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• Writing involves selecting letters/characters to convey ideas/concepts/feelings nonverbally.

Eight Patterns of Development

• Cause-Effect Pattern: Explores reasons and consequences, revealing connections.
• Action and reaction are part of Cause-Effect
• Cause: Reason for action. Effect: Follows the antecedent.
• Signal words for cause-effect: cause of, for, due to, since, therefore, so that, consequently.
• Classification Pattern: Groups items by type.
• Signal words for classification: a part of, a kind of, a group of, a way of.
• Comparison: Spotting similarities between topics. Contrast: Spotting differences between topics.
• Signal words: similarly, in the same way, on the other hand, in contrast, compared to.
• Definition Pattern: Used to explain a word or idea.
• Context clues are hints to understand unfamiliar words.
• Denotation: Literal word meaning. Connotation: Reader's perception of a word.
• Description Pattern: Provides concrete details.
• Adjectives describe the quality of something.
• Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs.
• Narration Pattern: Tells a story with characters, setting, plot, point of view, theme, tone, style, and conflict.
• Persuasion Pattern: Aims to influence readers through reason/logic and emotion.
• Ethos type of persuasion: Ethics and morality based.
• Logos type of persuasion: Logic and reason based.
• Pathos type of persuasion: Emotion based.
• Problem-Solution Pattern: Starts negative, ends positive. Situation: Problem and its importance.
• Problem: Clear explanation of the issue.
• Solution: Provides solutions. Evaluation: Highlights the problem and solution's value.

Text Organization, Coherence and Cohesion

• Letters: Alphabet symbols. Words: Form sentences.
• Sentences: Word groups making sense, with periods, question marks, or exclamation marks.
• Declarative Sentences: Statements ending with periods.
• Interrogative Sentences: Questions ending with question marks.
• Exclamatory Sentences: Emotional statements ending with exclamation marks.
• Imperative Sentences: Commands ending with periods or exclamation marks.
• Paragraphs: Organized sentences related to topic.
• Paragraph Introduction: Background info/transition.
• Paragraph Body: Controlling idea, with supportive facts, arguments, and examples.
• Paragraph Conclusion: Summarizes connections.
• Organization is the structure of writing with arrangement of ideas, not only clear but also logical and aesthetic, and one sentence connection to the other sentence.
• Focus is the central point of a topic. Development of main idea and supporting idea. Unity is all other sentences and details revolve around one idea
• Writing tips: Single idea, clear topic sentence, proper technique, and connectiveness.
• Cohesion: Organized unit. Coherence: Logical sense.
• Transitional devices are conjunctions or adverbs to link sentences, such as again, also and and then etc.
• Language needs to be specific, familiar, concise, correct, and appropriate.

Language Use

• Informal/Personal: Slang, local expressions, text messaging.
• Standard/Academic: Words in books/newspapers.
• Business/Technical: Scientific terms, specialized jargon.

Mechanics

• Mechanics focus on structure, grammar, spelling, capitalization, abbreviations, and acronyms.
• Determines errors in the subject-verb agreement, prepositions, and tenses.
• Numbers can feature as part of the statement and the punctuation mark
• Subject-Verb Agreement must have subjects and verbs agree in number.
• Punctuation provides structure.
• Periods end sentences, abbreviations, decimals.
• Exclamation Points end forceful sentences.
• Question Marks end questions.
• Quotation Marks indicate direct quotes, titles, poems, short stories, and movies.
• Apostrophes show possession or missing letters/numbers.
• Colons introduce elements after clauses.
• Parentheses set off details, enclose letters/numbers, and first acronym uses.
• Brackets clarify quotations.
• Hyphens separate/join words. Dashes show thought breaks.
• Slashes separate alternatives.
• Semicolons join clauses list items with commas.
• Ellipses show deleted words. Commas signal pauses.

Reading Process and Strategies

• Reading: Decoding text symbols and prior knowledge interactions.
• Stages of Reading Process are pre-reading, during-reading
• Previewing looks at visible text parts.
• Skimming and Scanning: Skimming finds main points. Scanning finds specific information.
• Recalling background knowledge helps make sense of text.
• During reading strategies:
• Context Clues: Surrounding words that help with unfamiliar ones.
• Synonyms: Similar words. Antonyms: Opposite words.
• Common Types of Context:
• Explanations: Define terms (because, that is).
• Definitions: May follow unfamiliar words.
• Situations: Word meaning changes with where it is used.
• Connotation: Feelings/ideas around a word.
• Denotation: Word's dictionary meaning.

Implicit and Explicit Claims in Text

• Explicit (Explicitus): Obvious/direct. Implicit (Implicitus): Indirect/suggested.
• Fact is a true statement with reliable evidence from science.
• Opinion states feelings or personal judgement of science.
• Empirical Facts are proven by experiment. Analytical Facts use math.
• Evaluative Facts are backed by laws. Metaphysical Facts are assumed true.
• Claim: Author's statement for reader acceptance.

Types of Claim

• Claim of Fact (reliable source backed, not preference-based).
• Claim of Policy argues for policy implementation, often using "should/ought to/must."
• Claim of Value is based on personal taste, arguing good/bad.

Formulating a Thesis Statement

• Thesis statement tells reader how subject is interpreted. It's main statement to support with research which makes it worth saying.

Book Review or Article Critique

• Academic writing evaluating scholarly contribution with 250-750
• It offers opinions, addresses audiences, and structures with introduction, critique, and conclusion.
• Introduction (5%): Book/article title, writer, thesis.
• Review (75%): Methodology, soundness, explanations, perspectives, and coherence.
• Conclusion (10%): Impression, value, audience benefits, and future directions.

Application Letter for College Admission

• Shows interest/qualifications. Needs academic qualifications, accomplishments and reasons to apply.
• Outline who you are and applying for. It should also include an eye-catching statement.
• Body presents qualifications, involvement, qualities, and benefits.
• Conclusion indicates interest/contact and thanks.
• CONTENT needs to showcase how you stand out by presenting qualifications, extracurricular activities, and community engagements but cannot simply repeat the content of your academic records
• LANGUAGE needs to be to the point, use correct grammar and action voice to engage the reader.

Employment Application Letter

• Serves as a cover letter, highlighting experiences.
• Full Block: Common, all-left-justified.
• Modified Block: Address/signature shifted right.
• Semi-Block: Like Modified, but paragraphs indented.
• Heading includes the address and the phone number
• Date indicates when the letter was written
• Inside Address is to whom and where the letter is written
• Greeting indicates who the letter is addressed to.
• Body includes job info, job source, and skills.
• Complementary Close politely ends.
• Signature and sender's information which include the title if needed.

Research Report, Project Proposal, and Position Paper

• Literature Review: Account of research by scholars.
• Types of Literature include conceptual, empirical and previous studies.
• Literature Review explains the significance, identifies relationships, finds variables, recognizes methods, and adds to literature.
• Research Report: Document outlining systematic investigation.
• Purpose: Presents research results to add value and argument.
• Project Proposal: 2-5 page document addressing project questions for funding and guide.
• Position Paper: Essay on issue with arguments based on facts.