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Questions and Answers

Which neurotransmitter is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?

  • Acetylcholine (correct)
  • Norepinephrine
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin

    • What processes does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

  • Digestion
  • Respiration
  • Muscle contraction
  • All of the above (correct)

    • Which system has opposing actions to the sympathetic nervous system in some physiological systems?

  • Endocrine system
  • Central nervous system
  • Peripheral nervous system
  • Parasympathetic nervous system (correct)

    • What type of response does the sympathetic nervous system have in stressful situations?

    <p>Fight or flight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many neurons are arranged in series in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle does the autonomic nervous system control?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can drugs interacting with the autonomic nervous system be used for?

    <p>Clinical purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug blocks potassium channels and prolongs the action potential, thus increasing the release of ACh?

    <p>4-aminopyridine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug disrupts synaptic vesicles and depletes nerve endings of ACh?

    <p>Red back spider venom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug inhibits the release of ACh?

    <p>Botulinum toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug competes with Ca2+ entry and blocks active transport of ACh into vesicles?

    <p>Vesamicol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor agonist causes contraction of the constrictor pupillae and ciliary muscle?

    <p>M1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor agonist stimulates exocrine glands and increases sweating, lacrimation, salivation, and bronchial secretions?

    <p>M3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug blocks the action of acetylcholinesterases and prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine?

    <p>Organophosphates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron in the sympathetic nervous system has its cell bodies in the lateral horn of the grey matter of thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord?

    <p>Preganglionic neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system has a long preganglionic and short postganglionic neuron?

    <p>Parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic parasympathetic neurons?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is located in autonomic ganglia, neuromuscular junction, adrenal medulla, and the brain?

    <p>Nicotinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is coupled to cation channels and mediates fast excitatory synaptic transmission?

    <p>Nicotinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor can cause activation of phospholipase C, inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, activation of K+-channels, or inhibition of Ca2+ channels?

    <p>Muscarinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate limiting step in acetylcholine synthesis?

    <p>Availability of choline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about organophosphate insecticides?

    <p>They irreversibly bind to serine hydroxyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of pralidoxime in organophosphate poisoning?

    <p>It brings an oxime group close to phosphorylated esteratic site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to organophosphate compounds after ageing occurs?

    <p>They become irreversibly bound to the serine hydroxyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an effect of increased acetylcholine at autonomic cholinergic synapses?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical use of anticholinesterases?

    <p>Reversal of non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a muscarinic receptor antagonist that acts in the central nervous system?

    <p>Atropine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a clinical use of muscarinic antagonists?

    <p>Dilation of the pupil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of muscarinic receptor antagonists?

    <p>Toxaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about ganglion-blocking drugs?

    <p>They cause prolonged depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The autonomic nervous system regulates contraction/relaxation of smooth muscle, exocrine and endocrine secretions, and heart intermediary metabolism.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sympathetic nervous system activity increases during satiation and repose.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The autonomic nervous system is composed of two neurons arranged in series, namely preganglionic and postganglionic cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs interacting with the autonomic nervous system can be used for clinical purposes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ganglion-blocking drugs inhibit the release of acetylcholine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released by postganglionic parasympathetic neurons.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscarinic antagonists have a clinical use.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sympathetic nervous system has a long preganglionic neuron and a short postganglionic neuron.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parasympathetic nervous system has a long preganglionic neuron and a short postganglionic neuron.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most postganglionic sympathetic neurons are located in the target organ.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principal transmitters in the autonomic nervous system are acetylcholine and noradrenaline.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nicotinic receptors are located in autonomic ganglia, neuromuscular junction, adrenal medulla, and the brain.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscarinic receptors are located in smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands in the periphery, and CNS.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acetylcholine is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: 4-aminopyridine blocks potassium channels and prolongs the action potential, thus increasing the release of ACh?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Botulinum toxin inhibits the release of ACh and causes parasympathetic and motor paralysis?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Vesamicol blocks the active transport of ACh into vesicles?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Muscarinic receptor agonists stimulate exocrine glands and increase sweating, lacrimation, salivation, and bronchial secretions?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Botox, which is a form of Botulinum Toxin A, causes flaccid paralysis of skeletal muscle?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Neostigmine is a short-acting drug that binds the anionic site of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Organophosphates, such as parathion, are commonly used as therapeutic drugs for poisons and suicide?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Organophosphate insecticides act by inhibiting cholinesterase reactivation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Pralidoxime brings an oxime group close to the phosphorylated esteratic site.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Ageing occurs as organophosphates become irreversibly bound to the site.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Muscarinic receptor antagonists composed of ester + basic groups are tertiary ammonium compounds.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Muscarinic receptor antagonists have no action in the CNS.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Muscarinic receptor antagonists cause decreased secretions of salivary, lacrimal, bronchial, and sweat glands.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Muscarinic receptor antagonists cause relaxation of bronchial, biliary, and urinary smooth muscle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Ganglion-blocking drugs interfere with ACh release by causing prolonged depolarization and desensitization.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Nicotine is provided in patches and gum for relief from cigarette smoking.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Processes that the autonomic nervous system regulates include: Contraction/ relaxation of ______

    <p>smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All exocrine and some endocrine ______

    <p>secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic and ______ systems have opposing actions in some physiological systems

    <p>parasympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sympathetic nervous system activity increases in ______ (fight or flight response)

    <p>stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parasympathetic nervous system activity predominates during ______ and repose

    <p>satiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Structure of the autonomic nervous system Two neurons arranged in ______ Comprising preganglionic and postganglionic cells

    <p>series</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principal transmitters in the autonomic nervous system are ______ and noradrenaline

    <p>acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organophosphate insecticides act by inhibiting ______ reactivation

    <p>cholinesterase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pralidoxime brings an oxime group close to phosphorylated esteratic site. Attracts phosphate group from serine hydroxyl group. Must be used within few hours of contact with ______ compound

    <p>irreversible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ageing occurs as organophosphate becomes irreversibly bound to ______ site

    <p>phosphorylated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clinical uses of anticholinesterases: ______ reverses the effects of non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking drugs

    <p>Neostigmine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Effects of muscarinic receptor antagonists: ______ secretions of salivary, lacrimal, bronchial and sweat glands

    <p>Decreased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscarinic receptor antagonists have no action in ______

    <p>CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ganglion-blocking drugs (nicotine receptor antagonists) interfere with ACh release prolonged depolarisation causing ______ - nicotine

    <p>desensitisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The autonomic nervous system regulates contraction/relaxation of smooth muscle, exocrine and endocrine secretions, and ______ intermediary metabolism

    <p>heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscarinic receptor agonists stimulate exocrine glands and increase sweating, lacrimation, salivation, and ______ secretions

    <p>bronchial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anatomically the sympathetic nervous system has a short preganglionic and long postganglionic ______

    <p>neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Preganglionic neuron cell bodies lie in the lateral horn of the grey matter of thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal ______

    <p>cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most postganglionic neurons are located in the target ______

    <p>organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Principal transmitters in the autonomic nervous system are ______ and noradrenaline.

    <p>acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nicotinic receptors are located in: ______ ganglia, neuromuscular junction, adrenal medulla, brain.

    <p>autonomic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscarinic receptors are located in: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands in the periphery, ______ motor control memory.

    <p>CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acetylcholine is synthesised within the nerve terminal from ______.

    <p>choline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Botulinum toxin inhibits the release of ACh and causes parasympathetic and motor ______

    <p>paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscarinic agonist side effects: Tremor, improved ______

    <p>cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs that enhance cholinergic transmission: Inhibition of ______

    <p>cholinesterases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acetylcholinesterase is a true ______ located in the basement membrane of the synaptic cleft

    <p>cholinesterase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs that block the action of acetylcholinesterases and prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine. Short acting ______

    <p>Edrophonium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ageing occurs as organophosphate becomes irreversibly bound to ______ site

    <p>anionic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anatomically the sympathetic nervous system has a short preganglionic and long postganglionic ______

    <p>neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Botulinum toxin causes progressive parasympathetic and motor ______

    <p>paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Botox causes flaccid paralysis of skeletal ______

    <p>muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mg2+ ions and aminoglycosides compete with ______ entry

    <p>Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vesamicol blocks active transport of ACh into ______

    <p>vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acetylcholinesterase is located in the basement membrane of the ______ cleft

    <p>synaptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Edrophonium is a short-acting ______ compound

    <p>quaternary ammonium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organophosphates are pentavalent phosphorous compounds used as ______

    <p>insecticides</p> Signup and view all the answers

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