Introduction to Medicine all Sample Question from all lectures
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the primary intervention to salvage the brain during cardiac arrest-induced brain ischemia?

  • Administration of oxygen to the brain
  • Administration of medication to reduce brain damage
  • Application of hypothermia to prevent brain damage
  • Restoration of cerebral blood flow (correct)

    • What is the time frame within which irreversible cerebral damage occurs in case of failure of circulation?

  • 6-8 minutes
  • 1-2 minutes
  • 9-10 minutes
  • 3-5 minutes (correct)

    • What is the most common cause of cardiac arrest in adults?

  • Suffocation or choking
  • Trauma
  • Ventricular fibrillation
  • Ischemic heart disease (correct)

    • Which category of cerebral hypoxia is the most severe?

    <p>Global cerebral ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe brain injury as a result of oxygen deprivation?

    <p>Hypoxic/anoxic injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some symptoms of cerebral hypoxia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where restoration of blood flow can cause additional damage after a brain ischemic event?

    <p>Reperfusion injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is particularly sensitive to lack of oxygen?

    <p>Cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main visual center in the brain?

    <p>Occipital lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of cerebral hypoxia refers to a complete stoppage of blood flow to the brain?

    <p>Global cerebral ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is responsible for memory function and is sensitive to anoxic injury?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of damage to the frontal lobes?

    <p>Impaired memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible change in personality following frontal lobe injury?

    <p>Impulsiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between persistent vegetative state (PVS) and minimally conscious state?

    <p>PVS is a state of altered consciousness with no response to the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential outcome of mild or short-lived cerebral anoxia?

    <p>Recovery back to normal or near-normal level of functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of Advanced Life Support (ALS)?

    <p>Administering drugs like Atropine and Adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dose of Adrenaline in CPR?

    <p>1 mg in each 3-5 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should rescue breathing be performed during CPR?

    <p>After performing 30 chest compressions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done after administering one shock using an AED?

    <p>Resume chest compressions for two more minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary intervention to salvage the brain during cardiac arrest-induced brain ischemia?

    <p>Restoring the cerebral blood flow to the ischemic region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common cause of cardiac arrest in children?

    <p>Suffocation or choking with hypoxemia or asphyxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential outcome of brain damage if CPR is started within 4 minutes of cardiac arrest?

    <p>Brain damage is unlikely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a category of cerebral hypoxia?

    <p>Diffuse cerebral hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe brain injury as a result of oxygen deprivation?

    <p>Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some symptoms of cerebral hypoxia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal blood oxygen saturation range for hypoxic hypoxia?

    <p>95-100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of Basic Life Support (BLS)?

    <p>Delivering shocks with an AED</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended rate of chest compressions during CPR?

    <p>100 to 120 compressions per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is used to block vagal tone in some cases of cardiac arrest?

    <p>Atropine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should an automated external defibrillator (AED) be applied during CPR?

    <p>As soon as it becomes available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a category of cerebral hypoxia?

    <p>Localized cerebral infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is particularly susceptible to anoxia and may cause a loss of visual function?

    <p>Occipital lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the brain is responsible for memory function and is sensitive to anoxic injury?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of damage to the basal ganglia?

    <p>Abnormal movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of frontal lobe injury?

    <p>Impulsiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between persistent vegetative state (PVS) and minimally conscious state?

    <p>PVS is a state of altered consciousness with no response to the environment, while minimally conscious state has minimal evidence of limited self-awareness or awareness of the surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential long-term outcome of mild or short-lived cerebral anoxia?

    <p>Recovery back to a normal or near normal level of functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of basic life support (BLS)?

    <p>To provide temporary medical care to victims of life-threatening illnesses or injuries until they can be given full medical care at a hospital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of foreign body aspiration in the airway?

    <p>Persistent coughing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is most commonly affected by foreign body aspiration in the airway?

    <p>Infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended diagnostic procedure for identifying foreign bodies in the airway?

    <p>X-ray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of upper respiratory tract obstruction?

    <p>Laryngitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can contribute to upper respiratory tract obstruction?

    <p>Systemic physiological changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method for diagnosing upper respiratory tract obstruction?

    <p>Blood test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for upper respiratory tract obstruction?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a branch of medicine?

    <p>Pathological medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of internal medicine?

    <p>Diagnosing and treating adult diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a basic science of medicine?

    <p>Epidemiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a traditional medicine system mentioned in the text?

    <p>Modern medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment method in traditional Chinese medicine?

    <p>Herbal remedies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many medical schools are there in the United Kingdom?

    <p>32</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country requires medical doctors to work 1-3 years under supervision before practicing independently?

    <p>France</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specialty is commonly referred to as 'internists' in North America?

    <p>Internal medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specialty focuses on the study of diseases through laboratory testing?

    <p>Pathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specialty is responsible for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases using medical imaging techniques?

    <p>Radiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specialty focuses on the study of the nervous system and its disorders?

    <p>Neurology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a medical profession?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of creating a professional organization?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct format for spelling a medical title in Croatia?

    <p>Name Surname, MD, PhD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of basic life support (BLS)?

    <p>To provide immediate care to patients with life-threatening injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key milestone in the history of informed consent?

    <p>Patient Protection Act Croatia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a healthy body mean to an anatomist?

    <p>Normal anatomical structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does health mean to a biochemist?

    <p>Normal biochemical levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a principle of the CODE OF MEDICAL ETHICS AND DEONTOLOGY?

    <p>Discriminating against patients based on age, gender, race, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the WMA Declaration of Lisbon on the Rights of the Patient, what is the patient's right regarding medical records?

    <p>To have access to his/her medical records</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the foundation of the diagnostic and therapeutic process?

    <p>Confidentiality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main principle of the Madrid Declaration?

    <p>Professional autonomy of physicians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization represents physicians worldwide?

    <p>World Medical Association (WMA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a physician?

    <p>To diagnose and treat diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some attributes of a physician as a healer and professional?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different roles of a physician?

    <p>Clinician, manager, health advocate, scholar, communicator, and collaborator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Recognition and Corrective Actions for Upper Respiratory Tract Obstruction

    • Upper respiratory tract obstruction can cause noisy breathing, difficulty breathing, and obstructed airflow.
    • The most common causes of upper respiratory tract obstruction are structural changes in the nose, trauma, systemic physiological changes, and pathological changes.
    • Structural changes can include septal deviation, collapsing nose valves, nasal shell hypertrophy, adenoid hypertrophy, nasal polyps, neoplasms, and choanal atresia.
    • Systemic physiological changes can be due to the nasal cycle, positional obstruction, metabolic and endocrine changes, rhinitis, and foreign bodies in the nose.
    • Trauma to the nose, such as fractures, can lead to obstruction and difficulty breathing.
    • Septal perforation can be caused by trauma, infections/inflammation, surgery, and various diseases.
    • Nasal valve collapse, nasal concha hypertrophy, adenoid hypertrophy, nasal polyps, neoplasms, and choanal atresia can also cause upper respiratory tract obstruction.
    • Rhinitis, including allergic, infectious, atrophic, medicamentosa, vasomotor, and chronic rhinosinusitis, can contribute to obstruction.
    • Medicamentous rhinitis can be a result of certain medications.
    • Foreign bodies in the nasal cavity can lead to obstruction.
    • Upper respiratory tract obstruction can occur in the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and nasal cavity.
    • Diagnosis can be made through various methods, such as inspection of the nose, rhinoscopy, fiberendoscopy, CT, MR, and ultrasound. Treatment options include intubation, tracheotomy, conicotomy, and removal of foreign bodies.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the sensitivity of brain cells to stop circulation (hypoxia) and the post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS). This quiz covers topics such as anoxic brain injury, post-cardiac arrest morbidity and mortality, and cerebral and cardiac dysfunction. Challenge yourself and expand your understanding of this critical medical condition.

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