting factors like prothrombin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of measuring bleeding time (BT) in a volunteer?

<p>To assess the blood vessel constriction and platelet action in stopping bleeding without clot formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the normal ranges for clotting time (PT) and bleeding time (BT)?

<p>Clotting time (PT) normal range is 6-10 minutes and bleeding time (BT) normal range is 2-5 minutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What steps must be taken to ensure a volunteer is eligible for bleeding and clotting time tests?

<p>The volunteer must not have liver diseases and should not be on anticoagulant medications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Duke's method for bleeding time, what is done every 30 seconds?

<p>The volunteer wipes blood on the corresponding time mark on the filter paper.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of the endpoint in clotting time tests.

<p>The endpoint signifies the formation of a clot, which is crucial for determining the clotting time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is used to monitor clotting time (PT) via a capillary tube?

<p>The capillary tube fills automatically with blood and is periodically broken to check for clot formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor might significantly alter the results of bleeding time tests?

<p>Anticoagulant medications can significantly affect the results of bleeding time tests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the slide method for clotting time, how often should blood be pulled up to check for clot formation?

<p>Every 30 seconds, the blood should be pulled up with a lancet tip or needle syringe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conditions should be disclosed to a specialist before a BT test?

<p>Any medications, supplements, or herbs being taken should be disclosed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do green and leafy vegetables affect clotting time?

<p>A diet full of green and leafy vegetables may prolong clotting time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal platelet count range in humans?

<p>The normal range of platelets is typically between 150,000 and 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary roles of platelets in the process of hemostasis?

<p>Platelets help in the formation of a temporary plug at the site of injury and release chemicals to promote clotting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the main types of clot formed during the clotting process.

<p>The two main types of clot are the primary clot and the secondary clot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Blood Type Antigens

Surface molecules on red blood cells (RBCs) that trigger immune responses if incompatible blood types are mixed.

ABO Blood Group System

A classification of blood types based on the presence or absence of A and/or B antigens on red blood cells.

Blood Type A

Possesses A antigens on red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.

Blood Type B

Possesses B antigens on red blood cells and anti-A antibodies in the plasma.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blood Type AB

Possesses both A and B antigens on red blood cells and neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in the plasma.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blood Type O

Possesses neither A nor B antigens on red blood cells and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rh Blood Group

Another important blood typing system, focusing on the presence or absence of the Rh D antigen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Transfusion Reaction

An immunological reaction that occurs when incompatible blood types are mixed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bleeding Time (BT)

Time it takes for bleeding to stop after a small cut.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Clotting Time (PT)

Time it takes for blood to clot.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Duke's Method (BT)

Specific method to measure bleeding time, using filter paper.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Normal Clotting Time (PT)

Blood clots within 6-10 minutes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Normal Bleeding Time (BT)

Bleeding stops within 2-5 minutes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anticoagulants

Drugs or substances that prevent blood clotting.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Capillary Method (PT)

Measuring clotting time using capillary tubes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Slide Method (PT)

Measuring clotting time using a glass slide.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Clotting Factors

Proteins that work together to form a blood clot, stopping bleeding. The liver plays a key role in producing many clotting factors, utilizing vitamin K.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Platelet Count for BT Test

A low platelet count may make a bleeding time (BT) test unreliable or unsafe. High platelet count is not a major concern for a BT test.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vitamin K's role in clotting

Vitamin K is crucial for the liver's production of certain clotting factors, including Factors II, VII, IX, and X.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primary Clot

The initial stage of blood clot formation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Secondary Clot

The later stage of blood clot formation, reinforcing the initial clot.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blood typing procedure

A procedure to determine an individual's blood type by testing for the presence or absence of specific antigens on red blood cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blood type importance

Knowing a person's blood type is crucial for safe blood transfusions and medical emergencies.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Intrinsic pathway

A blood clotting pathway initiated by contact with an abnormal or foreign surface, like damaged blood vessels or artificial materials.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Extrinsic pathway

A blood clotting pathway initiated by exposure to tissue collagen, signifying external damage to the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prothrombin time (PT)

Another name for clotting time, referencing the time it takes for prothrombin to be converted into thrombin during blood clotting.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Materials for blood grouping

Items needed for blood typing, commonly including glass slides, dropper, alcohol swabs, lancets, and cotton or gauze for wound care.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Lab No. 5: Blood Transfusion Reactions

  • Aims: To understand the physiological basis of blood transfusion reactions.
  • Blood Surface Antigens: Human red blood cells (RBCs) possess at least 100 antigens on their surface. These antigens can trigger antibody responses if incompatible blood types are mixed.
  • Important Antigens: The most important antigens are those that cause blood transfusion reactions. These include the ABO and Rh systems.
  • ABO Blood Groups:
    • Type A: RBCs have A antigens, plasma has anti-B antibodies.
    • Type B: RBCs have B antigens, plasma has anti-A antibodies.
    • Type AB: RBCs have both A and B antigens, plasma has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies. (Universal recipient)
    • Type O: RBCs have neither A nor B antigens, plasma has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. (Universal donor)
  • Rh Blood Groups: The Rh system is another critical antigen group.
    • Rh positive: RBCs have Rh antigens.
    • Rh negative: RBCs lack Rh antigens. Blood from a Rh-negative person should not be given to a Rh-positive recipient.

Lab No. 6: Clotting Time (PT) and Bleeding Time (BT)

  • Aim: To understand clotting time (PT) and bleeding time (BT) and relate them to blood function and human health.
  • Clotting Time (PT): Measurement of time taken for blood to clot. Involves the activation of thrombin, transforming fibrinogen into fibrin.
  • Bleeding Time (BT): The time required for blood vessel constriction and platelet plug formation following a small cut.
    • Evaluates the integrity of blood vessels, platelets, and the coagulation process.
    • Normal bleeding time is about 2-5 minutes.
  • Factors Affecting Clotting Time:
    • Medications (anticoagulants)
    • Nutritional factors (diets rich in leafy green vegetables)
    • Low platelet count.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Blood Transfusion Reactions and Clotting Time (Physiology Part 1 PDF)

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser