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The SEC, like tendons, will be under ______ when the muscle actively shortens.
tension
The pull must be of sufficient magnitude to take up the slack in the ______ to transmit the force to the bony lever.
tendon
The tendon is under reduced tension when a muscle is completely ______.
relaxed
Stretching a whole muscle by extending a joint elongates both the parallel and the series elastic ______.
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Passive tension within stretched muscles serves many useful purposes, such as moving or stabilizing a joint against the forces of ______.
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Passive tension refers to tension developed in the passive noncontractile component of the ______.
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The connective tissue structures associated with the muscles either may add to the active tension produced by the muscle or may become slack and not contribute to the total ______.
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Passive tension in the connective tissue elements can be created by active and passive shortening or lengthening of a ______.
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The stretch immediately before the concentric contraction helps produce a much greater torque during the ______ contraction.
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Muscle Action Under Controlled Conditions Isokinetic muscle contraction: In isokinetic exercise and testing or isokinetic muscle contraction, the angular velocity of the bony component is preset and kept constant by a mechanical device throughout a ______.
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Isoinertial muscle action is defined as a type of muscle action in which muscles act against a constant ______ or resistance.
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Activating Muscle via the Nervous System: Muscle is excited by impulses generated from within the nervous system, specifically by ______ motor neurons.
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Their cell bodies located in the ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord. Each alpha motor neuron has an axon that extends from the spinal cord and connects with multiple muscle fibers located throughout a whole muscle. The single alpha motor neuron together with its entire family of innervated muscle fibers is called a ______ unit.
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The ______ of the bony component is preset and kept constant by a mechanical device throughout a ROM.
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Isokinetic exercise and testing or isokinetic muscle contraction: In isokinetic muscle contraction, the angular velocity of the ______ is preset and kept constant by a mechanical device throughout a ROM.
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Muscle is excited by impulses generated from within the nervous system, specifically by alpha ______ neurons.
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The repeating functional subunits of the myofibril are the ______
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The dark band within a single sarcomere, called the A band, contains thick ______ filaments
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The light bands, also called I bands, contain ______—thin filaments
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Active force is produced by an activated muscle fiber (contractile component), being stimulated by the nervous system to ______
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The model for describing active force generation within the sarcomere is called the ______ hypothesis
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Active force is generated as actin filaments slide past ______ filaments
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The shortening of many sarcomeres in unison creates ______
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Both active force and passive tension are ultimately transmitted to the bones that constitute the ______
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Movement of a joint can be considered from 2 perspective. The proximal segment can rotate against the relatively fixed distal segment when the distal segment is the relatively stable segment. The distal segment can rotate against the relatively fixed proximal segment. This reflects the function bring objects toward or away from the body. This is known as distal-on-proximal segment kinematics. Most movements of the upper extremities follow distal-on-proximal segment kinematics. This reflects the function of bringing objects toward or away from the body. The lower extremities perform both proximal-on-distal and distal-on-proximal segment kinematics. This reflects the 2 phases of walking: the stance phase, when the limb is planted on the ground under the load of body weight, and the swing phase, when the limb is advancing forward. This is known as __________ phase.
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Kinematic Chain – a series of articulated segmented links, i.e. pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot. An Open Kinematic Chain is a term used to describe a kinematic chain in which the distal segment is not fixed to the earth, or another relatively more stable object, so free to move. A Closed Kinematic Chain is a kinematic chain in which the distal segment is fixed to the earth or with an object that is more stable, so the proximal segment is free to move. The chain is considered “closed” if both ends are fixed to a common object. In an Open Kinematic Chain, the distal segment is free to move, while in a Closed Kinematic Chain, the proximal segment is free to move. In an Open Kinematic Chain, the _________ segment is free to move.
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In kinesiology, movement of a joint can be considered from 2 perspectives: the proximal segment can rotate against the relatively fixed distal segment when the distal segment is the relatively stable segment; the distal segment can rotate against the relatively fixed proximal segment. Most upper extremity movements follow distal-on-proximal segment kinematics, reflecting the function of bringing objects toward or away from the body. The lower extremities perform both proximal-on-distal and distal-on-proximal segment kinematics, reflecting the 2 phases of walking: the stance phase, when the limb is planted on the ground under the load of body weight, and the swing phase when the limb is advancing forward. In the context of kinesiology, an Open Kinematic Chain refers to a kinematic chain in which the _________ segment is not fixed to the earth.
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Terminology of the Kinesiology (cont.) Movement of a joint can be considered from 2 perspectives: the proximal segment can rotate against the relatively fixed distal segment when the distal segment is the relatively stable segment. The distal segment can rotate against the relatively fixed proximal segment. Most upper extremity movements follow distal-on-proximal segment kinematics, reflecting the function of bringing objects toward or away from the body. The lower extremities perform both proximal-on-distal and distal-on-proximal segment kinematics, reflecting the 2 phases of walking: the stance phase, when the limb is planted on the ground under the load of body weight, and the swing phase when the limb is advancing forward. In an Open Kinematic Chain, the _________ segment is not fixed to the earth.
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In Kinesiology, there is a concept of a kinematic chain, which is a series of articulated segmented links like pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot. An Open Kinematic Chain describes a kinematic chain in which the distal segment is not fixed to the earth, so it is free to move. In contrast, a Closed Kinematic Chain is a chain where the distal segment is fixed to the earth or another stable object, allowing the proximal segment to move freely. From an engineering perspective, a kinematic chain is considered “closed” if both ends are fixed to a common object. In an Open Kinematic Chain, the _________ segment is not fixed to the earth.
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In the context of Kinesiology, there are two perspectives to consider the movement of a joint: the proximal segment can rotate against the relatively fixed distal segment, or the distal segment can rotate against the relatively fixed proximal segment. Upper extremity movements typically follow distal-on-proximal segment kinematics, reflecting the action of bringing objects closer or farther from the body. Lower extremities exhibit both proximal-on-distal and distal-on-proximal segment kinematics, which mirror the two phases of walking: the stance phase and the swing phase. An Open Kinematic Chain refers to a chain in which the _________ segment is not fixed to the earth.
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In the study of Kinesiology, the movement of a joint can be viewed from two perspectives: the proximal segment can rotate against the relatively fixed distal segment, or the distal segment can rotate against the relatively fixed proximal segment. The movements of the upper extremities generally follow distal-on-proximal segment kinematics, reflecting the action of bringing objects toward or away from the body. On the other hand, the lower extremities exhibit both proximal-on-distal and distal-on-proximal segment kinematics, which correspond to the phases of walking: the stance phase and the swing phase. In an Open Kinematic Chain, the _________ segment is free to move.
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In the field of Kinesiology, the movement of a joint can be analyzed from two perspectives: the proximal segment can rotate against the relatively fixed distal segment, or the distal segment can rotate against the relatively fixed proximal segment. Upper extremity movements often follow distal-on-proximal segment kinematics, which align with the action of bringing objects closer or farther from the body. Conversely, lower extremities display both proximal-on-distal and distal-on-proximal segment kinematics, corresponding to the phases of walking: the stance phase and the swing phase. An Open Kinematic Chain describes a chain in which the _________ segment is not fixed to the earth.
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Muscle fibers associated with larger motor units classified as FF have twitch responses that are brief in duration and higher in amplitude. The fibers are classified as FG, indicating their ______ twitch, glycolytic histochemical profile. They are easily fatigable. FF motor units are generally recruited after the S motor units, when very large forces are required.
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Type IIb muscle fibers have a high proportion of FG fibers and are easily fatigable. They are located __________ and cross one joint.
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Muscles with a higher percent of fast-twitch fibers generate greater power at any given ________ of movement.
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Endurance and resistance training can result in a shift from Type IIb to Type IIa fibers, toward more ________ properties.
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The speed of movement is greater in muscles with a higher percentage of ________ fibers, at any absolute force.
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At any absolute force, the speed of movement is greater in muscles with a higher percentage of ________ fibers.
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Peak power increases with velocity up to a movement speed of 200-300 degrees/sec. Force decreases with increasing movement speed beyond this ________.
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Muscles are stimulated to contract through efferent signals from the ________ nervous system.
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FG muscle fibers have a fast twitch, glycolytic histochemical profile and are classified as Type ________ fibers.
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FF motor units are generally recruited after the S motor units, when very large forces are required. This happens when muscle ________ is needed.
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