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Questions and Answers
What role does the thalamus play in the brain?
What role does the thalamus play in the brain?
Which of the following is the largest part of the brain responsible for conscious thought?
Which of the following is the largest part of the brain responsible for conscious thought?
Which structure is involved in controlling heart rate and body temperature?
Which structure is involved in controlling heart rate and body temperature?
Which part of the brain controls involuntary actions such as breathing?
Which part of the brain controls involuntary actions such as breathing?
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What type of system is the nervous system responsible for managing in the body?
What type of system is the nervous system responsible for managing in the body?
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What does the pituitary gland primarily produce and release?
What does the pituitary gland primarily produce and release?
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Which of the following areas is part of the forebrain?
Which of the following areas is part of the forebrain?
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What major function is attributed to the pons in the brain?
What major function is attributed to the pons in the brain?
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Study Notes
Human Biology - Lecture Notes
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Lecture 6: Epigenetics
- Epigenetic regulation involves non-coding RNA, DNA methylation, and histone modification.
- In normal cells, specific DNA methylation patterns and histone modifications regulate gene expression.
- Cancer cells show aberrant DNA methylation patterns and histone modifications leading to oncogenic ncRNAs (e.g., miR-34a, miR-181c) activation and tumor suppressor ncRNAs (e.g., miR-200, miR-145) silencing.
Epigenetic Regulation Mechanisms
- Non-coding RNA (ncRNA)
- Influences gene expression.
- DNA methylation
- Alters gene activity regulation.
- Histone modifications
- Impact gene accessibility and expression.
- Specific alterations correlate with diseases. e.g., H4K20me3 & H4K16ac alterations
Epigenetics Drugs & Targets
- Epigenetic drugs affect gene regulation in diseased cells.
- Drugs targeting histone modification
- Entinostat, Trichostatin A, VPA, TriButyl Butyrate, SAHA.
- Drugs targeting DNA methylation: 5-azacytidine, 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine.
- Epigenetic targets for various diseases are listed under specific disease areas of study below..
Epigenetics Targets and Diseases
- Myocardial Infarction: FOX03a, AKT-1, TNFa, HDAC6, NP, HSF1, SIRT1, COX-2, PCSK9, Tumor necrosis factor-A, mitochondrial genes.
- Heart Failure: SIRT1, IL-6, GATA4, P300, VEGF, ENOS, ANG-1, ANP, BNP, IL-6, STAT3, B-SMA, miRNA-92a, miRNA-132.
- Coronary Heart Disease: DNMT1, DNMT3A, ERa, ERb, COL15A1, ABCA1, SIRT1, ICAM-1, TLR-4, vWF, Krueppellike factor-2, MMP, LncRNAs H19.
- Vascular Calcification: Krüppellike factor-2, P300, MMP, LncRNAs H19.
- Atherosclerosis: LXRa, PPARY1, DNMT1, DNMT3A, ERa, ERb, COL15A1, ABCA1, SIRT1, HDAC1, HDAC2, ICAM-1, TLR-4, vWF, ANGPTL3, H3K27me3, TNF-α, HDAC6, ACE1.
- Hypertension: H3K27me3, TNF-..
Single-Cell Sequencing for Cardiac Diseases
- Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) are becoming increasingly important for diagnostics and treatment.
- These methods provide high-resolution molecular data.
- They identify cell types, their interactions, and the specific genes involved in the disease process.
Lecture 7: The Nervous System
- The nervous system's job is to relay messages from the brain & spinal cord to different body parts.
- It ensures different organ systems can communicate effectively.
- The nervous system has two main parts:
- Central Nervous System (CNS) and
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Organization of the Nervous System
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CNS: The brain and spinal cord.
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Brain: Receives sensory info, initiates responses, stores memories, generates emotions.
- The brain has three main parts (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain).
- Specific brain regions control distinct functions (memory, emotion, movement.)
- The brain has three main parts (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain).
- Spinal cord: Conducts signals between the brain and body, controls reflexes.
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Brain: Receives sensory info, initiates responses, stores memories, generates emotions.
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PNS: Contains nerves that connect to the CNS.
- Motor neurons (efferent): CNS to muscles and glands.
- Sensory neurons (afferent): Sensory organs to CNS.
- Somatic nervous system: Controls voluntary movements.
- Autonomic nervous system: Controls involuntary responses (parasympathetic (rest-digest), sympathetic (fight-or-flight)).
The Brain
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Cerebrum: Largest part of the brain. Involved in conscious thoughts.
- Divided into lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal).
- Thalamus: Relay station for sensory information.
- Hypothalamus: Controls body temperature, heart rate, hunger, mood. Regulates hormones.
- Pituitary gland: Produces and releases hormones.
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Limbic system: Involved in emotions, memory, and personality.
- Components: amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus.
- Hindbrain: Controls breathing, heart rate, digestion, sneezing, and vomiting. Also involved in motor control. (Medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum).
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