Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which nerve is the largest in the body?
Which nerve is the largest in the body?
The sacral plexus is formed by which of the following ventral rami?
The sacral plexus is formed by which of the following ventral rami?
Which of the following nerves supplies the gluteus maximus muscle?
Which of the following nerves supplies the gluteus maximus muscle?
Where does the gluteus maximus muscle originate?
Where does the gluteus maximus muscle originate?
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Which muscle is responsible for lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip joint?
Which muscle is responsible for lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip joint?
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The superior gluteal nerve is formed by fibers from the posterior divisions of which ventral rami?
The superior gluteal nerve is formed by fibers from the posterior divisions of which ventral rami?
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Which nerve supplies the gluteus medius and minimus muscles?
Which nerve supplies the gluteus medius and minimus muscles?
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Where does the tensor fasciae latae muscle originate?
Where does the tensor fasciae latae muscle originate?
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Which muscle is an important landmark in the gluteal region?
Which muscle is an important landmark in the gluteal region?
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The sciatic nerve emerges from the pelvis through which foramen?
The sciatic nerve emerges from the pelvis through which foramen?
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Which muscle lies deep to the gluteus medius?
Which muscle lies deep to the gluteus medius?
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The posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh supplies which area?
The posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh supplies which area?
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The nerve to obturator internus supplies which muscles?
The nerve to obturator internus supplies which muscles?
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Which artery is a branch of the internal iliac artery and supplies the gluteal region?
Which artery is a branch of the internal iliac artery and supplies the gluteal region?
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Which nerve is formed by fibers from the anterior divisions of L4-S1?
Which nerve is formed by fibers from the anterior divisions of L4-S1?
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The inferior gluteal nerve supplies which muscle?
The inferior gluteal nerve supplies which muscle?
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Which muscle inserts into the iliotibial tract?
Which muscle inserts into the iliotibial tract?
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The pudendal nerve is formed by fibers from which ventral rami?
The pudendal nerve is formed by fibers from which ventral rami?
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The gluteus medius muscle is responsible for which action?
The gluteus medius muscle is responsible for which action?
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The sacral plexus lies against which structure?
The sacral plexus lies against which structure?
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Which nerve passes through the lesser sciatic foramen?
Which nerve passes through the lesser sciatic foramen?
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Which muscle originates from the pelvic surface of the obturator membrane?
Which muscle originates from the pelvic surface of the obturator membrane?
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Which nerve supplies the quadratus femoris muscle?
Which nerve supplies the quadratus femoris muscle?
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Where does the inferior gemellus muscle originate?
Where does the inferior gemellus muscle originate?
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The gluteus maximus provides stability to which joint via the iliotibial tract?
The gluteus maximus provides stability to which joint via the iliotibial tract?
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Which muscle helps with flexion, abduction, and medial rotation of the thigh at the hip joint?
Which muscle helps with flexion, abduction, and medial rotation of the thigh at the hip joint?
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Which nerve supplies the skin of the inferolateral part of the gluteal region?
Which nerve supplies the skin of the inferolateral part of the gluteal region?
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The superior gemellus muscle inserts into which structure?
The superior gemellus muscle inserts into which structure?
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Which artery accompanies the pudendal nerve through the gluteal region?
Which artery accompanies the pudendal nerve through the gluteal region?
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Which muscle originates from the outer (gluteal) surface of the ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines?
Which muscle originates from the outer (gluteal) surface of the ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines?
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Which nerve passes through the greater sciatic foramen superior to the piriformis?
Which nerve passes through the greater sciatic foramen superior to the piriformis?
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The nerve to quadratus femoris supplies which joint?
The nerve to quadratus femoris supplies which joint?
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Which muscle is responsible for the prominence of the buttock?
Which muscle is responsible for the prominence of the buttock?
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The sciatic nerve divides into which two nerves?
The sciatic nerve divides into which two nerves?
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Which muscle assists the gluteus maximus in extending the thigh?
Which muscle assists the gluteus maximus in extending the thigh?
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Where does the superior gemellus muscle originate?
Where does the superior gemellus muscle originate?
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The inferior clunial nerves are branches of which nerve?
The inferior clunial nerves are branches of which nerve?
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The pudendal nerve re-enters the pelvis through which foramen?
The pudendal nerve re-enters the pelvis through which foramen?
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Which muscle lies directly above the piriformis in the gluteal region?
Which muscle lies directly above the piriformis in the gluteal region?
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Which structure passes through both the greater and lesser sciatic foramina?
Which structure passes through both the greater and lesser sciatic foramina?
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Which muscle inserts into the upper border of the greater trochanter?
Which muscle inserts into the upper border of the greater trochanter?
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The sciatic nerve is formed by which ventral rami?
The sciatic nerve is formed by which ventral rami?
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Which artery supplies the gluteus maximus muscle?
Which artery supplies the gluteus maximus muscle?
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The nerve to obturator internus innervates which muscle?
The nerve to obturator internus innervates which muscle?
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Which muscle forms the floor of the femoral triangle?
Which muscle forms the floor of the femoral triangle?
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Where does the piriformis muscle insert?
Where does the piriformis muscle insert?
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The gluteus minimus is located deep to which muscle?
The gluteus minimus is located deep to which muscle?
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Which muscle originates from the anterior surface of the sacrum?
Which muscle originates from the anterior surface of the sacrum?
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The sciatic nerve innervates all of the following muscles except:
The sciatic nerve innervates all of the following muscles except:
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Which artery passes superior to the piriformis muscle?
Which artery passes superior to the piriformis muscle?
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The pudendal nerve innervates which of the following?
The pudendal nerve innervates which of the following?
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The inferior gluteal artery is a branch of which artery?
The inferior gluteal artery is a branch of which artery?
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Which nerve innervates the superior gemellus muscle?
Which nerve innervates the superior gemellus muscle?
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Which structure does not pass through the greater sciatic foramen?
Which structure does not pass through the greater sciatic foramen?
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The sciatic nerve passes below which muscle as it exits the pelvis?
The sciatic nerve passes below which muscle as it exits the pelvis?
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Which artery supplies the deep gluteal muscles?
Which artery supplies the deep gluteal muscles?
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The piriformis muscle separates which two structures?
The piriformis muscle separates which two structures?
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Which nerve innervates the inferior gemellus muscle?
Which nerve innervates the inferior gemellus muscle?
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Which muscle is responsible for medial rotation and abduction of the thigh?
Which muscle is responsible for medial rotation and abduction of the thigh?
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The sciatic nerve bifurcates at which anatomical landmark?
The sciatic nerve bifurcates at which anatomical landmark?
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Which structure lies directly anterior to the sacral plexus?
Which structure lies directly anterior to the sacral plexus?
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The superior clunial nerves are branches of which spinal nerves?
The superior clunial nerves are branches of which spinal nerves?
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Which muscle originates from the ischial tuberosity?
Which muscle originates from the ischial tuberosity?
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The sacral plexus is located on the anterior surface of which muscle?
The sacral plexus is located on the anterior surface of which muscle?
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Which nerve supplies the skin of the posterior thigh?
Which nerve supplies the skin of the posterior thigh?
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The gluteus maximus muscle inserts into which structure?
The gluteus maximus muscle inserts into which structure?
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Which muscle is innervated by the femoral nerve?
Which muscle is innervated by the femoral nerve?
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Which nerve exits the pelvis through the obturator foramen?
Which nerve exits the pelvis through the obturator foramen?
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The nerve to quadratus femoris is a branch of which ventral rami?
The nerve to quadratus femoris is a branch of which ventral rami?
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Which artery supplies blood to the external anal sphincter?
Which artery supplies blood to the external anal sphincter?
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Which muscle is NOT part of the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Which muscle is NOT part of the anterior compartment of the thigh?
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The femoral nerve innervates all of the following muscles EXCEPT:
The femoral nerve innervates all of the following muscles EXCEPT:
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The origin of the psoas major muscle is:
The origin of the psoas major muscle is:
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The adductor hiatus is a gap in which muscle?
The adductor hiatus is a gap in which muscle?
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Which of the following muscles is part of the pes anserinus?
Which of the following muscles is part of the pes anserinus?
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The femoral triangle does NOT contain:
The femoral triangle does NOT contain:
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The action of the sartorius muscle includes:
The action of the sartorius muscle includes:
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The medial boundary of the femoral triangle is formed by:
The medial boundary of the femoral triangle is formed by:
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The profunda femoris artery is a branch of:
The profunda femoris artery is a branch of:
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Which nerve innervates the gracilis muscle?
Which nerve innervates the gracilis muscle?
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The insertion of the pectineus muscle is:
The insertion of the pectineus muscle is:
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The origin of the rectus femoris muscle is:
The origin of the rectus femoris muscle is:
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The femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery at the:
The femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery at the:
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Which muscle is the chief flexor of the thigh?
Which muscle is the chief flexor of the thigh?
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The adductor longus muscle is innervated by:
The adductor longus muscle is innervated by:
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The vastus intermedius muscle originates from:
The vastus intermedius muscle originates from:
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The insertion of the adductor brevis muscle is:
The insertion of the adductor brevis muscle is:
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The main source of blood supply for the posterior compartment of the thigh is:
The main source of blood supply for the posterior compartment of the thigh is:
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The obturator externus muscle action is:
The obturator externus muscle action is:
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Which muscle is NOT innervated by the femoral nerve?
Which muscle is NOT innervated by the femoral nerve?
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The femoral sheath contains:
The femoral sheath contains:
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The quadriceps femoris muscle includes all of the following EXCEPT:
The quadriceps femoris muscle includes all of the following EXCEPT:
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The femoral triangle is continuous inferiorly with:
The femoral triangle is continuous inferiorly with:
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The action of the gracilis muscle includes:
The action of the gracilis muscle includes:
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The femoral nerve arises from which spinal nerves?
The femoral nerve arises from which spinal nerves?
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The insertion of the iliacus muscle is:
The insertion of the iliacus muscle is:
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The adductor part of the adductor magnus muscle is innervated by:
The adductor part of the adductor magnus muscle is innervated by:
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The femoral artery is a continuation of the:
The femoral artery is a continuation of the:
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The main action of the vastus medialis muscle is:
The main action of the vastus medialis muscle is:
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Which muscle is located in the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Which muscle is located in the posterior compartment of the thigh?
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The adductor canal begins at the:
The adductor canal begins at the:
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The insertion of the adductor magnus muscle is:
The insertion of the adductor magnus muscle is:
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The main action of the pectineus muscle is:
The main action of the pectineus muscle is:
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Which nerve is a branch of the lumbar plexus?
Which nerve is a branch of the lumbar plexus?
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The femoral vein lies medial to the:
The femoral vein lies medial to the:
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The lateral circumflex femoral artery is a branch of:
The lateral circumflex femoral artery is a branch of:
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The obturator externus muscle originates from:
The obturator externus muscle originates from:
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The main action of the adductor longus muscle is:
The main action of the adductor longus muscle is:
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The profunda femoris artery terminates as the:
The profunda femoris artery terminates as the:
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The obturator nerve innervates which muscle?
The obturator nerve innervates which muscle?
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The femoral artery is located within which space?
The femoral artery is located within which space?
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The main action of the iliopsoas muscle is:
The main action of the iliopsoas muscle is:
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The saphenous nerve is a branch of the:
The saphenous nerve is a branch of the:
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The adductor brevis muscle is located:
The adductor brevis muscle is located:
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The action of the rectus femoris muscle includes:
The action of the rectus femoris muscle includes:
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The origin of the adductor longus muscle is:
The origin of the adductor longus muscle is:
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The main action of the sartorius muscle is:
The main action of the sartorius muscle is:
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The femoral vein continues as the:
The femoral vein continues as the:
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The quadriceps femoris muscle inserts into the:
The quadriceps femoris muscle inserts into the:
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The main action of the adductor magnus muscle is:
The main action of the adductor magnus muscle is:
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Which structure is NOT found within the popliteal fossa?
Which structure is NOT found within the popliteal fossa?
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What is the most deeply located structure in the popliteal fossa?
What is the most deeply located structure in the popliteal fossa?
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The popliteal artery divides into which two arteries?
The popliteal artery divides into which two arteries?
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The tibial nerve passes deep to which muscle's tendinous arch?
The tibial nerve passes deep to which muscle's tendinous arch?
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The sural nerve supplies the skin over which part of the leg?
The sural nerve supplies the skin over which part of the leg?
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Which artery participates in the arterial anastomosis around the knee joint?
Which artery participates in the arterial anastomosis around the knee joint?
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What is the function of the flexor hallucis longus?
What is the function of the flexor hallucis longus?
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Where does the anterior tibial artery become superficial?
Where does the anterior tibial artery become superficial?
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Which nerve supplies the tibialis anterior muscle?
Which nerve supplies the tibialis anterior muscle?
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Which muscle is NOT a part of the deep group in the posterior compartment of the leg?
Which muscle is NOT a part of the deep group in the posterior compartment of the leg?
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What is the origin of the fibularis longus muscle?
What is the origin of the fibularis longus muscle?
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Which structure passes through the tarsal tunnel?
Which structure passes through the tarsal tunnel?
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What is the main action of the tibialis posterior muscle?
What is the main action of the tibialis posterior muscle?
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Which nerve supplies the lateral compartment muscles of the leg?
Which nerve supplies the lateral compartment muscles of the leg?
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What is the function of the popliteus muscle?
What is the function of the popliteus muscle?
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The extensor digitorum longus is involved in the extension of which toes?
The extensor digitorum longus is involved in the extension of which toes?
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Where does the tibialis anterior insert?
Where does the tibialis anterior insert?
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Which nerve is responsible for the cutaneous innervation of the inferolateral part of the leg?
Which nerve is responsible for the cutaneous innervation of the inferolateral part of the leg?
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Which muscle's tendon passes through the tarsal tunnel?
Which muscle's tendon passes through the tarsal tunnel?
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The lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve is a continuation of which nerve?
The lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve is a continuation of which nerve?
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What artery can be palpated halfway between the heel and medial malleolus?
What artery can be palpated halfway between the heel and medial malleolus?
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Which muscle in the posterior compartment of the leg is most medially located?
Which muscle in the posterior compartment of the leg is most medially located?
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Which nerve is commonly injured near the neck of the fibula?
Which nerve is commonly injured near the neck of the fibula?
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The lateral sural cutaneous nerve is a branch of which nerve?
The lateral sural cutaneous nerve is a branch of which nerve?
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What structure is located in the popliteal fossa and is continuous with the fascia lata?
What structure is located in the popliteal fossa and is continuous with the fascia lata?
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The genicular arteries are branches of which artery?
The genicular arteries are branches of which artery?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the tibial nerve?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the tibial nerve?
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The flexor retinaculum is located on which side of the ankle?
The flexor retinaculum is located on which side of the ankle?
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Which muscle assists in the unlocking of the knee joint?
Which muscle assists in the unlocking of the knee joint?
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What is the innervation of the fibularis tertius muscle?
What is the innervation of the fibularis tertius muscle?
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What is the action of the fibularis longus muscle?
What is the action of the fibularis longus muscle?
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What artery is located between the tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles?
What artery is located between the tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles?
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The tendon of which muscle runs in a groove on the inferior surface of the cuboid bone?
The tendon of which muscle runs in a groove on the inferior surface of the cuboid bone?
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What nerve accompanies the posterior tibial artery?
What nerve accompanies the posterior tibial artery?
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Which of the following muscles is located in the anterior compartment of the leg?
Which of the following muscles is located in the anterior compartment of the leg?
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The deep fibular nerve provides innervation to which group of muscles?
The deep fibular nerve provides innervation to which group of muscles?
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What is the primary function of the extensor hallucis longus?
What is the primary function of the extensor hallucis longus?
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Which artery is the continuation of the anterior tibial artery?
Which artery is the continuation of the anterior tibial artery?
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Which nerve supplies the skin of the upper lateral part of the leg?
Which nerve supplies the skin of the upper lateral part of the leg?
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Which structure lies deepest in the posterior aspect of the leg?
Which structure lies deepest in the posterior aspect of the leg?
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Which of the following muscles is innervated by the tibial nerve?
Which of the following muscles is innervated by the tibial nerve?
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Which muscle in the leg is most deeply located?
Which muscle in the leg is most deeply located?
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The fibular artery supplies which compartment of the leg?
The fibular artery supplies which compartment of the leg?
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What nerve innervates the lateral compartment of the leg?
What nerve innervates the lateral compartment of the leg?
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What is the action of the flexor digitorum longus?
What is the action of the flexor digitorum longus?
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Which muscle is located immediately deep to the gastrocnemius?
Which muscle is located immediately deep to the gastrocnemius?
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The tendon of the fibularis brevis muscle attaches to which bone?
The tendon of the fibularis brevis muscle attaches to which bone?
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Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the triceps surae?
Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the triceps surae?
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What is the function of the retinacula around the ankle?
What is the function of the retinacula around the ankle?
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Which artery runs alongside the deep fibular nerve in the anterior compartment of the leg?
Which artery runs alongside the deep fibular nerve in the anterior compartment of the leg?
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Which nerve supplies the medial two-thirds of the sole of the foot?
Which nerve supplies the medial two-thirds of the sole of the foot?
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What structure does the plantar aponeurosis attach to posteriorly?
What structure does the plantar aponeurosis attach to posteriorly?
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Which muscle is located in the first layer of the sole of the foot?
Which muscle is located in the first layer of the sole of the foot?
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The medial plantar artery is a terminal branch of which artery?
The medial plantar artery is a terminal branch of which artery?
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Which muscle is NOT innervated by the medial plantar nerve?
Which muscle is NOT innervated by the medial plantar nerve?
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What is the primary action of the plantar interossei?
What is the primary action of the plantar interossei?
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Which nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the lateral border of the foot?
Which nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the lateral border of the foot?
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Which artery forms the deep plantar arch?
Which artery forms the deep plantar arch?
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What is the origin of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle?
What is the origin of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle?
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Which structure passes through the first interosseous space?
Which structure passes through the first interosseous space?
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Which muscle is involved in the abduction of the great toe?
Which muscle is involved in the abduction of the great toe?
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Which nerve supplies the skin over the dorsum of the foot?
Which nerve supplies the skin over the dorsum of the foot?
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What is the action of the flexor digitorum brevis?
What is the action of the flexor digitorum brevis?
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Which nerve provides innervation to the adductor hallucis muscle?
Which nerve provides innervation to the adductor hallucis muscle?
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Which structure does the lateral plantar nerve NOT innervate?
Which structure does the lateral plantar nerve NOT innervate?
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The deep plantar arch is completed by an anastomosis between the lateral plantar artery and which other artery?
The deep plantar arch is completed by an anastomosis between the lateral plantar artery and which other artery?
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Which nerve innervates the flexor hallucis brevis muscle?
Which nerve innervates the flexor hallucis brevis muscle?
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What is the origin of the quadratus plantae muscle?
What is the origin of the quadratus plantae muscle?
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Which tendon is located in the fourth layer of the sole of the foot?
Which tendon is located in the fourth layer of the sole of the foot?
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Which muscle assists the flexor digitorum longus in flexing the lateral four toes?
Which muscle assists the flexor digitorum longus in flexing the lateral four toes?
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Which artery provides the main blood supply to the dorsum of the foot?
Which artery provides the main blood supply to the dorsum of the foot?
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What is the insertion of the abductor digiti minimi muscle?
What is the insertion of the abductor digiti minimi muscle?
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The medial plantar nerve is similar in distribution to which nerve in the hand?
The medial plantar nerve is similar in distribution to which nerve in the hand?
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Which muscle in the sole of the foot has a medial and lateral head?
Which muscle in the sole of the foot has a medial and lateral head?
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Which muscle is found in the second layer of the sole of the foot?
Which muscle is found in the second layer of the sole of the foot?
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Which nerve supplies the skin of the lateral heel?
Which nerve supplies the skin of the lateral heel?
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What is the main function of the plantar aponeurosis?
What is the main function of the plantar aponeurosis?
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The dorsal venous arch drains into which vein on the medial side of the foot?
The dorsal venous arch drains into which vein on the medial side of the foot?
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Which muscle's tendons are located within the fibrous flexor sheaths of the lateral four toes?
Which muscle's tendons are located within the fibrous flexor sheaths of the lateral four toes?
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Which muscle abducts the toes?
Which muscle abducts the toes?
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Which artery is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery on the dorsum of the foot?
Which artery is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery on the dorsum of the foot?
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What is the main action of the abductor hallucis muscle?
What is the main action of the abductor hallucis muscle?
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Which nerve supplies the extensor digitorum brevis muscle?
Which nerve supplies the extensor digitorum brevis muscle?
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Which muscle flexes the proximal phalanx of the little toe?
Which muscle flexes the proximal phalanx of the little toe?
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Which muscle has an oblique and transverse head?
Which muscle has an oblique and transverse head?
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What is the insertion of the dorsal interossei?
What is the insertion of the dorsal interossei?
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Which nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the medial side of the foot up to the first metatarsophalangeal joint?
Which nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the medial side of the foot up to the first metatarsophalangeal joint?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for extending the toes?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for extending the toes?
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Which muscle originates from the lateral cuneiform and cuboid bones?
Which muscle originates from the lateral cuneiform and cuboid bones?
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The deep plantar artery completes the plantar arch on which side of the foot?
The deep plantar artery completes the plantar arch on which side of the foot?
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What structure does the saphenous nerve NOT innervate?
What structure does the saphenous nerve NOT innervate?
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Which muscle is located in the fourth layer of the sole of the foot?
Which muscle is located in the fourth layer of the sole of the foot?
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What is the main function of the quadratus plantae?
What is the main function of the quadratus plantae?
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Which muscle is NOT involved in maintaining the arches of the foot?
Which muscle is NOT involved in maintaining the arches of the foot?
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The dorsalis pedis artery runs between which two tendons on the dorsum of the foot?
The dorsalis pedis artery runs between which two tendons on the dorsum of the foot?
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Which muscle's tendon passes between the medial and lateral heads of the flexor hallucis brevis?
Which muscle's tendon passes between the medial and lateral heads of the flexor hallucis brevis?
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Which nerve supplies the majority of the muscles in the sole of the foot?
Which nerve supplies the majority of the muscles in the sole of the foot?
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The fibrous flexor sheaths of the toes contain tendons and what other structure?
The fibrous flexor sheaths of the toes contain tendons and what other structure?
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Which nerve supplies the skin between the great toe and the second toe?
Which nerve supplies the skin between the great toe and the second toe?
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What is the insertion of the flexor digitorum brevis?
What is the insertion of the flexor digitorum brevis?
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Study Notes
Nerve and Muscle Overview
- Largest Nerve: Sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body.
- Sacral Plexus Formation: Comprised of L4, L5, S1-S4 ventral rami.
- Innervation of Gluteus Maximus: Supplied by the inferior gluteal nerve.
- Gluteus Maximus Origin: Arises from the posterior surface of the sacrum and coccyx.
Muscle Functions
- Lateral Rotation: Primarily performed by the piriformis muscle.
- Abduction and Medial Rotation: Executed by the gluteus medius.
- Thigh Stabilization: The gluteus maximus stabilizes the hip joint via the iliotibial tract.
Important Structures
- Tensor Fasciae Latae Origin: Originates from the anterior superior iliac spine.
- Superior Gluteal Nerve: Forms from anterior divisions of L4-S1 ventral rami and supplies gluteus medius and minimus.
- Piriformis Muscle: Serves as a landmark in the gluteal region, lying above the gluteus maximus.
Nerve Paths and Innervation
- Pudendal Nerve: Passes through the lesser sciatic foramen and innervates the external anal sphincter.
- Sciatic Nerve Emergence: Exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen and divides into the tibial and common fibular nerves.
- Inferior Clunial Nerves: Branch from the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh, supplying skin in the inferior gluteal region.
Arterial Supply
- Superior Gluteal Artery: A branch of the internal iliac artery supplying the gluteal region.
- Inferior Gluteal Artery: Also a branch of the internal iliac artery providing blood to lower gluteal muscles.
- Internal Pudendal Artery: Accompanies the pudendal nerve through the gluteal region.
Anatomical Relations
- Sacral Plexus Location: Sits against the posterior pelvic wall.
- Muscle Layering: The gluteus minimus is located deep to the gluteus medius; the piriformis lies beneath the gluteus maximus.
- Ischial Tuberosity Origin: Inferior gemellus originates from the ischial tuberosity.
Clinical Considerations
- Muscles in the Femoral Triangle: Pectineus and iliopsoas assist in leg motion and stability.
- Sciatic Nerve Injury: Can impact multiple lower limb muscles and functions due to its extensive innervation area.
- Role of Piriformis: Acts as a critical landmark in assessments of sciatica, where its tightness can affect sciatic nerve function.
Muscle Insertions and Actions
- Iliotibial Tract Connection: Gluteus maximus inserts into the iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity.
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Muscle Actions:
- Tensor fasciae latae aids in thigh flexion, abduction, and medial rotation.
- Gluteus medius facilitates lateral stability and medial rotation of the thigh.
- Piriformis contributes to lateral rotation and abduction when the thigh is flexed.
Nerve Questions
- Quadratus Femoris Innervation: Supplied by the nerve to quadratus femoris, a branch from L5-S2.
- Gluteal Region Sensation: The inferior clunial nerves serve the skin of the inferior portion of the gluteal area.
- Internal Structure: The sciatic nerve bifurcates at the popliteal fossa.
Summary Insights
- Layering of Muscles: Understanding the relative position and function of gluteal muscles is crucial for assessments and interventions in lower limb surgeries.
- Clinical Implications: Awarness of spinal nerve roots involved aids in diagnosis of nerve injuries and treatment strategies.
Anterior Compartment of the Thigh
- The anterior compartment includes muscles such as Sartorius, Pectineus, and Quadriceps femoris.
- Gracilis is not part of the anterior compartment.
Innervation
- The femoral nerve supplies Sartorius, Iliacus, and Pectineus.
- Psoas major is not innervated by the femoral nerve.
Psoas Major Muscle
- Originates from the transverse processes of L1 to L5 vertebrae.
Adductor Hiatus
- A gap in the Adductor magnus muscle.
Pes Anserinus
- Comprises the Sartorius muscle, connecting to the tibia.
Femoral Triangle
- Contains the Femoral artery, Femoral nerve, and Femoral vein.
- Does not include Obturator nerve.
- Medial boundary is formed by the Adductor longus muscle.
Blood Supply
- Profunda femoris artery branches from the Femoral artery.
- Supplies posterior compartment of the thigh.
Sartorius Muscle Action
- Performs flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation of the thigh.
Muscle Origin and Insertion
- Pectineus inserts at the pectineal line of the femur.
- Rectus femoris originates at AIIS and ilium above the acetabulum.
- Adductor brevis inserts at the Linea aspera.
Vasculature
- The femoral artery transitions to the popliteal artery at the Adductor hiatus.
- The profunda femoris artery terminates as the fourth perforating artery.
Iliopsoas Muscle
- Major thigh flexor.
- Iliacus inserts at the lesser trochanter.
Nerve Innervation
- The obturator nerve innervates the Gracilis and Adductor brevis muscles.
- Femoral nerve originates from L2-L4 spinal nerves.
- Saphenous nerve branches from the femoral nerve.
Adductor Magnus Muscle
- Main action includes adduction and extension of the thigh.
- The adductor part is innervated by the obturator nerve.
Quadriceps Femoris
- Includes Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, and Vastus medialis.
- Inserts into the Tibial tuberosity.
Muscle Actions
- Gracilis aids in flexion and medial rotation of the leg.
- Vastus medialis primarily extends the leg.
- Sartorius muscle’s primary action is flexion of the leg and lateral rotation of the thigh.
Anatomical Relationships
- The femoral vein is medial to the Femoral artery.
- Femoral artery is located within the vascular space.
- The adductor canal begins at the apex of the femoral triangle, linking to the Adductor hiatus.
Popliteal Fossa and Associated Structures
- The popliteal fossa contains the popliteal artery, tibial nerve, and popliteal vein; the femoral artery is not found here.
- The most deeply located structure in the fossa is the popliteal artery.
- The popliteal artery bifurcates into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
Nerves and Innervation
- The tibial nerve passes deep to the tendinous arch of the soleus muscle.
- Sural nerve provides sensory innervation to the inferolateral part of the leg.
- Deep fibular nerve innervates the tibialis anterior muscle and the anterior compartment of the leg.
- Common fibular nerve is commonly injured near the neck of the fibula and supplies the lateral compartment of the leg.
Muscles of the Leg
- Flexor hallucis longus muscle aids in flexion of the great toe.
- Tibialis posterior primarily functions in foot inversion.
- Popliteus muscle assists in unlocking the knee joint.
- Flexor digitorum longus is responsible for flexion of the lateral four toes.
Arteries and Blood Supply
- Posterior tibial artery can be palpated halfway between the heel and medial malleolus; it accompanies the tibial nerve.
- The genicular arteries branch from the popliteal artery and contribute to knee Joint anastomoses.
- Anterior tibial artery becomes superficial in the distal third of the leg.
- Dorsalis pedis artery is the continuation of the anterior tibial artery.
Tendons and Ligaments
- Tendon of the fibularis longus passes in a groove on the inferior surface of the cuboid bone.
- The flexor retinaculum is located on the medial side of the ankle, providing stability to tendon structures.
Muscle Groups
- The deep group of the posterior compartment includes the tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus; gastrocnemius is not part of this group.
- The fibular artery supplies the lateral compartment of the leg.
Key Actions of Leg Muscles
- Tibialis anterior inserts at the medial cuneiform and the base of the first metatarsal for dorsiflexion and inversion actions.
- Fibularis longus performs plantar flexion and eversion of the foot.
- Extensor digitorum longus is involved in extending the lateral four toes.
Sensory Innervation and Nerve Roots
- Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve is a continuation of the sural nerve, responsible for skin sensation in specific leg areas.
- Tibial nerve functions include motor innervation of the posterior compartment muscles and sensory innervation to the heel and medial foot.
Anatomical Relationships
- Popliteal vein is located superficial to the popliteal artery in the popliteal fossa.
- Soleus is situated immediately deep to the gastrocnemius muscle.
Miscellaneous Functions
- Retinacula around the ankle prevent bowstringing of tendons, maintaining effective functioning during movement.
Nervous Supply and Innervation
- The medial two-thirds of the sole of the foot is supplied by the medial plantar nerve.
- The sural nerve innervates the lateral border and lateral heel of the foot.
- The nerve that supplies the skin over the dorsum of the foot is the superficial fibular nerve.
- The medial plantar nerve has a distribution similar to the median nerve in the hand.
Muscles of the Foot
- The abductor hallucis is part of the first layer of muscles in the sole of the foot.
- The muscle that assists the flexor digitorum longus in flexing the lateral four toes is the quadratus plantae.
- The dorsal interossei abduct the toes, while the plantar interossei primarily adduct them.
- The flexor digitorum brevis flexes the middle phalanges of the lateral four toes.
- The flexor hallucis brevis is innervated by the medial plantar nerve.
- The adductor hallucis muscle has both an oblique and transverse head and is innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
Arteries and Blood Supply
- The medial plantar artery is a terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery.
- The lateral plantar artery is responsible for forming the deep plantar arch.
- The main blood supply to the dorsum of the foot comes from the dorsalis pedis artery.
- The dorsal venous arch drains into the great saphenous vein on the medial side of the foot.
Anatomy and Structure
- The plantar aponeurosis attaches posteriorly to the calcaneal tuberosity and supports the longitudinal arches of the foot.
- The extensor digitorum brevis originates from the calcaneus.
- The fibrous flexor sheaths contain tendons and synovial sheaths for protection and lubrication.
- The deep plantar artery completes the plantar arch on the medial side of the foot.
Actions and Functions of Muscles
- The primary action of the abductor hallucis is the abduction of the great toe.
- The quadratus plantae assists the flexor digitorum longus in flexing the toes.
- The flexor digiti minimi brevis flexes the proximal phalanx of the little toe.
- The lumbricals, which originate from the flexor tendons, assist in toe flexion.
Insertions and Origins
- The insertion of the abductor digiti minimi is at the base of the proximal phalanx of the little toe.
- The insertion of the flexor digitorum brevis is at the base of the middle phalanges.
- The origin of the quadratus plantae muscle is from the calcaneus.
- The insertion of the dorsal interossei is at the bases of proximal phalanges and extensor expansions of corresponding toes.
Additional Points
- The deep fibular nerve supplies the extensor digitorum brevis and provides cutaneous innervation between the great toe and second toe.
- The lateral plantar nerve innervates most muscles in the sole of the foot, excluding the abductor hallucis.
- The medial plantar nerve and lateral plantar nerve have distinct roles in foot muscle innervation and sensation.
These notes encapsulate the key points regarding the nerves, muscles, arteries, and their functions in the anatomy of the foot, aiding in study and understanding.
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Test your knowledge on the nervous system with this quiz. Questions cover key concepts such as the largest nerve in the body, the formation of the sacral plexus, and the nerves supplying major muscles. Challenge your understanding of anatomical structures and their functions.
