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Questions and Answers

What are the three main types of petroleum system?

  • Source Rock, Reservoir Rock, Seal Rock (correct)
  • Source Rock, Reservoir Rock, Trap Rock
  • Source Rock, Reservoir Rock, Cap Rock

What is the total stratigraphic section above the source rock called?

Overburden Rock

What is the driving force behind the primary oil recovery?

Rock and fluid expansion drive, gas cap drive, water drive, and depletion drive.

Choose all that apply. Which of these are the primary recovery methods?

<p>Rock and fluid expansion drive (C), Water drive (D), Depletion drive (F), Gas cap drive (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the well that is drilled to confirm the size of the reservoir before commercial production?

<p>Appraisal well</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process used to introduce cement slurry into the annular space between the wellbore and casing called?

<p>Cementing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Choose all that apply. What are the methods used in secondary recovery?

<p>Gravity Drainage Drive (A), Immiscible gas injection (B), Water injection (C), Polymer Flooding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main purpose of a manifold is to allow the production of the wells into the common production line or the well test line.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the components given below are part of the physical properties affecting the equipment design?

<p>Viscosity (A), Surface tension (B), Molecular weight (C), Composition (D), Density (E), Gas/Liquid volume (F), Vapor pressure (G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are advantages of a horizontal separator?

<p>More available area for settling (A), More adaptable to skid-mounting (B), More adaptable to accommodate heating coils or sand jets (C), Less expensive (E), Can more effectively handle foamy crude (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are the two main needs for water processing in oil and gas industry?

<p>Disposal and Injection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are the commonly used artificial lift methods?

<p>Hydraulic Lift (A), Gas Lift (B), Electric Submersible Pump (C), Reciprocating Rod Lift (D), Plunger Lift (E), Hydraulic Jet (F), Progressive Cavity Pump (G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are the major goals of providing clean product storage?

<p>To avoid pollution (A), To furnish sufficient storage volume to minimise production operations downtime (B), To prevent volumetric loss or quality degradation while product is in storage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most usual method of gas transportation?

<p>Gas pipeline</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of rotating equipment used in oil and gas industry?

<p>Pumps and compressors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the advantages of using a pipeline for gas transportation?

<p>Safest, most efficient, and economical</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main advantages of using wave power for energy generation?

<p>It doesn't require any kind of fuel to run (A), Its efficiency is around 80% (B), It doesn't produce greenhouse gases and its life is very long (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is geothermal energy produced?

<p>By using heat from Earth’s interior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the advantages of using nuclear energy for electricity generation?

<p>Abundant fuel source (A), Reliable and consistent power generation (C), The process of nuclear fission creates energy by splitting atoms (E), No greenhouse gas emissions (F), High energy output (G), The process of nuclear fusion releases a tremendous amount of energy when two or more atomic nuclei merge to form a heavier nucleus (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the suggested solutions to ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development?

<p>Promote human rights, gender equality (A), Promote global citizenship (B), Promote education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles (C), Promote cultural diversity (D), Promote a culture of peace and non-violence (E), Promote appreciation of culture's contribution to sustainable development (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Education for Sustainable Development involves only formal school based learning.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three spheres of sustainability?

<p>Environment, society, and economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main advantages of solar energy?

<p>It is a safe source of energy (A), It has low maintenance requirements (B), It is a reliable source of energy (C), Sustainable, meaning it is a renewable resource (D), It is clean and pollution-free (E), Cost-effective (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary means to obtain wind energy?

<p>Wind turbines</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary source of geothermal energy is sunlight.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the advantages of tidal energy?

<p>It has low maintenance requirements (B), It is a reliable source of energy (C), It is a renewable resource (D), It is environmentally friendly (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ocean waves are caused by the interaction of wind with the surface of the sea.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The regulation of oil and gas activities is entirely under the purview of the Environmental Quality Act 1974 in Malaysia.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the EIA report?

<p>It helps to identify, predict, and mitigate the environmental impacts of a project before it begins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The enforcement power of the Environmental Quality Act 1974 only applies to within Malaysia's territorial waters.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What agency is responsible for the safety and security of the Malaysian maritime zone?

<p>The Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency (MMEA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the ways oil and gas companies are working towards a low-carbon future?

<p>Carbon capture and storage (CCS) (A), Advocating government-led carbon-pricing mechanisms (B), Continued investment in oil and gas to meet growing demand (C), Managing greenhouse gas emissions from their operations (D), Building a profitable New Energies business (E), Bringing cleaner-burning natural gas to a wider market (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of nuclear fission involves splitting atoms into multiple parts to release energy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of sustainable development encompasses only the environment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Upstream activities

Activities related to searching, recovering, and producing crude oil and natural gas.

Exploration

Searching for oil and gas deposits.

Gravity and Magnetic Surveys

Methods used to detect underground formations for oil deposits.

Seismic Survey

Using sound waves to image underground structures in search of oil.

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Wildcat well

Exploration well drilled in an unexplored area.

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Appraisal

Defining oil and gas volumes and reservoir characteristics after discovery.

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Appraisal wells

Used to determine the size and potential of an oil field.

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Well logging

Evaluating formations and characteristics within a well.

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Well test

Determining the flow rate of oil or gas from a well.

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Development

Building subsurface and surface facilities to produce oil and gas safely and efficiently.

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Midstream activities

Transportation and storage of crude oil and natural gas from production fields to processing plants.

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Downstream activities

Activities involved in refining crude oil and processing natural gas into saleable products and marketing.

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Oil transportation (onshore)

Moving oil from production sites to further processing.

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Oil transportation (offshore)

Moving oil from offshore platforms to onshore facilities.

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Pipeline

Long connected pipes used for transporting oil or gas.

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Abandonment

Permanently closing a well and restoring the site to its original condition.

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Oil refinery

A facility that processes crude oil into various products.

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Petrochemical plant

A facility that processes raw natural gas into different chemical products.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Oil and Gas Industry and Sustainable Development

  • Course name: PEB1012/PDB1012
  • Compiled by: Wayne

Topic 1: Petroleum Industry Life Cycle

  • Upstream: Exploration and Production (E&P)

    • Activities related to finding, recovering, and producing crude oil and natural gas

    • Includes:

      • Gravity and Magnetic Surveys
      • Seismic Survey
      • Wildcat: Exploration well drilling
      • Appraisal wells to define oil and gas volumes, reservoir characteristics
      • Coring
      • Well logging
      • Well testing

    • Well Development

      • Building subsurface and surface facilities for production
      • Both onshore and offshore

    • Production

      • Extracting, processing, and exporting oil & gas
      • Onshore and offshore

    • Abandonment

      • Permanently closing and sealing wells
      • Restoring the site to its original state

  • Midstream: Transportation and Storage

    • Moving crude oil and natural gas from E&P fields to processing plants
    • Includes pipelines, trucks, and ships
      • Onshore transportation methods
      • Offshore pipeline transportation via pipelines laid on the seabed connecting offshore platforms to onshore facilities
      • Initially, oil was stored in barrels and transported by horse carriage before the invention of gas and diesel engines and truck/train transportation.
      • Pipeline transportation becomes necessary for longer distances and higher volumes

  • Downstream: Refining and Marketing

    • Refining crude oil and natural gas into usable products (motor fuels, jet fuel, heating oil, lubricants, asphalt, specialty chemicals, commodity chemicals)
    • Wholesale marketing
    • Production of petrochemicals

Topic 2: Origin of Petroleum: Rock Cycle

  • Igneous rocks form when magma cools
  • Magma is molten minerals
  • Metamorphic rocks form when rocks are heated and change
  • Sedimentary rocks form from sediments
  • Basins
    • Low areas in the Earth's crust
    • Sediments accumulate
  • Conventional vs. Unconventional Reservoirs
    • Conventional: traditional drilling for oil and gas
    • Unconventional: used when conventional methods do not work, such as enhanced oil recovery.

Topic 3: Oil and Gas Recovery Techniques

  • Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties
    • Porosity - ratio of pore volume to total volume
    • Permeability - ability of the formation to transmit fluids
    • Saturation - fraction of pore volume occupied by a particular fluid
    • Capillary pressure - difference in pressure between two immiscible fluids
    • Relative permeability - ratio of effective permeability to permeability at 100% saturation
    • Wettability - tendency of one fluid to spread on or adhere to a solid
    • Knowledge of reservoir fluid types and their properties is crucial for understanding the volumetric behavior of hydrocarbon reservoirs.
  • Oil Recovery Techniques
    • Primary recovery
    • Secondary recovery
    • Tertiary recovery (enhanced oil recovery - EOR)

Topic 4: Drilling Operation and Facilities

  • Oil well drilling process
  • Types of wells:
    • Wildcat to find new deposits
    • Appraisal wells to assess potential
    • Development wells to extract existing reserves
  • Drilling rigs
    • Onshore and offshore
    • Types (fixed, portable mast, coiled-tubing)
  • Drilling components and personnel

Topic 5: Production Operations and Facilities

  • Subsea hardware
  • Manifold
  • Well tree
  • Wellhead includes at least one choke for well control
  • Automatic shut off-valves for safety.

Topic 6: Downstream Processes

  • Oil Transportation
    • Crude oil and natural gas are transported from wells to processing plants
      • Uses pipelines (large diameter tubes) and maritime methods (ships)
      • FPSO (Floating Production Storage Offloading) ships are used in deepwater
      • Maritime transport is usually more expensive, but is the suitable way for large-scale operations.
  • Gas Transportation
    • Gas is transported in pipelines buried underground due to its enormous volume at normal temperature and pressure.
    • Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is used for long-distance transportation when pipelines are not possible.

Topic 7: Marine Pollution Control and Management

  • Environmental impacts of oil and gas operations on the marine environment:
    • Noise and sound pollution
    • Infrastructure placement and potential habitat alterations
    • Chemical contamination
  • Impacts of oil spills
  • Legal control of marine pollution in Malaysia: Environmental Quality Act 1974
  • Rules and regulations on marine pollution in Malaysia.

Topic 8: Principles of Sustainable Development

  • Climate change is an acute threat to global development
  • Key components of an EIA for sustainable development
  • Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
  • The three spheres of sustainable development
    • Environment
    • Society
    • Economy

Topic 9: Renewable Energy for a Sustainable Future

  • Importance of clean energy
  • Different renewable energy sources:
    • Wind
    • Solar
    • Hydroelectric
    • Geothermal
    • Biomass
  • Technologies for renewable energy
  • Advantages and disadvantages of each method

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