Gross II Final review

Questions and Answers

Which nerve is the largest in the body?

Superior gluteal nerve

Sciatic nerve (correct)

Inferior gluteal nerve

Pudendal nerve

The sacral plexus is formed by which of the following ventral rami?

L1-L4, S1-S3

L5, S1-S3, S5

L4, L5, S1-S4 (correct)

L2-L5, S1-S3

Which of the following nerves supplies the gluteus maximus muscle?

Sciatic nerve

Superior gluteal nerve

Pudendal nerve

Inferior gluteal nerve (correct)

Where does the gluteus maximus muscle originate?

Posterior surface of the sacrum and coccyx Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip joint?

Piriformis Signup and view all the answers

The superior gluteal nerve is formed by fibers from the posterior divisions of which ventral rami?

L4-S1 Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the gluteus medius and minimus muscles?

Superior gluteal nerve Signup and view all the answers

Where does the tensor fasciae latae muscle originate?

Anterior superior iliac spine Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is an important landmark in the gluteal region?

Piriformis Signup and view all the answers

The sciatic nerve emerges from the pelvis through which foramen?

Greater sciatic foramen Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle lies deep to the gluteus medius?

Gluteus minimus Signup and view all the answers

The posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh supplies which area?

Skin of the inferior part of the gluteal region Signup and view all the answers

The nerve to obturator internus supplies which muscles?

Obturator internus and superior gemellus Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is a branch of the internal iliac artery and supplies the gluteal region?

Superior gluteal artery Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is formed by fibers from the anterior divisions of L4-S1?

Nerve to quadratus femoris Signup and view all the answers

The inferior gluteal nerve supplies which muscle?

Gluteus maximus Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle inserts into the iliotibial tract?

Gluteus maximus Signup and view all the answers

The pudendal nerve is formed by fibers from which ventral rami?

S2-S4 Signup and view all the answers

The gluteus medius muscle is responsible for which action?

Abduction and medial rotation of the thigh Signup and view all the answers

The sacral plexus lies against which structure?

Posterior pelvic wall Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve passes through the lesser sciatic foramen?

Pudendal nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle originates from the pelvic surface of the obturator membrane?

Obturator internus Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the quadratus femoris muscle?

Nerve to quadratus femoris Signup and view all the answers

Where does the inferior gemellus muscle originate?

Ischial tuberosity Signup and view all the answers

The gluteus maximus provides stability to which joint via the iliotibial tract?

Knee joint Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle helps with flexion, abduction, and medial rotation of the thigh at the hip joint?

Tensor fasciae latae Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the skin of the inferolateral part of the gluteal region?

Inferior clunial nerves Signup and view all the answers

The superior gemellus muscle inserts into which structure?

Greater trochanter Signup and view all the answers

Which artery accompanies the pudendal nerve through the gluteal region?

Internal pudendal artery Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle originates from the outer (gluteal) surface of the ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines?

Gluteus medius Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve passes through the greater sciatic foramen superior to the piriformis?

Superior gluteal nerve Signup and view all the answers

The nerve to quadratus femoris supplies which joint?

Hip joint Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for the prominence of the buttock?

Gluteus maximus Signup and view all the answers

The sciatic nerve divides into which two nerves?

Tibial and common fibular nerves Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle assists the gluteus maximus in extending the thigh?

Piriformis Signup and view all the answers

Where does the superior gemellus muscle originate?

Ischial spine Signup and view all the answers

The inferior clunial nerves are branches of which nerve?

Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh Signup and view all the answers

The pudendal nerve re-enters the pelvis through which foramen?

Lesser sciatic foramen Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle lies directly above the piriformis in the gluteal region?

Gluteus medius Signup and view all the answers

Which structure passes through both the greater and lesser sciatic foramina?

Pudendal nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle inserts into the upper border of the greater trochanter?

Piriformis Signup and view all the answers

The sciatic nerve is formed by which ventral rami?

L4-S3 Signup and view all the answers

Which artery supplies the gluteus maximus muscle?

Inferior gluteal artery Signup and view all the answers

The nerve to obturator internus innervates which muscle?

Superior gemellus Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle forms the floor of the femoral triangle?

Iliopsoas Signup and view all the answers

Where does the piriformis muscle insert?

Greater trochanter Signup and view all the answers

The gluteus minimus is located deep to which muscle?

Gluteus medius Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle originates from the anterior surface of the sacrum?

Piriformis Signup and view all the answers

The sciatic nerve innervates all of the following muscles except:

Gluteus maximus Signup and view all the answers

Which artery passes superior to the piriformis muscle?

Superior gluteal artery Signup and view all the answers

The pudendal nerve innervates which of the following?

External anal sphincter Signup and view all the answers

The inferior gluteal artery is a branch of which artery?

Internal iliac artery Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve innervates the superior gemellus muscle?

Nerve to obturator internus Signup and view all the answers

Which structure does not pass through the greater sciatic foramen?

Femoral nerve Signup and view all the answers

The sciatic nerve passes below which muscle as it exits the pelvis?

Piriformis Signup and view all the answers

Which artery supplies the deep gluteal muscles?

Inferior gluteal artery Signup and view all the answers

The piriformis muscle separates which two structures?

Superior and inferior gluteal nerves Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve innervates the inferior gemellus muscle?

Nerve to quadratus femoris Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for medial rotation and abduction of the thigh?

Gluteus medius Signup and view all the answers

The sciatic nerve bifurcates at which anatomical landmark?

Popliteal fossa Signup and view all the answers

Which structure lies directly anterior to the sacral plexus?

Piriformis muscle Signup and view all the answers

The superior clunial nerves are branches of which spinal nerves?

Lumbar nerves Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle originates from the ischial tuberosity?

Inferior gemellus Signup and view all the answers

The sacral plexus is located on the anterior surface of which muscle?

Piriformis Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the skin of the posterior thigh?

Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh Signup and view all the answers

The gluteus maximus muscle inserts into which structure?

Iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is innervated by the femoral nerve?

Sartorius Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve exits the pelvis through the obturator foramen?

Obturator nerve Signup and view all the answers

The nerve to quadratus femoris is a branch of which ventral rami?

L4-S1 Signup and view all the answers

Which artery supplies blood to the external anal sphincter?

Internal pudendal artery Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is NOT part of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

Gracilis Signup and view all the answers

The femoral nerve innervates all of the following muscles EXCEPT:

Psoas major Signup and view all the answers

The origin of the psoas major muscle is:

Transverse processes of L1 to L5 vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

The adductor hiatus is a gap in which muscle?

Adductor magnus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is part of the pes anserinus?

Sartorius Signup and view all the answers

The femoral triangle does NOT contain:

Obturator nerve Signup and view all the answers

The action of the sartorius muscle includes:

Flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation of thigh Signup and view all the answers

The medial boundary of the femoral triangle is formed by:

Adductor longus Signup and view all the answers

The profunda femoris artery is a branch of:

Femoral artery Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve innervates the gracilis muscle?

Obturator nerve Signup and view all the answers

The insertion of the pectineus muscle is:

Pectineal line of femur Signup and view all the answers

The origin of the rectus femoris muscle is:

AIIS and ilium above the acetabulum Signup and view all the answers

The femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery at the:

Adductor hiatus Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is the chief flexor of the thigh?

Iliopsoas Signup and view all the answers

The adductor longus muscle is innervated by:

Obturator nerve Signup and view all the answers

The vastus intermedius muscle originates from:

Anterior and lateral surfaces of femur shaft Signup and view all the answers

The insertion of the adductor brevis muscle is:

Linea aspera Signup and view all the answers

The main source of blood supply for the posterior compartment of the thigh is:

Profunda femoris artery Signup and view all the answers

The obturator externus muscle action is:

Lateral rotation of thigh Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is NOT innervated by the femoral nerve?

Psoas major Signup and view all the answers

The femoral sheath contains:

Femoral artery and vein Signup and view all the answers

The quadriceps femoris muscle includes all of the following EXCEPT:

Sartorius Signup and view all the answers

The femoral triangle is continuous inferiorly with:

Adductor canal Signup and view all the answers

The action of the gracilis muscle includes:

Flexion and medial rotation of leg Signup and view all the answers

The femoral nerve arises from which spinal nerves?

L2-L4 Signup and view all the answers

The insertion of the iliacus muscle is:

Lesser trochanter Signup and view all the answers

The adductor part of the adductor magnus muscle is innervated by:

Obturator nerve Signup and view all the answers

The femoral artery is a continuation of the:

External iliac artery Signup and view all the answers

The main action of the vastus medialis muscle is:

Extension of leg Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is located in the posterior compartment of the thigh?

Biceps femoris Signup and view all the answers

The adductor canal begins at the:

Femoral triangle apex Signup and view all the answers

The insertion of the adductor magnus muscle is:

Linea aspera and adductor tubercle Signup and view all the answers

The main action of the pectineus muscle is:

Flexion and adduction of thigh Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is a branch of the lumbar plexus?

Femoral nerve Signup and view all the answers

The femoral vein lies medial to the:

Femoral artery Signup and view all the answers

The lateral circumflex femoral artery is a branch of:

Profunda femoris artery Signup and view all the answers

The obturator externus muscle originates from:

Outer surface of obturator membrane Signup and view all the answers

The main action of the adductor longus muscle is:

Flexion and adduction of thigh Signup and view all the answers

The profunda femoris artery terminates as the:

Fourth perforating artery Signup and view all the answers

The obturator nerve innervates which muscle?

Adductor brevis Signup and view all the answers

The femoral artery is located within which space?

Vascular space Signup and view all the answers

The main action of the iliopsoas muscle is:

Flexion of thigh Signup and view all the answers

The saphenous nerve is a branch of the:

Femoral nerve Signup and view all the answers

The adductor brevis muscle is located:

Posterior to pectineus and adductor longus Signup and view all the answers

The action of the rectus femoris muscle includes:

Flexion of thigh and extension of leg Signup and view all the answers

The origin of the adductor longus muscle is:

Pubic body Signup and view all the answers

The main action of the sartorius muscle is:

Flexion of leg and lateral rotation of thigh Signup and view all the answers

The femoral vein continues as the:

External iliac vein Signup and view all the answers

The quadriceps femoris muscle inserts into the:

Tibial tuberosity Signup and view all the answers

The main action of the adductor magnus muscle is:

Adduction and extension of thigh Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT found within the popliteal fossa?

Femoral artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the most deeply located structure in the popliteal fossa?

Popliteal artery Signup and view all the answers

The popliteal artery divides into which two arteries?

Anterior and posterior tibial arteries Signup and view all the answers

The tibial nerve passes deep to which muscle's tendinous arch?

Soleus Signup and view all the answers

The sural nerve supplies the skin over which part of the leg?

Inferolateral Signup and view all the answers

Which artery participates in the arterial anastomosis around the knee joint?

Circumflex fibular artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the flexor hallucis longus?

Flexion of the great toe Signup and view all the answers

Where does the anterior tibial artery become superficial?

Distal third of the leg Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the tibialis anterior muscle?

Deep fibular nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is NOT a part of the deep group in the posterior compartment of the leg?

Gastrocnemius Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the fibularis longus muscle?

Lateral surface of head and shaft of fibula Signup and view all the answers

Which structure passes through the tarsal tunnel?

Posterior tibial artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the main action of the tibialis posterior muscle?

Inversion of the foot Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the lateral compartment muscles of the leg?

Superficial fibular nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the popliteus muscle?

Unlocking the knee joint Signup and view all the answers

The extensor digitorum longus is involved in the extension of which toes?

Lateral four toes Signup and view all the answers

Where does the tibialis anterior insert?

Medial cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for the cutaneous innervation of the inferolateral part of the leg?

Sural nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle's tendon passes through the tarsal tunnel?

Flexor hallucis longus Signup and view all the answers

The lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve is a continuation of which nerve?

Sural nerve Signup and view all the answers

What artery can be palpated halfway between the heel and medial malleolus?

Posterior tibial artery Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle in the posterior compartment of the leg is most medially located?

Flexor digitorum longus Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is commonly injured near the neck of the fibula?

Common fibular nerve Signup and view all the answers

The lateral sural cutaneous nerve is a branch of which nerve?

Common fibular nerve Signup and view all the answers

What structure is located in the popliteal fossa and is continuous with the fascia lata?

Popliteal fascia Signup and view all the answers

The genicular arteries are branches of which artery?

Popliteal artery Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the tibial nerve?

Motor innervation to the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg Signup and view all the answers

The flexor retinaculum is located on which side of the ankle?

Medial Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle assists in the unlocking of the knee joint?

Popliteus Signup and view all the answers

What is the innervation of the fibularis tertius muscle?

Deep fibular nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of the fibularis longus muscle?

Plantar flexion and eversion Signup and view all the answers

What artery is located between the tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles?

Anterior tibial artery Signup and view all the answers

The tendon of which muscle runs in a groove on the inferior surface of the cuboid bone?

Fibularis longus Signup and view all the answers

What nerve accompanies the posterior tibial artery?

Tibial nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is located in the anterior compartment of the leg?

Tibialis anterior Signup and view all the answers

The deep fibular nerve provides innervation to which group of muscles?

Anterior compartment of the leg Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the extensor hallucis longus?

Extension of the great toe Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is the continuation of the anterior tibial artery?

Dorsalis pedis artery Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the skin of the upper lateral part of the leg?

Lateral sural cutaneous nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which structure lies deepest in the posterior aspect of the leg?

Posterior tibial artery Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is innervated by the tibial nerve?

Gastrocnemius Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle in the leg is most deeply located?

Tibialis posterior Signup and view all the answers

The fibular artery supplies which compartment of the leg?

Lateral Signup and view all the answers

What nerve innervates the lateral compartment of the leg?

Superficial fibular nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of the flexor digitorum longus?

Flexion of the lateral four toes Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is located immediately deep to the gastrocnemius?

Soleus Signup and view all the answers

The tendon of the fibularis brevis muscle attaches to which bone?

Fifth metatarsal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the triceps surae?

Flexor hallucis longus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the retinacula around the ankle?

Prevent bowstringing of tendons Signup and view all the answers

Which artery runs alongside the deep fibular nerve in the anterior compartment of the leg?

Anterior tibial artery Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the medial two-thirds of the sole of the foot?

Medial plantar nerve Signup and view all the answers

What structure does the plantar aponeurosis attach to posteriorly?

Calcaneal tuberosity Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is located in the first layer of the sole of the foot?

Abductor hallucis Signup and view all the answers

The medial plantar artery is a terminal branch of which artery?

Posterior tibial artery Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is NOT innervated by the medial plantar nerve?

Adductor hallucis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the plantar interossei?

Adduction of the toes Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the lateral border of the foot?

Sural nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which artery forms the deep plantar arch?

Lateral plantar artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle?

Calcaneus Signup and view all the answers

Which structure passes through the first interosseous space?

Deep plantar artery Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is involved in the abduction of the great toe?

Abductor hallucis Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the skin over the dorsum of the foot?

Superficial fibular nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of the flexor digitorum brevis?

Flexion of the middle phalanges of the lateral four toes Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve provides innervation to the adductor hallucis muscle?

Lateral plantar nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which structure does the lateral plantar nerve NOT innervate?

Abductor hallucis Signup and view all the answers

The deep plantar arch is completed by an anastomosis between the lateral plantar artery and which other artery?

Deep plantar artery Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve innervates the flexor hallucis brevis muscle?

Medial plantar nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the quadratus plantae muscle?

Calcaneus Signup and view all the answers

Which tendon is located in the fourth layer of the sole of the foot?

Fibularis longus Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle assists the flexor digitorum longus in flexing the lateral four toes?

Quadratus plantae Signup and view all the answers

Which artery provides the main blood supply to the dorsum of the foot?

Dorsalis pedis artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the insertion of the abductor digiti minimi muscle?

Base of the proximal phalanx of the little toe Signup and view all the answers

The medial plantar nerve is similar in distribution to which nerve in the hand?

Median nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle in the sole of the foot has a medial and lateral head?

Flexor hallucis brevis Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is found in the second layer of the sole of the foot?

Lumbricals Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the skin of the lateral heel?

Sural nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the plantar aponeurosis?

Support of the longitudinal arches of the foot Signup and view all the answers

The dorsal venous arch drains into which vein on the medial side of the foot?

Great saphenous vein Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle's tendons are located within the fibrous flexor sheaths of the lateral four toes?

Flexor digitorum longus Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle abducts the toes?

Dorsal interossei Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery on the dorsum of the foot?

Dorsalis pedis artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the main action of the abductor hallucis muscle?

Abduction of the great toe Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the extensor digitorum brevis muscle?

Deep fibular nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle flexes the proximal phalanx of the little toe?

Flexor digiti minimi brevis Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle has an oblique and transverse head?

Adductor hallucis Signup and view all the answers

What is the insertion of the dorsal interossei?

Bases of proximal phalanges and extensor expansions of corresponding toes Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the medial side of the foot up to the first metatarsophalangeal joint?

Saphenous nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for extending the toes?

Extensor digitorum brevis Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle originates from the lateral cuneiform and cuboid bones?

Flexor hallucis brevis Signup and view all the answers

The deep plantar artery completes the plantar arch on which side of the foot?

Medial Signup and view all the answers

What structure does the saphenous nerve NOT innervate?

Skin of the lateral heel Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is located in the fourth layer of the sole of the foot?

Dorsal interossei Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the quadratus plantae?

Assisting the flexor digitorum longus Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is NOT involved in maintaining the arches of the foot?

Lumbricals Signup and view all the answers

The dorsalis pedis artery runs between which two tendons on the dorsum of the foot?

Extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle's tendon passes between the medial and lateral heads of the flexor hallucis brevis?

Flexor hallucis longus Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the majority of the muscles in the sole of the foot?

Lateral plantar nerve Signup and view all the answers

The fibrous flexor sheaths of the toes contain tendons and what other structure?

Synovial sheaths Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the skin between the great toe and the second toe?

Deep fibular nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the insertion of the flexor digitorum brevis?

Base of middle phalanges Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nerve and Muscle Overview

Largest Nerve: Sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body.
Sacral Plexus Formation: Comprised of L4, L5, S1-S4 ventral rami.
Innervation of Gluteus Maximus: Supplied by the inferior gluteal nerve.
Gluteus Maximus Origin: Arises from the posterior surface of the sacrum and coccyx.

Muscle Functions

Lateral Rotation: Primarily performed by the piriformis muscle.
Abduction and Medial Rotation: Executed by the gluteus medius.
Thigh Stabilization: The gluteus maximus stabilizes the hip joint via the iliotibial tract.

Important Structures

Tensor Fasciae Latae Origin: Originates from the anterior superior iliac spine.
Superior Gluteal Nerve: Forms from anterior divisions of L4-S1 ventral rami and supplies gluteus medius and minimus.
Piriformis Muscle: Serves as a landmark in the gluteal region, lying above the gluteus maximus.

Nerve Paths and Innervation

Pudendal Nerve: Passes through the lesser sciatic foramen and innervates the external anal sphincter.
Sciatic Nerve Emergence: Exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen and divides into the tibial and common fibular nerves.
Inferior Clunial Nerves: Branch from the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh, supplying skin in the inferior gluteal region.

Arterial Supply

Superior Gluteal Artery: A branch of the internal iliac artery supplying the gluteal region.
Inferior Gluteal Artery: Also a branch of the internal iliac artery providing blood to lower gluteal muscles.
Internal Pudendal Artery: Accompanies the pudendal nerve through the gluteal region.

Anatomical Relations

Sacral Plexus Location: Sits against the posterior pelvic wall.
Muscle Layering: The gluteus minimus is located deep to the gluteus medius; the piriformis lies beneath the gluteus maximus.
Ischial Tuberosity Origin: Inferior gemellus originates from the ischial tuberosity.

Clinical Considerations

Muscles in the Femoral Triangle: Pectineus and iliopsoas assist in leg motion and stability.
Sciatic Nerve Injury: Can impact multiple lower limb muscles and functions due to its extensive innervation area.
Role of Piriformis: Acts as a critical landmark in assessments of sciatica, where its tightness can affect sciatic nerve function.

Muscle Insertions and Actions

Iliotibial Tract Connection: Gluteus maximus inserts into the iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity.
Muscle Actions:
- Tensor fasciae latae aids in thigh flexion, abduction, and medial rotation.
- Gluteus medius facilitates lateral stability and medial rotation of the thigh.
- Piriformis contributes to lateral rotation and abduction when the thigh is flexed.

Nerve Questions

Quadratus Femoris Innervation: Supplied by the nerve to quadratus femoris, a branch from L5-S2.
Gluteal Region Sensation: The inferior clunial nerves serve the skin of the inferior portion of the gluteal area.
Internal Structure: The sciatic nerve bifurcates at the popliteal fossa.

Summary Insights

Layering of Muscles: Understanding the relative position and function of gluteal muscles is crucial for assessments and interventions in lower limb surgeries.
Clinical Implications: Awarness of spinal nerve roots involved aids in diagnosis of nerve injuries and treatment strategies.

Anterior Compartment of the Thigh

The anterior compartment includes muscles such as Sartorius, Pectineus, and Quadriceps femoris.
Gracilis is not part of the anterior compartment.

Innervation

The femoral nerve supplies Sartorius, Iliacus, and Pectineus.
Psoas major is not innervated by the femoral nerve.

Psoas Major Muscle

Originates from the transverse processes of L1 to L5 vertebrae.

Adductor Hiatus

A gap in the Adductor magnus muscle.

Pes Anserinus

Comprises the Sartorius muscle, connecting to the tibia.

Femoral Triangle

Contains the Femoral artery, Femoral nerve, and Femoral vein.
Does not include Obturator nerve.
Medial boundary is formed by the Adductor longus muscle.

Blood Supply

Profunda femoris artery branches from the Femoral artery.
Supplies posterior compartment of the thigh.

Sartorius Muscle Action

Performs flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation of the thigh.

Muscle Origin and Insertion

Pectineus inserts at the pectineal line of the femur.
Rectus femoris originates at AIIS and ilium above the acetabulum.
Adductor brevis inserts at the Linea aspera.

Vasculature

The femoral artery transitions to the popliteal artery at the Adductor hiatus.
The profunda femoris artery terminates as the fourth perforating artery.

Iliopsoas Muscle

Major thigh flexor.
Iliacus inserts at the lesser trochanter.

Nerve Innervation

The obturator nerve innervates the Gracilis and Adductor brevis muscles.
Femoral nerve originates from L2-L4 spinal nerves.
Saphenous nerve branches from the femoral nerve.

Adductor Magnus Muscle

Main action includes adduction and extension of the thigh.
The adductor part is innervated by the obturator nerve.

Quadriceps Femoris

Includes Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, and Vastus medialis.
Inserts into the Tibial tuberosity.

Muscle Actions

Gracilis aids in flexion and medial rotation of the leg.
Vastus medialis primarily extends the leg.
Sartorius muscle’s primary action is flexion of the leg and lateral rotation of the thigh.

Anatomical Relationships

The femoral vein is medial to the Femoral artery.
Femoral artery is located within the vascular space.
The adductor canal begins at the apex of the femoral triangle, linking to the Adductor hiatus.

Popliteal Fossa and Associated Structures

The popliteal fossa contains the popliteal artery, tibial nerve, and popliteal vein; the femoral artery is not found here.
The most deeply located structure in the fossa is the popliteal artery.
The popliteal artery bifurcates into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.

Nerves and Innervation

The tibial nerve passes deep to the tendinous arch of the soleus muscle.
Sural nerve provides sensory innervation to the inferolateral part of the leg.
Deep fibular nerve innervates the tibialis anterior muscle and the anterior compartment of the leg.
Common fibular nerve is commonly injured near the neck of the fibula and supplies the lateral compartment of the leg.

Muscles of the Leg

Flexor hallucis longus muscle aids in flexion of the great toe.
Tibialis posterior primarily functions in foot inversion.
Popliteus muscle assists in unlocking the knee joint.
Flexor digitorum longus is responsible for flexion of the lateral four toes.

Arteries and Blood Supply

Posterior tibial artery can be palpated halfway between the heel and medial malleolus; it accompanies the tibial nerve.
The genicular arteries branch from the popliteal artery and contribute to knee Joint anastomoses.
Anterior tibial artery becomes superficial in the distal third of the leg.
Dorsalis pedis artery is the continuation of the anterior tibial artery.

Tendons and Ligaments

Tendon of the fibularis longus passes in a groove on the inferior surface of the cuboid bone.
The flexor retinaculum is located on the medial side of the ankle, providing stability to tendon structures.

Muscle Groups

The deep group of the posterior compartment includes the tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus; gastrocnemius is not part of this group.
The fibular artery supplies the lateral compartment of the leg.

Key Actions of Leg Muscles

Tibialis anterior inserts at the medial cuneiform and the base of the first metatarsal for dorsiflexion and inversion actions.
Fibularis longus performs plantar flexion and eversion of the foot.
Extensor digitorum longus is involved in extending the lateral four toes.

Sensory Innervation and Nerve Roots

Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve is a continuation of the sural nerve, responsible for skin sensation in specific leg areas.
Tibial nerve functions include motor innervation of the posterior compartment muscles and sensory innervation to the heel and medial foot.

Anatomical Relationships

Popliteal vein is located superficial to the popliteal artery in the popliteal fossa.
Soleus is situated immediately deep to the gastrocnemius muscle.

Miscellaneous Functions

Retinacula around the ankle prevent bowstringing of tendons, maintaining effective functioning during movement.

Nervous Supply and Innervation

The medial two-thirds of the sole of the foot is supplied by the medial plantar nerve.
The sural nerve innervates the lateral border and lateral heel of the foot.
The nerve that supplies the skin over the dorsum of the foot is the superficial fibular nerve.
The medial plantar nerve has a distribution similar to the median nerve in the hand.

Muscles of the Foot

The abductor hallucis is part of the first layer of muscles in the sole of the foot.
The muscle that assists the flexor digitorum longus in flexing the lateral four toes is the quadratus plantae.
The dorsal interossei abduct the toes, while the plantar interossei primarily adduct them.
The flexor digitorum brevis flexes the middle phalanges of the lateral four toes.
The flexor hallucis brevis is innervated by the medial plantar nerve.
The adductor hallucis muscle has both an oblique and transverse head and is innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.

Arteries and Blood Supply

The medial plantar artery is a terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery.
The lateral plantar artery is responsible for forming the deep plantar arch.
The main blood supply to the dorsum of the foot comes from the dorsalis pedis artery.
The dorsal venous arch drains into the great saphenous vein on the medial side of the foot.

Anatomy and Structure

The plantar aponeurosis attaches posteriorly to the calcaneal tuberosity and supports the longitudinal arches of the foot.
The extensor digitorum brevis originates from the calcaneus.
The fibrous flexor sheaths contain tendons and synovial sheaths for protection and lubrication.
The deep plantar artery completes the plantar arch on the medial side of the foot.

Actions and Functions of Muscles

The primary action of the abductor hallucis is the abduction of the great toe.
The quadratus plantae assists the flexor digitorum longus in flexing the toes.
The flexor digiti minimi brevis flexes the proximal phalanx of the little toe.
The lumbricals, which originate from the flexor tendons, assist in toe flexion.

Insertions and Origins

The insertion of the abductor digiti minimi is at the base of the proximal phalanx of the little toe.
The insertion of the flexor digitorum brevis is at the base of the middle phalanges.
The origin of the quadratus plantae muscle is from the calcaneus.
The insertion of the dorsal interossei is at the bases of proximal phalanges and extensor expansions of corresponding toes.

Additional Points

The deep fibular nerve supplies the extensor digitorum brevis and provides cutaneous innervation between the great toe and second toe.
The lateral plantar nerve innervates most muscles in the sole of the foot, excluding the abductor hallucis.
The medial plantar nerve and lateral plantar nerve have distinct roles in foot muscle innervation and sensation.

These notes encapsulate the key points regarding the nerves, muscles, arteries, and their functions in the anatomy of the foot, aiding in study and understanding.

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Test your knowledge on the nervous system with this quiz. Questions cover key concepts such as the largest nerve in the body, the formation of the sacral plexus, and the nerves supplying major muscles. Challenge your understanding of anatomical structures and their functions.