Kinesiology: Joints and Movement

Domain One - Applied Science

• Includes the foundational information that fitness professionals use to understand the body.

Body Systems

• Nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems are highlighted for their role in human movement.
• The nervous system acts as the control center.
• The body has 11 organ systems.
• The body is organized from atoms to organism: Atoms > Cells > Tissues > Organs > Organ Systems > Organism.

Nervous System - Chapter 3

• The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
• It controls both voluntary and involuntary bodily functions.

Nervous System Key Terms

• Neuron/Nerve Cell: The fundamental component of the nervous system.
• Cell Body: The core of a neuron containing a nucleus and organelles.
• Axon: A neuron structure that generates nerve impulses.
• Dendrites: Structures that receive signals from other neurons.
• Neurosecretory Tissues: Translates neural signals into chemical stimuli, releasing neurohormones into the bloodstream.
• Nervous Tissue: Coordinates body activities and is found in brain, spinal cord and nerves.
• Neuroglia: Cells that support and insulate neurons in brain/spinal cord.
• Decussation: Point of crossover of the nervous system, located between medulla oblongata and spinal cord.
• Hypothalamus: Maintains homeostasis at the base of the brain.
• Homeostasis: The body's process of maintaining stable physiological processes.

Neuron Classifications

• Sensory Neurons: Involved in tactile, auditory, or visual communication.
• Motor Neurons: Initiate muscle contraction or activate glands.
• Interneurons: Connect neurons to other neurons.

Lobes of the Brain

• Frontal Lobe: Motor control, emotion, and language location.
• Motor Cortex: Plans and coordinates movement within the frontal lobe.
• Prefrontal Cortex: Responsible for high-level thinking and language in the frontal lobe.
• Parietal Lobe: Processes sensory information.
• Somatosensory Cortex: Processes sensations like pain and temperature in the parietal lobe.
• Temporal Lobe: Lateral lobe for hearing, memory, and emotion.
• Auditory Cortex: Region of the temporal lobe responsible for hearing.
• Occipital Lobe: Posterior lobe for vision.
• Visual Cortex: Responsible for sight and visual perception in the occipital lobe.

Nervous System Divisions

• Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord; processes neural information.
• Cerebrum: Uppermost part of brain responsible for sensory information processing and body control.
• Cerebellum: Coordinates conscious motor function.
• Brain Stem: Includes medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, forming spinal cord.
• Cerebral Cortex: Neural integration primarily occurs.
• Midbrain: Motor movement, auditory and visual information.
• Pons: Posture, facial movement, and sleep.
• Medulla Oblongata: Base of brain stem; controls involuntary functions.
• Thalamus: Sensory and motor signal relay; regulates consciousness.
• Spinal Cord: Connects body and brain from medulla oblongata to lumbar region.
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves and ganglia outside CNS.
• Reflexes processed directly by the spinal cord.
• Afferent and efferent neurons facilitate communication between the body and brain.
• Cranial Nerves: Twelve nerves extending directly from the brain.
• Spinal Nerves: Nerves connected to spinal cord, relay information to the periphery.
• Afferent Neurons: Transmit information from the body toward the CNS.
• Efferent Neurons: Carry signals from CNS to muscles.
• Somatic Nervous System: Controls voluntary movement.
• Autonomic Nervous System: Controls involuntary functions.
• Sympathetic Nervous System: Responsible for "fight-or-flight" response.
• Parasympathetic Nervous System: Responsible for "rest and digest" functions.

Nervous System Functions

• Sensory impulses: Transmission of sensory information.
• Internal Stimuli: Sensory input from inside the body.
• External Stimuli: Sensory input from external sources.
• Mechanoreceptors: Respond to mechanical stimuli like sound/touch.
• Tactile Receptors: Collect and communicate sensations of touch.
• Proprioceptors: Communicate body position and movement.
• Baroreceptors: Collect, communicate blood pressure changes.
• Proprioception: Awareness of body movement and position in space.
• Myelin Sheath: Insulates neuron axons, propagates neural impulses.
• Integration of sensory input.
• Nerve impulses: Electrical signals used for nerve communication.
• Sensory integration: Brain's effect on responses to neural input.
• Motor function: Voluntary and involuntary muscle contractions.
• Motor Unit: Single motor neuron, muscle fibers it controls.
• Motor Unit Pool: Group of motor units working together.
• Extrafusal Muscle Fibers: Cause muscle contraction and mechanical work.
• Alpha Motor Neurons: motor neurons in brain stem/spinal cord that initiate muscle contraction.
• Excitation-Contraction Coupling: converts neural impulse into mechanical response.
• Action Potential: Electrical activity caused by neural impulse.
• All-or-None Principle: Neural electrical signal strength is independent from stimulus magnitude beyond threshold.

Muscular System - Chapter 3

• Muscle structure, function, role, and anatomy are critical to understanding human movement.

Muscle Tissue Types

• Cardiac Muscle: Striated, involuntary, and forms heart walls.
• Smooth Muscle: Smooth, involuntary, found in digestive organs.
• Skeletal Muscle: Striated, voluntary, fatigue easily and attaches to bone.

Skeletal Muscle Structure

• Sarcomere: Contractile unit of muscle tissue.
• Z Line: Boundary of sarcomere where actin attaches.
• Sarcoplasm: Muscle fiber cytoplasm (unique to cells).
• Glycogen: Stored glucose form in liver and muscles.
• Myofibrils: Parallel filaments form muscle.
• Myofilaments: Actin and myosin form myofibrils.
• Actin: Thin filaments where myosin binds.
• Myosin: Thick filaments that bind to actin.
• Endomysium: Connective tissue covering muscle fiber.
• Epimysium: Fibrous tissue surrounding muscle.
• Fasciculi: Bundles of muscle fibers.
• Perimysium: Connective tissue covering fasciculi.
• Tendon: Attaches muscle to bone.
• Periosteum: Connective tissue around bone.

Skeletal Muscle Contraction

• Requires CNS signal.
• Neuromuscular Junction: Space between motor neuron and muscle fiber.
• Neurotransmitter: Chemical messenger between neurons.
• Acetylcholine: Neurotransmitter released action potential at neuromuscular junction.
• Sliding-Filament Theory: Actin and myosin interaction in muscle contraction.
• Muscles made of sarcomeres.
• Myofibrils have strands of actin and myosin.
• Electrical trigger releases calcium to bind actin.
• Myosin pulls on actin, shortening the muscle.

Muscle Fiber Recruitment

• Size Principle: Motor units are recruited by recruitment thresholds and firing rates.

Muscle Movers

• Muscles create movement by pulling on bones via tendons.
• Origin: Proximal attachment.
• Insertion: Distal attachment.
• Action: Specific movement from the muscle.
• Innervation: Nerves' distribution to specific body parts.
• Fiber arrangement influences how muscles move the skeletal system.
• Fusiform: Spindle-shaped; example: Biceps brachii.
• Convergent: Fibers converge from broad origin to single insertion; example: Pectoralis.
• Circular: Fibers surround an opening.
• Parallel: Fibers run parallel to muscle axis; example: Stylohyoid.
• Pennate: Fasciculi attach obliquely.
• Unipennate: Fibers extend from one side of a central tendon; example: Flexor pollicis longus.
• Bipennate: Fibers extend from both sides of a central tendon; example: Soleus.
• Multipennate: Fibers extend from both sides of multiple central tendons; example: Deltoid.

Muscle Actions

• Concentric: Muscles shorten, creating movement.
• Eccentric: Muscles lengthen, allowing movement, focus of tempo training.
• Isometric: Muscle length, joint angle don't change during movement, example: plank.

Muscle Groupings

• Agonist: Main muscle responsible for prime movement.
• Synergist: Muscle plays secondary role in movement.
• Antagonist: Muscle opposes agonist's action.

Other Key Terms

• All-or-none principle: The force of a nerve's action is independent.
• Stretch-Shortening Cycle (SSC): Cycling between eccentric and concentric actions with three phases- Eccentric, amortization, concentric.

Skeletal System - Chapter 3

Provides structure, support using axial (80 bones) appendicular (126 bones) systems. The axial skeleton includes:

• Skull
• Spine
• Ribs Appendicular Includes:
• 60 in upper and lower extremities each
• 2 in pelvic girdle
• 4 in shoulder girdle

Categories of Bones

• Flat Bones: Curved, protection.
• Short Bones: cube shaped.
• Long Bones: long, cylindrical, provide support.
• Sesamoid Bones: tendons.
• Irregular Bones: various purposes.

Bone Structure

• Bone Marrow: Produces stem cells in the center for platelets or red/white blood cells.
• Cancellous Bone: The spongy outer layer tissue that provides support.
• Compact Bone: dense material bone making up the hard structure.

Bone Formation

• Osteogenesis: Bone formation/remodeling process.
• Myositis Ossificans: Bone tissue forms within muscles or tissue bc injuries.
• Cartilage: Pads, protects joints / structure with connective tissue.
• Wolff’s Law: Adapts as loads are placed on them.

Joints - Chapter 3

• Where two bones connect for muscle mechanics / trainer.
• Muscle provides joint stability/movement using action, makeup, involvement, relationships.
• Fibrous joints: Connective tissue joints with little movement.
• Sutres: Found in skull.
• Syndesmosis: Long bones such as the tibia and fibula.
• Gomphosis Joints: attach sockets teeth; maxilia.
• Cartilaginous joints: Fibro and hyaline cartilage.
• Primary plates (growth plates).
• Secondary Discs (invertebral discs).
• Synovial joints: Fluid filled bones for movement.

Synovial Joint Types

• Gliding: example; tarsal joint
• Condyloid: example; radiocarpal.
• Ball and Socket: example; shoulder and hip joints.
• Hinge: examples: ankle, knee.
• Saddle: joint between thumb and wrist.
• Pivot: joint at radius/ulna.

Joint Terminology

• Arthrokinematics: Joint movement.
• Close Packed Position: Most stable / neighboring connective tissue.
• Loose-Packed Position: Less stable / less close of a packed position.

Tendons

Terms and receptors for muscles that maintain the force from movement.

• Receptors: Help know where position is in space.
• Golgi Tendon: pressure / strain near junctions between tendons, muscles.
• Muscle Spindles: Receptors detect muscle length change.
• Finemovements: more spindles = gross motor movement.

Ligaments

Bands collagen and connect bones:

• (extrinsic): Outside Resist Varas.
• (Intrinsic: inside ACL Anterior Cruciate Leg. / or PCL Posterior. Resists anterior position.
• (Capsular) Medial to Collateral. Terms:
• Elastin (connective and allows flexible retention and shape!
• Capsule connective - layers fluid.

Cartilage - Chapter 3

• Tissue resistant to pressure provides flexibility / resilience. Types:
• (Hyaline) - Trans surface joints of the respiratory tract = nothing vessels / nerves.
• (Elastic) - tough contains fibronectin joint between intervertebral.
• Meniscus. Elastic outer / middle ear, epiglottis.
• Peri- chondrium- connects cartilage.
• Articular hyaline - joint ends.
• Nociceptors (pain sending vessels)

Supportive Systems

• Cardio Vascular
• Circulatory system: uses arteries / veins travel transport. Key Structures:
• Arteries Vessels / carries oxygenated blood away heart:
• Vein - blood vessels carries back vessels to the heart remove waste and oxygenate vessels.
• Capillaries fine oxygen and nutrients:
• Arteries small capillaries:
• Valves: open to prevent backflow of blood
• Heart beats about 100,000 times/day.
• Pumps 55 quarts blood.
• Atrium: Upper chamber of heart.
• Valves: AV between contractions / prevent flows.
• Pulmonary carry vessels: - carry away.
• Vein vessels to heart lungs::

Blood cell

• SA - pacemaker.
• AV Valves / nerve cells signal- electrical. Movement through

• Body. Right to valve to ventricle to arteries of the Long pulmonary valve

Blood Cells

• Erycocytes - /red blood cells - oxygenated body tissues 45% volume.
• White cells- Immune.
• Large basophil destroy cancer allergic responses.
• Neutrophil- is primary immune. Eosin and multi - cellular parasite:
• Mono support type helps cells remove other damaged tissues.
• Key terms: tumor B, T produced antibodies kills.

Key Terms Circulatory

• Systole: The heart beats from heart to artieries
• Dia-The hearts relaxes to fill chambers
• Stroke: the heart one contraction in left is that blood!
• (average Human )60/100 bpm

Types of flows

• (Pulmonary ) hearts flow,lungs.
• (Systematically ) rest to the body /heart..
• Cycle action of pulse.
• Force pressing cycle against arteries

Pressure

• Healthy Normal.
• Hypotension. Low . Stystolic pressing. Diastolic . filling heart.

Factors affecting pressure

• High low elastic,
• viscosity (Thickness) -Lymphatic terms
• Lymph nodes
• Tonsils.
• Spleen. Functions body temperature:
• Protect:
• Fluids

Passageways system

• Passageway, air
• Cavities and nose of cells.
• Throat
• Larynixs
• Trachia-
• (Bronchiolo) of the longs. Functions
• Oxygenate process metabolic:
• Waste regulate blood/ cell division
• Respiration- In and Out.
• Pulmonary exchange between lungs.
• Inspiration bring air in
• Expiratory of gas.
• Thracic

Endocrine Systems

Terms.

• Hormones and chemicals are signals that act within and the body's activities is the ( Pituitary)
• Main - Hypothalamus
• Controls and homeostasis rates temp weight secretions sleep gland

Structures Glands

• Pineal only melatonin signals
• Piturity controls - hormones. Pituitary glands, thryoid,. ovaries and tests
• Thyrodid reg metablolism. Thymus : only until developed, is infection t lyphs Ardennal glands kidnest

Enzyumes by adrenal

• Pncreas- glucose,
• Main hormone
• Key systems,stored created, and released.
• hormone
• Growth for fat-acids
• Energy carbohydrates by the( piturity)
• TSH by( thyroid )
• corticotropin for release act hormones adrenal releases in increase- ( Pituitary)
• Vasopressin: water control, Vasopressin =
• Inulin: glucose with glucose acid
• Thyroid. Increases.

Mechanics / Bio / Kin

Functions on movement Mechanics of body action for Terms:

• (Mobility Joint) to surroundings,foot , wrist
• (Stability) stability
• Force with change. Mass x acceleration.

Body Weight and gravity

-Rom : movement/ requirements / to move:

• Center Gravity ( combined force)
• Muscles action with contraction.

Key: - Joint. And more with action pairs of synergist, antagoinsts and

• (force couple of tensions ) - muscles movement.
• Newton's action force equal: and
• Weight Mass
• Force - tension ability.

Terms of Motion's

• Kinetic Force = mass x acceleration
• Inertia - resist change
• (momentum): Quantity moving.
• Muscular: Muscle contraction
• Linear: Movement direction
• Access point (Levers are Rigid running actions.

Force - Tension -Length Relations

• Mechanical work: energy transferred distance.
• Movement access
• Muscles Synergy: muscles generating movement in joint
• Tension:

Key : Levers are Rigid and run point and axis rotation.

• Arms move. Resistance to loading

Anatomy Terms

• Motion positions direction: Anterior

• Poster (ior to each other (Front)) front is

• Superior and Below

• Action. movement action;

• abduct movement and midline. Flexing.

• Rotating

• Moving around.

Motion

• Circumstances movement. Movement of bone

• Frontal divides, sideway.

• Saggiattail divides

• Transverse rotational.

Principles of Biomechanics - Chapter 5

• Joints typically needing greater mobility: foot/ankle, hip, thoracic spine, shoulder, and wrist Key Terms for categories and movement:
• The quantity of motion of a moving body, measured as a product of its mass and velocity Joints types
• ( 1. fulcrum located and between force load resistant). -seesaw -(Class Load resistance is. Weight resistance.
• ( third the muscle and the elbow.)

Functions

• Muscularity by tendons, generates Terms musclles upper
• (Humeris) Terms of low muscleleg
• Kinectionals.
• Terms, muscles The spine.
• The end and of head: Terms

Energy Systems

What ingest must Terms energy

• The smaller ( Fatty acid)
• Glycolysis
• Generate Gluconeogenesis, -
• Cell mitosis (division)
• Muscle and liver glycogen(stored_

Measure Systems

• Oxides phosphorylation) process( produce by Mito oxygenate presence):
• The a way by ( Calorimetry)
• Triglycerides fats. Respiratory / RQ

( ATP)

• Molecule (Tri phosphate) released energy.
• Creatricine , muscle:
• Lactate (acid) three action the energy; glucose making signaling.
• Anaerobe - oxygenate metabolism (switch by the is oxygenate that's
• minimal lactate.
• Lactic excess/ causing soreness/

The Macronutrients

Are directly use energy . sub directly used tri phosphate).

• energy cell sources and 3 : fats , carbs, protiens

• Metabolism proccess convert the energy;

• ( energy store

• That store is ATP/ CP;

• dominate high (intensity activity or less than 10:

Systems: Small

• ATP / CP energy,
• Glycolysis and limited the use of ATP.
• Oxygenate dominates activities the ATP.Beta breakdown to the ATP cycle and slowest high
• Balance energy, expense by the total growth diet.
• The tell, calorie daily terms
• The caloric

Diets and calories

• Diet - indured thermo thermogenic
• the diet to eat ( Eat to
• ( Neat is non energy. Growth training. Adaptations

Specific adaptations to anaerobic:

• fiber: increase size, decrease mitochondrial density, increase protein and and no fiber,
• connect : increase bone strength to energy creatine, atp, glycogen
• The activity increase no or decrease muscle mass

Aerobic

• energy high, may be long term
• muscle endurance, increase, the heart
• the fiber chains are no, with at all increase

adaptions. neural, beginters

• muscle mass

Test your knowledge of joint types, range of motion, and connective tissues like tendons and ligaments. Explore arthrokinematics and the roles of receptors in sensing body position. Understand joint positions and compare muscle spindles in different muscle types.