Knee and Hip Joints: Osteology

In the knee joint, what is the combined number of osseous structures and distinct joints?

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the four osseous structures of the knee joint?

How do geometry and shape of the two condyles of the distal femur impact knee joint function?

What is the primary function of the intercondylar notch in the distal femur?

How does the dimension of the medial femoral condyle compare to the lateral femoral condyle, and what is a characteristic of its shape?

What structural feature makes the tibia suited to act as a pivot point during axial rotation?

Which statement best describes the superior view profile and central part of the lateral tibial condyle?

In what way does the shape of the medial tibial condyle contribute to knee stability?

What is the main functional role of the menisci within the knee joint?

What action illustrates the function of menisci of creating a congruous joint surface?

Which of the following statements accurately describes the shape of the medial meniscus?

What primary movement does the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) prevent in the knee joint?

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) attaches to which specific part of the lateral femoral condyle?

How does the tension within the fiber bundles of the ACL change throughout the flexion range?

How does the attachment location of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) differ from that of the ACL on the tibial plateau?

What is the specific term for the PCL bundle that is taut during knee extension?

Besides the ACL, what other structure provides primary resistance to anterior translation in the knee?

What is the secondary role for support against anterior translation?

The superficial medial ligament of the tibial collateral ligament is also referred to as which of the following?

The deep medial ligament of the tibial collateral ligament can be alternatively described as which of the following?

What is the function of the posterior oblique ligament (POL) in relation to the medial collateral ligament (MCL)?

When the knee flexes, how do the anterior and posterior bundles within the superficial ligament of the MCL respond?

What specific type of stress is the superficial ligament of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) particularly influential in resisting?

What part of the fibular collateral ligament contributes to its function?

What specific type of loading does the lateral collateral ligament resist?

What type of movement does the lateral collateral ligament resist?

Which statement best describes the role of the joint capsule in the knee?

In the context of knee joint biomechanics, what action is described as translation along the z-axis?

An individual is standing in anatomical position. What will the effect of internal or external rotation of their knee have?

When assessing knee joint movement, what action is referred to as 'anteroposterior draw'?

What type of movement involves rotation around the y-axis?

In biomechanics, what specific movement is described as 'flexion or extension' of the knee joint?

What geometric shape is created by the loci of the instantaneous center of rotation (ICOR) during knee flexion?

Which term accurately describes the hip joint's structural classification?

What is the combined function of the acetabular labrum and the transverse acetabular ligament?

What effect on hip joint mechanics is most directly associated with a neck-shaft angle greater than 125 degrees?

What is the name of the condition in which the neck-shaft angle is observed to be less than 125 degrees?

When the femoral neck leans forward, which condition is observed?

What effect would a retroverted hip have?

What specific role does the ligament of the head of the femur play in hip joint function?

What ligament is important for the hip during standing?

Which statement accurately describes the effect on hip joint range of motion performed on the pubofemoral ligament?

Damage to what major part may be caused by posterior dislocation of the hip joint?

What is the normal range of abduction in the hip joint?

The knee joint consists of 4 osseous structures: distal femur, proximal tibia, fibula, and radius.

The knee joint comprises of three distinct joints: patellofemoral, tibiofemoral, and hamstring.

The lateral femoral condyle is aligned with the shaft of the femur and acts as a main transmitter of compressive forces.

The two condyles of the distal femur have the same geometry and shape, ensuring equal weight distribution at the knee joint.

The distal femur is convex in both coronal and transverse planes.

The intercondylar notch separates the tibial plateau and provides space for cruciate ligaments during flexion and extension.

The medial femoral condyle has a smaller anterior/posterior dimension compared to the lateral condyle, and it is less symmetrical.

The fibula is the stronger of the two bones in the lower leg, bearing the majority of force transmission.

The lateral and medial condyles of the proximal tibia are separated by the intercondylar eminence, serving as a pivot during axial rotation.

The lateral tibial condyle is circular in profile when viewed superiorly, and articulated with the radial head.

The medial tibial condyle is more oval in outline and smaller than the lateral tibial condyle.

The medial tibial condyle is concave in all planes, contributing to knee stability.

Control of knee joint motion is exclusively regulated by the shapes of the articulating bones.

Menisci contribute to joint congruity by creating a shallower surface on the tibial plateau.

The lateral meniscus is semicircular with a wider posterior horn, making it less prone to injury than the medial meniscus.

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) restricts posterior translation of the tibia on the femur.

The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) restricts external rotation of the tibia on the femur.

The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) attaches on the tibial plateau lateral to the medio-lateral bisector.

The ACL is composed of a single, thick strand of collagen, providing consistent tension throughout the knee's range of motion.

The anterior cruciate ligament is attached to the posterior aspect of the medial surface of the lateral femoral condyle.

The posteromedial bundle of the PCL is taut in flexion, while the anterolateral bundle is taut in extension.

The medial collateral ligament primarily resists varus stress, protecting the knee from excessive abduction.

The medial collateral ligament (MCL) has superficial, intermediate, and deep functional units that offer stability to the knee.

The posterior oblique ligament is an extension of the superficial MCL and joins the semimembranosus tendon to the anteromedial aspect of the joint capsule.

When the knee flexes, the anterior bundle of the superficial medial collateral ligament tightens, while the posterior bundle slackens.

The deep fibers of the medial collateral ligament offer little contribution to the overall stability provided by the superficial ligament.

The fibular collateral ligament attaches proximally to the medial epicondyle of the femur.

The fibular collateral ligament directly attaches to the meniscus and adjacent knee joint capsule.

The knee joint capsule provides dynamic stability, actively adjusting tension to maintain joint integrity.

Translation along the z-axis of the knee joint refers to medial-lateral movement of the tibia relative to the femur.

Rotation around the y-axis of the knee joint corresponds to flexion and extension movements.

Instantaneous center of rotation (ICOR) describes the precise point around which the knee rotates during all movements, remaining constant during activity.

The hip joint is a hinge joint, allowing primarily flexion and extension movements.

A neck-shaft angle greater than 125° in the frontal plane is termed Coxa vara.

In cases of femoral retroversion, the femur rotates internally to keep the femoral head within the acetabulum.

The ligament of the head of the femur contributes to stability when the hip is abducted.

The iliofemoral ligament, known as the 'Y' ligament of Bigelow, is a major stabilizer of the hip, especially during adduction.

The pubofemoral ligament resists abduction and external rotation of the hip.

The distal femur is convex in the sagittal plane but concave in the frontal plane.

The medial meniscus is circular, while the lateral meniscus has a semicircular shape, with a wider anterior horn.

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) attaches on the tibial plateau anterior to the medial intercondylar eminence and on the posterior aspect of the lateral femoral condyle.

The iliofemoral ligament, located at the hip, exhibits a 'V' shape and its primary role is to resist hyperabduction.

In the hip joint, a neck-shaft angle in the frontal plane measuring 130° would be classified as 'Coxa vara'.