Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which direction refers to the location towards the nose or front of the brain?
Which direction refers to the location towards the nose or front of the brain?
What is the first step in performing a midsagittal section of the brain?
What is the first step in performing a midsagittal section of the brain?
Which of the following is NOT a required material for the gross anatomy lab?
Which of the following is NOT a required material for the gross anatomy lab?
What is the purpose of identifying the longitudinal fissure during the lab?
What is the purpose of identifying the longitudinal fissure during the lab?
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In lab safety rules, which statement is accurate regarding personal protective gear?
In lab safety rules, which statement is accurate regarding personal protective gear?
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During the removal of the dura mater, which structure should be located first?
During the removal of the dura mater, which structure should be located first?
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Which of the following neuroanatomical terms indicates a position away from the midline?
Which of the following neuroanatomical terms indicates a position away from the midline?
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What structure is primarily revealed by performing a midsagittal section of the brain?
What structure is primarily revealed by performing a midsagittal section of the brain?
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What primary function is associated with the frontal lobe?
What primary function is associated with the frontal lobe?
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Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for the sense of smell?
Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for the sense of smell?
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What structure is located medially and can be observed best for inter-hemispheric communication?
What structure is located medially and can be observed best for inter-hemispheric communication?
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Which brain lobe is primarily involved in auditory processing?
Which brain lobe is primarily involved in auditory processing?
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When comparing sheep and human cranial nerves, one might observe what key difference?
When comparing sheep and human cranial nerves, one might observe what key difference?
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What identifiable structure can be found on coronal sections of the brain?
What identifiable structure can be found on coronal sections of the brain?
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What is an important part of the cleaning protocol after brain dissection?
What is an important part of the cleaning protocol after brain dissection?
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What is the primary purpose of using the Nernst equation in neurosciences?
What is the primary purpose of using the Nernst equation in neurosciences?
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Which part of the neuron is typically visible under light microscopy?
Which part of the neuron is typically visible under light microscopy?
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Which component is critical for the education tool aimed at high school students?
Which component is critical for the education tool aimed at high school students?
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What is the main function of ion channels in neurons?
What is the main function of ion channels in neurons?
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Which type of neuron model is initially visualized in the lab?
Which type of neuron model is initially visualized in the lab?
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During the lab activity, creating a physical model of a neuron aims to solidify knowledge of what?
During the lab activity, creating a physical model of a neuron aims to solidify knowledge of what?
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Which structure is located below the pons in the brainstem?
Which structure is located below the pons in the brainstem?
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What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
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Which structure connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain?
Which structure connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain?
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Which structure is directly related to the production of dopamine?
Which structure is directly related to the production of dopamine?
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What is the role of the third ventricle in the brain?
What is the role of the third ventricle in the brain?
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Which neurotransmitter is synthesized in the raphé nuclei?
Which neurotransmitter is synthesized in the raphé nuclei?
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What is the main structure for examining multipolar neurons during a microscope investigation?
What is the main structure for examining multipolar neurons during a microscope investigation?
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What is a key characteristic of the nodes of Ranvier?
What is a key characteristic of the nodes of Ranvier?
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During a lab visit, which imaging technique measures electrical activity in the brain?
During a lab visit, which imaging technique measures electrical activity in the brain?
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Which of the following is NOT a layer of the brain?
Which of the following is NOT a layer of the brain?
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What role does the periaqueductal gray (PAG) play in the brain?
What role does the periaqueductal gray (PAG) play in the brain?
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Which component of the neuron receives signals?
Which component of the neuron receives signals?
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What is the primary goal of the patient simulation analysis procedure?
What is the primary goal of the patient simulation analysis procedure?
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Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for visual processing?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for visual processing?
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What is the primary goal of spatial summation in synaptic potentials?
What is the primary goal of spatial summation in synaptic potentials?
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Which method demonstrates how repeated inputs from a single synapse reach the action potential threshold?
Which method demonstrates how repeated inputs from a single synapse reach the action potential threshold?
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Which of the following brain structures is primarily associated with dopamine production?
Which of the following brain structures is primarily associated with dopamine production?
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What role does the axon hillock play in the context of neuron signaling?
What role does the axon hillock play in the context of neuron signaling?
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Which part of a neuron typically becomes depolarized during excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)?
Which part of a neuron typically becomes depolarized during excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)?
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In the context of summation, what primarily affects the likelihood of reaching the threshold?
In the context of summation, what primarily affects the likelihood of reaching the threshold?
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What is one limitation of light microscopy when examining neurons?
What is one limitation of light microscopy when examining neurons?
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Which method is best for visualizing the structure of a multipolar neuron?
Which method is best for visualizing the structure of a multipolar neuron?
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What do larger EPSPs contribute to in terms of neuron signaling?
What do larger EPSPs contribute to in terms of neuron signaling?
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What is the significance of the periaqueductal gray in neuroanatomy?
What is the significance of the periaqueductal gray in neuroanatomy?
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In the 'leaky neuron' model activity, what does the leakage represent?
In the 'leaky neuron' model activity, what does the leakage represent?
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Which part of the neuron becomes active in response to incoming excitatory signals?
Which part of the neuron becomes active in response to incoming excitatory signals?
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What factor is negatively correlated with the ability to reach action potential threshold?
What factor is negatively correlated with the ability to reach action potential threshold?
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What occurs after wearing goggles for approximately 20 minutes during throwing?
What occurs after wearing goggles for approximately 20 minutes during throwing?
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Which of the following structures is identified on Horizontal Slice 2 of the brain?
Which of the following structures is identified on Horizontal Slice 2 of the brain?
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In the context of bone conduction hearing, how do sound vibrations reach the cochlea?
In the context of bone conduction hearing, how do sound vibrations reach the cochlea?
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What phenomenon occurs when both warm and cool inputs are perceived simultaneously?
What phenomenon occurs when both warm and cool inputs are perceived simultaneously?
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What is the role of the thalamus in the brain's sensory pathways?
What is the role of the thalamus in the brain's sensory pathways?
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Which of the following statements is true about the low-threshold thermoreceptors?
Which of the following statements is true about the low-threshold thermoreceptors?
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What is the significance of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)?
What is the significance of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)?
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When observing throwing accuracy with goggles, what should be noted?
When observing throwing accuracy with goggles, what should be noted?
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After removing goggles, why might throws become inaccurately aimed in the opposite direction?
After removing goggles, why might throws become inaccurately aimed in the opposite direction?
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What kind of sound transmission do bone conduction hearing aids utilize?
What kind of sound transmission do bone conduction hearing aids utilize?
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How can the thermal grill illusion provide insights into pain mechanisms?
How can the thermal grill illusion provide insights into pain mechanisms?
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What measurements should be taken after observing the effects of goggles on throwing accuracy?
What measurements should be taken after observing the effects of goggles on throwing accuracy?
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What is the primary function of high-threshold thermoreceptors?
What is the primary function of high-threshold thermoreceptors?
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During the bone conduction demonstration, what should be observed when compressing the strings against the tragi?
During the bone conduction demonstration, what should be observed when compressing the strings against the tragi?
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Study Notes
Lab 1: Gross Anatomy
- Safety Rules: No eating/drinking, wear gloves, goggles, closed-toe shoes (lab coat recommended), avoid sticking dissection tools into tray wax, clean materials after use, follow all rules and instructor instructions.
- Materials: Brain specimen, dissection tools (tray, scissors, scalpel, forceps, probe).
- Dura Mater Removal: Locate pituitary gland and optic chiasma before removal; carefully peel off dura mater.
- Neuroanatomical Structures: Examine dorsal, ventral, and lateral views; note longitudinal and transverse fissures; identify frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes; identify cerebellum, brainstem.
- Neuroanatomical Directions: Rostral/Anterior (nose/front), Caudal/Posterior (tail/back), Dorsal (back), Ventral (belly), Lateral (away from midline), Medial (towards midline), use superior/inferior for internal structures.
- Midsagittal Section: Position brain dorsal-side up; use scalpel along longitudinal fissure; separate hemispheres with forceps.
- Key Structures: External (surface): Brain lobes, cerebellum, brainstem; Internal (midsagittal): Corpus callosum, cortex, brainstem, cerebellum,
- Learning Objectives: Understand and follow lab safety, neuroanatomical directions, remove dura mater, midsagittal brain section, identify cortical brain lobes, brainstem, cerebellum.
- Test Yourself: Locate corpus callosum, cortical lobes, major brain structures, recall lobe functions (frontal - decision-making, parietal - sensory integration, temporal - auditory processing, occipital - vision). Discuss structural location (e.g., why corpus callosum best viewed medially).
- Lab Assignment: Create an Instagram post explaining a brain concept; include visual, target high school students/teachers/parents, submit editable file on Moodle.
- Grading: Relevance, accuracy, audience appropriateness, engagement, presentation style.
Lab 2: Comparative Neuroanatomy
- Learning Objectives: Compare and contrast 12 cranial nerves, coronal sections, sheep, and human brains.
- Lab Structure: Groups rotate between cranial nerves (back) and coronal sections (front).
- Cranial Nerves (Sheep): Identify nerves on ventral surface of left hemisphere; compare left/right hemispheres or with specimen with intact meninges; use sheep brain atlas to identify location, morphology, size.
- Cranial Nerves (Human Comparison): Compare location, shape, size, and functional differences between sheep and human cranial nerves. Discuss function variation based on species needs.
- Cranial Nerve Testing: Develop a function test for each nerve (e.g., CN I - identify odor).
- Coronal Sections (Sheep): Use right hemisphere for slicing; initial cut 12-18 mm from frontal lobe; avoid corpus callosum; additional slices 3-5 mm apart; compare with human model for analogous structures.
- Identifiable Structures (Coronal): Gray matter, white matter, sulci and gyri, corpus callosum, thalamus, ventricles.
- Lobes (Coronal): Examine which lobes are visible in each section.
- Clean-up: Rinse trays; clean tools; stack trays, return tools to their spots.
- Questions to Consider: Which nerves are visible with/without meninges? How do cranial nerve functions relate to species differences? Which sections show key structures? Similarities between sheep and human brain coronal sections?
Lab 3: Electrical Properties of Neurons
- Learning Objectives: Apply ion channels, electrochemical gradients, Nernst equation, action potentials, design a high school educational tool or activity related to these concepts.
- Lab Activity: Create original (or adapted, with credit) group project for high school students; enhance understanding of electrical properties; options include crafts, games, embodied learning, memory tools, online games; include detailed instructions.
- Audience: Tailor project to high school students; interactive, fun, accessible way to grasp material.
- Submission: Single product per group; same grade for all members; name all members; first uploaded file is graded; decide who submits.
- Grading Rubric: Relevance, accuracy, audience, breadth of information, style, clarity, and visual appearance.
- Key Notes: Focus on high school-level material; integrate multiple Chapter 4 concepts; engaging, visually appealing, free from errors; be creative and collaborative.
Lab 3: Neurons (Microscopy and Modeling)
- Learning Objectives: Visualize multipolar neuron, identify neuron parts, build neuron model, represent different neuron types.
- Microscope Procedures: Examine neuron smear under light microscope; video recording, extract image of neuron, annotate for submission; answer Moodle questions.
- Building a Model: Create multipolar neuron model, evaluate strengths and weaknesses, modify to represent unipolar/bipolar neurons, address structural/functional differences.
- Reflection Questions: Visible neuron parts under light microscopy? Light microscopy limitations in identifying cellular structures? Model's accuracy in representing neuron types? Modifications needed for other neuron types?
Lab 4: Leaky Neuron (Spatial and Temporal Summation)
- Learning Objectives: Understand spatial/temporal summation; recognize potential decay; comprehend threshold at axon hillock; compare summation methods; predict factors affecting threshold (distance, frequency).
- Activity Supplies: Leaky cup w/holes, cups w/o holes, measuring cup, water reservoir, cups of various sizes (different water levels), large tray, data sheet.
- Background Knowledge: Neurotransmitters, synaptic potentials (EPSPs), summation (spatial/temporal).
- General Instructions: Assign roles (Leaky neuron operator, timer, threshold monitor, pourers); procedure for stopping a trial; record data (number of cups, time, water added/lost, percentage leaked).
- Activities: Spatial summation, temporal summation, graded potentials, Effect of Synapse Distance
- Key Data Points: Spatial (simultaneous inputs), Temporal (repeated inputs), Graded (larger EPSPs), Distance (decay/threshold).
- Analysis Questions: How do timing and distance impact threshold? Relation between input frequency and success in temporal summation? Summation method efficiency?
Lab 5: Neurotransmitter-Associated Brain Regions
- Learning Objectives: Identify brain structures related to neurotransmitters.
- Specimen: Sheep brain (left hemisphere).
- Goal: Correlate neuroanatomy with neurotransmitter production.
- Midsagittal Slice Review: Spinal cord, Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum, Cerebral Cortex, Corpus Callosum, Optic Chiasm, Pituitary, Ventricles (lateral, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle).
- Developmental Anatomy: Rhombencephalon (medulla/pons/cerebellum), Mesencephalon (tegmentum/substantia nigra).
- Coronal Slices: Identify septum pellucidum, caudate nucleus, putamen, internal/external capsules, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, thalamus, third ventricle, substantia nigra, raphe nuclei, periaqueductal gray, ventral tegmental area.
- Neurotransmitter Connections: Dopamine (SN/VTA), Serotonin (Raphe nuclei), Neuropeptides (PAG).
Lab 6: Microscopy, EEG/fNIRS, and Patient Simulation
- Learning Objectives: EEG/fNIRS lab visit, neuron smear investigation, patient simulation critique.
- EEG/fNIRS Lab Visit: Familiarize with imaging techniques; understand EEG and fNIRS methods for capturing brain activity.
- Neuron Smear: Use compound microscope (4X, 10X, 40X magnification); identify visible neuron components (soma, dendrites, axon, axon terminals); record video, extract image, annotate, answer Moodle questions.
- Patient Simulation Critique: Review patient scenario; critique completeness/accuracy/clinical reasoning/communication; submit edits with "Track Changes."
Lab 7: Goggles and Horizontal Slices
- Learning Objectives: Displaced visual input and motor output; review brain structures; identify structures in horizontal slices.
- Displacement Goggles Demonstration: Wear goggles, play bean bag toss game; observe inaccuracy, direction, and visual angle displacement; discuss visual input to visual cortex/motor output.
- Horizontal Slices: Select hemisphere; use pineal/thalamus as reference points for cuts; identify structures (head of caudate nucleus, lateral ventricle, cerebellum, corpus callosum, gyrus/sulcus, cortical gray/white matter, septum pellucidum (Slice 2), thalamus, cerebral aqueduct, LGN/MGN (Slice 2)).
- Key Structures: Pineal body, thalamus.
- Discussion: Visual/motor pathways, LGN/MGN importance, misaligned vision/neural compensation.
Lab 8: Hearing and Somatosensory System
- Learning Objectives: Understand bone conduction hearing; explore cutaneous receptors for thermal grill illusion.
- Bone Conduction Demonstration: Use hanger and string; compare feeling vibrations directly on head with vibration through skin.
- Thermal Grill Illusion: Varying temperatures (18-20 °C & 40-41°C); compare perception on single pipe, adjacent pipes, full hand, comparisons with other areas.
- Key Observations (Thermal): Individual pipes, whole hand, forearm, burning/icy sensation (despite lacking extreme temps.).
- Explanation (Thermal): Low/high threshold thermoreceptors; possible misinterpretations; brain region integration.
- Applications (Thermal): Potential treatments for neuropathic conditions.
- Discussion Points: Areas with high/low receptor density; cause of perceived pain; relation to sensory processing.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential safety rules and procedures for conducting a gross anatomy dissection in the laboratory. It includes topics on the materials needed, dura mater removal techniques, and identification of neuroanatomical structures. Test your knowledge on directions and anatomical features of the brain.
