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Questions and Answers
What are the three main types of petroleum system?
What are the three main types of petroleum system?
What is the total stratigraphic section above the source rock called?
What is the total stratigraphic section above the source rock called?
Overburden Rock
What is the driving force behind the primary oil recovery?
What is the driving force behind the primary oil recovery?
Rock and fluid expansion drive, gas cap drive, water drive, and depletion drive.
Choose all that apply. Which of these are the primary recovery methods?
Choose all that apply. Which of these are the primary recovery methods?
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What is the name of the well that is drilled to confirm the size of the reservoir before commercial production?
What is the name of the well that is drilled to confirm the size of the reservoir before commercial production?
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What is the process used to introduce cement slurry into the annular space between the wellbore and casing called?
What is the process used to introduce cement slurry into the annular space between the wellbore and casing called?
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Choose all that apply. What are the methods used in secondary recovery?
Choose all that apply. What are the methods used in secondary recovery?
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The main purpose of a manifold is to allow the production of the wells into the common production line or the well test line.
The main purpose of a manifold is to allow the production of the wells into the common production line or the well test line.
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Which of the components given below are part of the physical properties affecting the equipment design?
Which of the components given below are part of the physical properties affecting the equipment design?
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Which of the following are advantages of a horizontal separator?
Which of the following are advantages of a horizontal separator?
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Which of these are the two main needs for water processing in oil and gas industry?
Which of these are the two main needs for water processing in oil and gas industry?
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Which of the following are the commonly used artificial lift methods?
Which of the following are the commonly used artificial lift methods?
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Which of the following are the major goals of providing clean product storage?
Which of the following are the major goals of providing clean product storage?
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What is the most usual method of gas transportation?
What is the most usual method of gas transportation?
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What is the most common type of rotating equipment used in oil and gas industry?
What is the most common type of rotating equipment used in oil and gas industry?
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What are the advantages of using a pipeline for gas transportation?
What are the advantages of using a pipeline for gas transportation?
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What are the main advantages of using wave power for energy generation?
What are the main advantages of using wave power for energy generation?
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How is geothermal energy produced?
How is geothermal energy produced?
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What are the advantages of using nuclear energy for electricity generation?
What are the advantages of using nuclear energy for electricity generation?
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What are some of the suggested solutions to ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development?
What are some of the suggested solutions to ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development?
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Education for Sustainable Development involves only formal school based learning.
Education for Sustainable Development involves only formal school based learning.
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What are the three spheres of sustainability?
What are the three spheres of sustainability?
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What are the main advantages of solar energy?
What are the main advantages of solar energy?
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What are the primary means to obtain wind energy?
What are the primary means to obtain wind energy?
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The primary source of geothermal energy is sunlight.
The primary source of geothermal energy is sunlight.
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What are the advantages of tidal energy?
What are the advantages of tidal energy?
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Ocean waves are caused by the interaction of wind with the surface of the sea.
Ocean waves are caused by the interaction of wind with the surface of the sea.
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The regulation of oil and gas activities is entirely under the purview of the Environmental Quality Act 1974 in Malaysia.
The regulation of oil and gas activities is entirely under the purview of the Environmental Quality Act 1974 in Malaysia.
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What is the significance of the EIA report?
What is the significance of the EIA report?
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The enforcement power of the Environmental Quality Act 1974 only applies to within Malaysia's territorial waters.
The enforcement power of the Environmental Quality Act 1974 only applies to within Malaysia's territorial waters.
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What agency is responsible for the safety and security of the Malaysian maritime zone?
What agency is responsible for the safety and security of the Malaysian maritime zone?
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What are some of the ways oil and gas companies are working towards a low-carbon future?
What are some of the ways oil and gas companies are working towards a low-carbon future?
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The process of nuclear fission involves splitting atoms into multiple parts to release energy.
The process of nuclear fission involves splitting atoms into multiple parts to release energy.
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The concept of sustainable development encompasses only the environment.
The concept of sustainable development encompasses only the environment.
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Study Notes
Introduction to Oil and Gas Industry and Sustainable Development
- Course name: PEB1012/PDB1012
- Compiled by: Wayne
Topic 1: Petroleum Industry Life Cycle
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Upstream: Exploration and Production (E&P)
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Activities related to finding, recovering, and producing crude oil and natural gas
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Includes:
- Gravity and Magnetic Surveys
- Seismic Survey
- Wildcat: Exploration well drilling
- Appraisal wells to define oil and gas volumes, reservoir characteristics
- Coring
- Well logging
- Well testing
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Well Development
- Building subsurface and surface facilities for production
- Both onshore and offshore
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Production
- Extracting, processing, and exporting oil & gas
- Onshore and offshore
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Abandonment
- Permanently closing and sealing wells
- Restoring the site to its original state
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Midstream: Transportation and Storage
- Moving crude oil and natural gas from E&P fields to processing plants
- Includes pipelines, trucks, and ships
- Onshore transportation methods
- Offshore pipeline transportation via pipelines laid on the seabed connecting offshore platforms to onshore facilities
- Initially, oil was stored in barrels and transported by horse carriage before the invention of gas and diesel engines and truck/train transportation.
- Pipeline transportation becomes necessary for longer distances and higher volumes
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Downstream: Refining and Marketing
- Refining crude oil and natural gas into usable products (motor fuels, jet fuel, heating oil, lubricants, asphalt, specialty chemicals, commodity chemicals)
- Wholesale marketing
- Production of petrochemicals
Topic 2: Origin of Petroleum: Rock Cycle
- Igneous rocks form when magma cools
- Magma is molten minerals
- Metamorphic rocks form when rocks are heated and change
- Sedimentary rocks form from sediments
- Basins
- Low areas in the Earth's crust
- Sediments accumulate
- Conventional vs. Unconventional Reservoirs
- Conventional: traditional drilling for oil and gas
- Unconventional: used when conventional methods do not work, such as enhanced oil recovery.
Topic 3: Oil and Gas Recovery Techniques
- Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties
- Porosity - ratio of pore volume to total volume
- Permeability - ability of the formation to transmit fluids
- Saturation - fraction of pore volume occupied by a particular fluid
- Capillary pressure - difference in pressure between two immiscible fluids
- Relative permeability - ratio of effective permeability to permeability at 100% saturation
- Wettability - tendency of one fluid to spread on or adhere to a solid
- Knowledge of reservoir fluid types and their properties is crucial for understanding the volumetric behavior of hydrocarbon reservoirs.
- Oil Recovery Techniques
- Primary recovery
- Secondary recovery
- Tertiary recovery (enhanced oil recovery - EOR)
Topic 4: Drilling Operation and Facilities
- Oil well drilling process
- Types of wells:
- Wildcat to find new deposits
- Appraisal wells to assess potential
- Development wells to extract existing reserves
- Drilling rigs
- Onshore and offshore
- Types (fixed, portable mast, coiled-tubing)
- Drilling components and personnel
Topic 5: Production Operations and Facilities
- Subsea hardware
- Manifold
- Well tree
- Wellhead includes at least one choke for well control
- Automatic shut off-valves for safety.
Topic 6: Downstream Processes
- Oil Transportation
- Crude oil and natural gas are transported from wells to processing plants
- Uses pipelines (large diameter tubes) and maritime methods (ships)
- FPSO (Floating Production Storage Offloading) ships are used in deepwater
- Maritime transport is usually more expensive, but is the suitable way for large-scale operations.
- Crude oil and natural gas are transported from wells to processing plants
- Gas Transportation
- Gas is transported in pipelines buried underground due to its enormous volume at normal temperature and pressure.
- Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is used for long-distance transportation when pipelines are not possible.
Topic 7: Marine Pollution Control and Management
- Environmental impacts of oil and gas operations on the marine environment:
- Noise and sound pollution
- Infrastructure placement and potential habitat alterations
- Chemical contamination
- Impacts of oil spills
- Legal control of marine pollution in Malaysia: Environmental Quality Act 1974
- Rules and regulations on marine pollution in Malaysia.
Topic 8: Principles of Sustainable Development
- Climate change is an acute threat to global development
- Key components of an EIA for sustainable development
- Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
- The three spheres of sustainable development
- Environment
- Society
- Economy
Topic 9: Renewable Energy for a Sustainable Future
- Importance of clean energy
- Different renewable energy sources:
- Wind
- Solar
- Hydroelectric
- Geothermal
- Biomass
- Technologies for renewable energy
- Advantages and disadvantages of each method
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