Kojiki: Ages of the Gods
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary motivation behind Emperor Tenmu's commissioning of the Kojiki?

  • To translate ancient Chinese texts into Japanese.
  • To document the daily lives of the Japanese people during his reign.
  • To create a historical narrative that would establish the authority and legitimacy of the imperial bloodline. (correct)
  • To promote trade and diplomatic relations with neighboring countries.
  • Who is credited with orally reciting the Kojiki, playing a crucial role in its compilation?

  • Amaterasu
  • O no Yasumaro
  • Heida No Are (correct)
  • Emperor Tenmu
  • What is Man'yogana, the writing system used in the Kojiki?

  • A phonetic alphabet used exclusively for writing Japanese poetry.
  • A system of writing Japanese using Chinese characters to represent sounds, syllables, meanings, or grammatical elements. (correct)
  • A method of writing Japanese using only indigenous symbols and ideograms.
  • A simplified form of Chinese calligraphy adopted by the Japanese court.
  • What was Izanagi's reaction to Susanoo neglecting his duties and mourning his mother?

    <p>Izanagi banished Susanoo. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Kojiki account of the creation of Japan, what tool did Izanami and Izanagi use to solidify the drifting land?

    <p>The Heavenly Jeweled Spear (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following Noh plays centers on a character haunted by past love and memories, leading to their internal conflict?

    <p>&quot;The Shrine in the Fields&quot;, portraying Lady Rokujo's lingering connection to Genji. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In "Love Suicides at Sonezaki", what does the term michiyuki refer to?

    <p>A lyric journey or a poetic passage describing the lovers' final journey. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following themes is most prominently explored in Zeami's Noh plays like "The Well-Cradle" and Chikamatsu Monzaemon's "Love Suicides at Sonezaki"?

    <p>The conflict between societal obligations and personal desires. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central conflict portrayed in "Lady Aoi"?

    <p>The conflict between Lady Aoi and the vengeful spirit of Lady Rokujo. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key element of the kōshoku concept?

    <p>Love characterized by intense erotic desire and attraction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which literary work provides the source material for the Noh play "The Shrine in the Fields"?

    <p>The Tale of Genji (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Noh play is based on the story from “Tales of Ise” about a woman reminiscing about a past love while gazing into a well?

    <p>&quot;The Well-Cradle&quot; (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element below is NOT usually associated with Noh plays?

    <p>Emphasis on elaborate stage sets and realistic scenery. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the 'fukinuki-yatai' technique in Heian period paintings?

    <p>To depict scenes from a bird's-eye perspective by removing the roof. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which period in Japanese history is characterized by a capital modeled after the Tang capital, open city planning, and influential Buddhist monks?

    <p>Nara Period (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of dramatic irony in Noh drama?

    <p>To add suspense when the audience knows information that the characters do not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a core element of Noh drama's development?

    <p>Kabuki dance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'hana' as theorized by Zeami?

    <p>The ideal of freshness, audience engagement, and symbolic realism in Noh performance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Zeami, what is the most important aspect to create a convincing Noh performance?

    <p>The maintenance of symbolic realism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept does yūgen refer to in the context of Noh theatre?

    <p>The atmosphere of mystery and depth, evoked through suggestion and allusion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the 'waki' character in Noh theatre?

    <p>To narrate and enable the story as a secondary character. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which period in Japanese history saw a 'flowering of classical Japanese culture' and a closed society that eventually split into city-states?

    <p>Heian Period (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'Jo-ha-kyū' in the context of Noh theatre?

    <p>A governing principle of slow introduction, development, and rapid finale. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Bunraku also known as?

    <p>Joruri (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of play is 'Komachi and the 100 Nights'?

    <p>Present-day Play (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Zeami's shogun sponser?

    <p>Ashikaga Yoshimitsu (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the greatest playwright for puppet theatre (Bunraku)?

    <p>Chimatsu Monzaemon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical size of the puppets used in Bunraku?

    <p>Half life-size (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of a Tanka poem?

    <p>A 5-7-5-7-7 syllable pattern. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts is most associated with 'Mujo'?

    <p>The inherent impermanence of things, reflected in seasonal changes and relationships. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of 'Makura Kotoba' in poetry?

    <p>To serve as automated phrases or words, providing oral performers time to think. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of 'Kotodama'?

    <p>The belief that spoken words possess a spiritual power to influence reality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Murasaki Shikibu considered significant in the development of the interior monologue?

    <p>She refined the use of interior monologue as a narrative technique, particularly in <em>The Tale of Genji</em>. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'in medias res' refer to in The Tale of Genji?

    <p>The practice of starting the narrative in the middle of the action, rather than from the beginning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the original purpose of 'byōbu'?

    <p>To block drafts in Japanese homes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did menotogo play in aristocratic families?

    <p>They were a child's wet nurse. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of 'emaki'?

    <p>They are picture scrolls that combine text and images on a handscroll. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kakinomoto no Hitomaro mainly expressed what themes in his poetry?

    <p>Alternating Public vs. Private Expression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is most associated with Yamanoue no Okura's poetry?

    <p>Philosophical, Social Concerns. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Lady Rokujō in The Tale of Genji?

    <p>Her vengeful spirit causes misfortune and death to those around Genji. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between Lady Fujitsubo and Genji in The Tale of Genji?

    <p>Wife to the Emperor and Genji’s stepmother. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To which anthology does the verse, 'Since in Karu Lived My Wife,' belong?

    <p>Manyoshu (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event did the birth of Empress Shōshi's child mark?

    <p>Marked in Murasaki Shikibu's diary. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Kojiki

    The oldest Japanese document, written in 712, detailing Japan's myths and history.

    Izanami and Izanagi

    Deities in Kojiki responsible for creating the islands of Japan and other gods.

    Amaterasu

    The sun goddess born from Izanagi's left eye, central in Japanese mythology.

    Man’yogana

    A writing system using Chinese characters to represent Japanese sounds and meanings.

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    Nihon Shoki

    Chronicles of Japan compiled around 720, containing historical myths and records.

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    The Well-Cradle

    A Noh play about a woman reminiscing childhood memories with Ariwara no Narihira at a well.

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    The Sumida River

    A Noh play featuring a mother searching for her son on the river, who is revealed to be dead.

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    The Shrine in the Fields

    A story about Lady Rokujo's spirit, tied to Hikaru Genji, revealing her sorrow to a monk.

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    Lady Aoi

    Noh play where Lady Aoi suffers from the jealousy of Lady Rokujo's spirit, leading to her illness.

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    Kōshoku

    A term for carnal love, characterized by strong sexual desire and passionate emotions.

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    Shinjū

    Refers to 'love suicides' in Japanese literature, highlighting romantic desperation.

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    Giri-ninjō

    Concept of duty and personal feelings, often explored in Japanese drama.

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    Michiyuki

    A 'lyric journey' in Japanese performing arts, portraying the emotional travels of characters.

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    Tanka

    A traditional Japanese poem with a 5-7-5-7-7 syllable pattern.

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    Choka

    Japanese 'long poem' that alternates between 5-7 and pairs of 7-7.

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    Hanka

    Response poems or reflection poems in Japanese literature.

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    Mujo

    The theme of 'impermanence' prominent in Japanese poetry.

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    Kotodama

    Belief that spoken words have a spirit and can create reality.

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    Makura Kotoba

    Pillow words in poetry used for emphasis or transition.

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    Mono no aware

    The concept of 'the pathos of things' reflecting deep emotional sensitivity.

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    In medias res

    Literary technique starting in the middle of action or plot.

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    Byōbu

    Folding screens used to divide rooms in traditional Japanese architecture.

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    Emaki

    Handscrolls combining text and images in Japanese art.

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    Murasaki Shikibu

    Author of 'The Tale of Genji', a significant literary figure.

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    Kakinomoto no Hitomaro

    A prominent poet from the late 7th century known for his love poetry.

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    Yamanoue no Okura

    A poet concerned with philosophical and social themes, known for dialogues.

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    Tale of the Bamboo Cutter

    An early Japanese fairy tale featuring themes of beauty and sadness.

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    Genji

    The main character in 'The Tale of Genji', often involved in romantic entanglements.

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    Fukinuki-yatai

    A technique in traditional Japanese painting showing interior without roofs.

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    Heian Period

    Era in Japan (794-1185) known for peace, tranquility, and cultural flowering.

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    Noh Drama

    A form of traditional Japanese theater blending music, dance, and drama.

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    Zeami

    Pioneer of Noh drama, known for establishing key performance ideals.

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    Yūgen

    Concept in Noh referring to mystery and depth in storytelling.

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    Jo-ha-kyū

    Governing principle in Noh describing performance rhythm: slow, development, rapid finale.

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    Shite

    Main character in Noh, can have two parts: Maeshite and Nochijite.

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    Tsure

    An attendant figure in Noh, supporting the main character.

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    Bunraku

    Traditional Japanese puppet theater using half-life size puppets and three operators.

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    Chikamatsu Monzaemon

    Greatest playwright of Bunraku puppet theater.

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    Ono no Komachi

    A famous figure in Japanese culture, associated with beauty and talent.

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    General Fukakusa

    A vengeful spirit trapped by his love for Ono no Komachi in Noh stories.

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    Geango training

    Buddhist meditation practice involving seclusion in a mountain village.

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    Study Notes

    Kojiki

    • Written in 712 CE
    • Commissioned by Emperor Tenmu (r. 673-686)
    • Purpose was to establish authority using mythical stories of gods and history of the land, tracing lineage.
    • Oldest extant Japanese document.
    • Told orally by Heida no Are, compiled by O no Yasumaro.
    • O no Yasumaro was a Japanese nobleman, bureaucrat, and chronicler. Instrumental in compiling the Nihon Shoki (completed in 720).
    • Written in Man'yōgana.
    • Man'yōgana: Uses Chinese characters representing Japanese syllables, sounds, conceptual meanings, or grammatical markers.

    Kojiki Content: Ages of the Gods

    • Izanami and Izanagi: tasked with solidifying land.
    • Using the Heavenly Jewel Spear, they stirred the water, forming islands, including Onogoro (where their affairs occurred).
    • Izanami died after birthing the fire god.
    • Izanagi, through purification ritual, created Amaterasu, Susanoo, and Tsukuyomi.
    • Izanami and Izanagi produced multiple islands, failing their first attempt because Izanami spoke first.

    Kojiki Content: Amaterasu and Susanoo

    • Amaterasu: Sun goddess.
    • Susanoo: Storm god, neglected duties, banished by Izanagi.
    • Caused problems after procreating with Amaterasu, has three daughters.
    • Amaterasu has three sons.

    Kojiki and Nihon Shoki (Kiki)

    • Chronicles of Japan (ca. 720 CE).
    • Kanbun: System of annotating Chinese texts to read in Japanese.

    Man'yōshū (ca. 759)

    • First anthology of Japanese poetry and song.
    • Transcribed in Man'yōgana.
    • Contains chapters reflecting love stages and styles of poetry.
    • Tanka: 31-syllable (traditional 5-7-5-7-7) and 31-syllable (5-7-7-7-5 or 5-7-5-7-7) forms.
    • Kami no Ku (5-7-5-7-7) and Shimo no Ku (7-7-5-7-7).

    Nara Period Poets

    • Kakinomoto no Hitomaro (active late 7th century): Court poet during three reigns, known for public and private expressions of love.
    • Yamanoue no Okura (ca. 660-733): Korean descent, mission to Tang China; works reflect philosophical and social concerns.
    • Otomo no Yakamochi (ca. 717-785): More independent waka poet in Nara, likely major compiler of Man'yōshū, recognized for themes like mujō (impermanence), kotodama (word spirit), and kunimi (surveying land).

    Poetry Themes & Elements

    • Mujō: Impermanence (changes in seasons, aging, relationships).
    • Kotodama: Belief in "word spirit" – spoken words have power.
    • Kunimi: Surveying land, naming places/people.
    • Masuraoburi: Manliness.
    • Makura Kotoba: "Pillow words" (automated phrases).

    Genres Beyond Poetry

    • Tale of Ise, Ariwara no Narihira, Ono no Komachi, Izumi Shikibu.
    • Tale of Genji (Murasaki Shikibu = Miyabi “courtliness”, uta monogatari “poem tale”, hon’i “poetic essence”).

    Heian Period (794-1185)

    • Capital at Heian-kyō.
    • Large bureaucracy, flowering of classical Japanese culture.
    • Closed society.

    Genji's Narrative Techniques by Murasaki Shikibu

    • Interior monologue: Character's inner thoughts (ex: “As I gazed...”).
    • In medias res: The story starts in the middle of the action, relying on flashbacks & dialogue to reveal preceding events.
    • Courtly conventions: Elaborate descriptions.

    Heian Period Art & Culture

    • Byōbu (folding screens): Architectural division, often gifted as wedding gifts, originated from China.
    • Emaki (picture scrolls): Combine text and images.
    • Fukinuki-yatai (blown-off roof): Painting technique used in Heian paintings. (bird's eye view of a building to see interior)

    Menotogo (milk-brothers)

    • High-ranking children nursed by servants instead of birth mothers.

    Momoyama Period (1568-1615)

    • Buddhism sects fighting for influence; eventual corruption.

    Noh Drama

    • Devloped from dengaku and sarugaku (music & dance).
    • Fusion of music, dance, masks, and costumes. Zeami created classic Noh.
    • Categories: God plays, warrior plays, woman plays, present-day plays, demon plays.

    Bunraku

    • Traditional Japanese puppet theatre.

    Noh Theory (Zeami)

    • Hana ("the flower") & yūgen ("mystery and depth"): Acting should captivate, maintain symbolic realism, and consider audience response.
    • Jo-ha-kyū: Governing principle - slow introduction, development, rapid finale (acting).

    Noh Characters

    • shite: Main character
    • waki: Secondary character/narrator
    • tsure: Attendant.

    Chikamatsu Monzaemon

    • Greatest playwright for Bunraku theatre, known for Love Suicides at Sonezaki, featuring giri-ninjō (duty/feelings).

    Other Important Elements (From the Text)

    • Numerous plays mentioned, with summaries of some.

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    Description

    Explore the mythological origins and lineage presented in the Kojiki, the oldest extant Japanese document. Learn about the creation myths involving Izanami and Izanagi, as well as their significant offspring. This quiz covers key events and figures that shape Japan's mythic history.

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