La science comme démarche rationnelle

Science is a rational approach to knowledge, encompassing both a common and philosophical understanding; scientifically the study of the world using logic and evidence

General knowledge of a subject, including skills and knowing that exists but doesn't explain. Examples: birdwatching, farming or baking.

A judgment about a phenomena, or a set of logical statements, that aims to explain the natural world using verifiable rules and patterns.

A process of drawing a general conclusion from specific observations of patterns.

The testing of scientific statements to determine if they are valid or false by rigorous evaluation or analysis.

Testing that involves examining the logical coherence of statements and how well they fit in with accepted scientific principles, theories, and hypotheses.

Science is different from knowledge. Knowledge is specific and knowledge is general and applies universally, Science seeks the reasons for its findings, versus knowledge which doesn't necessarily require explicit reasoning or explanation.

Newton's work and the development of mathematics helped in understanding and predicting phenomena, like the cause of tides, and improving their accuracy.

A series of steps used to gain knowledge about the world, beginning with observation and progressing to controlled experimentation and hypothesis testing.

A method of acquiring knowledge by formulating a hypothesis, testing it with experiments, and drawing conclusions based on the results.

Careful monitoring and recording of phenomena in the natural world.

A proposed explanation or prediction about a relationship between variables.

The controlled testing of a hypothesis using carefully designed procedures.

Testing an alternative explanation or control to assess the validity of a finding.

The principle that any scientific claim must be testable such that it could potentially be proven wrong.

Knowledge gained through observation and experience.

The way of understanding living things through adaptable models, rather than fixed laws.

A model of species change over time, with multiple versions and room for uncertainties.

Science's development isn't a steady upward line but rather a series of revolutions.

A shared framework in science that guides research during a specific period.

Unexpected or conflicting results that challenge accepted paradigms.

Inflexible rules supposed to be true in every situation, particularly for the study of living things.

A flexible representation or explanation of phenomena that accounts for complexities, change, and uncertainties, especially for the study of living things.

A major shift in scientific understanding triggered by new discoveries, prompting a complete change in how the scientific community sees the world.

A fundamental change in the basic concepts and theoretical frameworks within a scientific discipline.

A period of major change in the way scientists understand the world, often driven by new discoveries and theories.

Truth in pure sciences is determined by consistency with the system's logical framework and demonstrable decisions.

Truth in experimental sciences is confirmed by experimentation that aligns with observed reality.

A theory that's testable, tested, and consistently resists contradiction, increasing its validity with each successful test.

The process of developing a scientist's psychological approach to understanding the world and developing scientific knowledge.

A system of established scientific knowledge developed, tested, and shared.

The fundamental concepts and models that guide a scientific community's research and way of thinking.

A prior belief or understanding that hinders the acquisition of new knowledge in science.

Unsystematic, uncritical thinking that hinders scientific progress.

Scientific advancement without ethical awareness and implications.

Moral boundaries that science must respect in its pursuit of knowledge.

Process of confirming scientific statements through testing and observation.

Logical consistency of scientific statements with other established knowledge.

Uncritical acceptance of ideas without questioning or considering alternative perspectives.

Focus on overcoming pre-existing opinions and biases to achieve true scientific understanding.

Belief in a universal, organizing principle governing the natural world.

Conviction in a cosmic order, not connected to rites, precepts, or church affiliation.

Specific case illustrating a rule or principle.

Tool demonstrating something; used as argument whereas example provides illustrations.

A projection into the future based on a starting point, using scientific laws or theory.

A single prediction based on a known initial situation.

Set of predictions associated with probabilities.

Determining the causes behind an event; social science explanation considers human behaviors, causal relationship.