Kyphosis: Causes and Clinical Presentation
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a primary impairment related to a rounded back and protracted scapulae?

  • Pain
  • Weakness in the anterior muscles
  • Vision impairment
  • Forward head position (correct)

    • What secondary issue can arise due to forward head position?

  • Pain
  • Tight posterior muscles
  • Weakness in the posterior muscles
  • Vision impaired (correct)

    • Which activity is likely to be difficult secondarily to kyphosis?

  • Walking
  • Driving
  • Overhead activities (correct)
  • Reading

    • What is a potential effect on driving due to posture-related issues?

    <p>Impaired and/or restricted ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle groups are affected by tightness and weakness in this clinical presentation?

    <p>Tight anteriorly, weak posteriorly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic best differentiates a normal spine from a kyphotic spine?

    <p>A kyphotic spine has an exaggerated curve in the upper thoracic region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary region affected by kyphosis?

    <p>Upper thoracic region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT depicted in the image showing kyphosis?

    <p>Exaggerated cervical curvature in a normal spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the comparison of normal and kyphotic spines, which spine demonstrates a straight alignment?

    <p>Normal spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary contributor to increased thoracic posterior convexity?

    <p>Lengthened posterior longitudinal ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spine condition is characterized by an exaggerated curve according to the image?

    <p>Kyphotic spine with an exaggerated upper thoracic curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT mentioned as a contributing factor to kyphotic posture?

    <p>Shortened posterior longitudinal ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fracture is associated with anterior wedging leading to kyphotic posture?

    <p>Compression fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of stretched and weakened erector spinae muscles?

    <p>Increased thoracic posterior convexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure, when lengthened, contributes to a rounded-back posture?

    <p>Posterior longitudinal ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group should be targeted to strengthen the scapular retractors?

    <p>Rhomboids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key component of conservative management for postural issues?

    <p>Postural education/training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is NOT typically strengthened as part of conservative management for weak areas?

    <p>Biceps brachii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In conservative management, which muscles are typically stretched to address shortened tissues?

    <p>Pectoralis and anterior shoulder muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an educational aspect in conservative management?

    <p>Patient education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of scoliosis?

    <p>Uneven shoulders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is NOT typically associated with scoliosis?

    <p>Even hips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A visible sign of scoliosis in a person's back includes:

    <p>Curve in spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these symptoms would most likely suggest scoliosis?

    <p>Uneven hips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In scoliosis, one common physical feature observed is:

    <p>Uneven shoulders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of physical disfigurement is specifically noted during forward flexion in patients with scoliosis?

    <p>Rib hump on the convex side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily determines the extent of activity limitations in individuals with scoliosis?

    <p>Severity of the curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which activity may become particularly challenging due to the spine motions being uniformly limited in scoliosis patients?

    <p>Prolonged standing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional health issue may develop as a result of a thoracic curve in scoliosis?

    <p>Impaired respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical manifestation is indicative of scoliosis when bending forward?

    <p>Rib hump on the same side as convexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of bracing in conservative management?

    <p>To halt progression of the curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about physical therapy (PT) in conservative management?

    <p>PT only helps to manage symptoms such as pain and weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a benefit of PT in the context of conservative management?

    <p>Halt progression of spinal curvature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these interventions is designed to halt the progression of spinal curvature?

    <p>Bracing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT managed by physical therapy in conservative management?

    <p>Curvature correction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic uniquely identifies structural scoliosis?

    <p>It is characterized by a fixed rotation of the vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication may arise due to structural scoliosis?

    <p>Decreased cardiopulmonary function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can result in nonstructural scoliosis dissipating?

    <p>Changing body position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of idiopathic scoliosis?

    <p>Unknown origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the severity of structural scoliosis assessed?

    <p>By the degree of vertebral convexity and curve from neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for surgery in severe spinal curvature cases?

    <p>Curves greater than 50-60 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common rod used in spinal fusion surgeries?

    <p>Harrington rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical sequence of treatments following spinal surgery for severe cases?

    <p>Bedrest, bracing, rehabilitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much did the spinal curvature improve post-operation as shown in the x-ray images?

    <p>From 78 degrees to 15 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the nature of spinal fusion surgery for severe curvatures?

    <p>It is a major operation done in stages with a lengthy rehabilitation course</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Kyphosis

    • A curved spine, with the curve exaggerated in the upper thoracic region
    • Characterized by increased thoracic posterior convexity and rounded-back posture
    • May be caused by lengthened posterior longitudinal ligament, stretched and weakened erector spinae and rhomboids, or other neurological and postural syndromes
    • Compression fractures can cause anterior wedging, leading to kyphotic posture

    Clinical Presentation of Kyphosis

    • Impairments: rounded back, protracted scapulae, forward head position, and impaired vision
    • Activity limitations: visual limitations, difficulty with overhead activities, and impaired driving

    Conservative Management of Kyphosis

    • Stretching shortened tissues, such as pectoralis and anterior shoulder muscles
    • Strengthening weak areas, including scapular retractors and erector spinae
    • Patient education, postural education/training, and bracing

    Scoliosis

    • Characterized by uneven shoulders, curves in the spine, and uneven hips
    • Lateral curvature of the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar spine, which can be idiopathic or caused by neuromuscular, degenerative, osteoporosis, traumatic, or postsurgical factors

    Pathophysiology/Pathomechanics of Scoliosis

    • Structural scoliosis: irreversible lateral curve with fixed rotation of the vertebrae, convexity of the curve, and decreased cardiopulmonary function and neurologic signs
    • Nonstructural scoliosis: reversible lateral curve that dissipates with postural or positional changes

    Clinical Presentation of Scoliosis

    • Impairments: back pain, disfigurement, and rib hump
    • Activity limitations: dependent on severity of curve, impaired respiration, limited spine motions, and difficulty with prolonged standing activities

    Conservative Management of Scoliosis

    • PT for stretching, strengthening, and bracing to manage symptoms, but not to halt or correct curvature
    • Bracing designed to halt progression of curve, but not to change appearance cosmetically

    Surgical Procedures for Scoliosis

    • Indicated for severe cases with curves greater than 50-60 degrees
    • Surgery involves a major operation, requires bedrest, bracing, and a lengthy rehabilitation course
    • Most common procedure uses rods, such as Harrington rods, and involves a full spinal fusion

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    Description

    Learn about the characteristics and causes of kyphosis, including the curved spine and rounded-back posture, as well as its clinical presentation and related impairments.

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