Kinesiology: Glenohumeral Joint Quiz

Joint Kinematics

• Joint kinematics describes the movement of bones in space during physiological joint motion.
• Kinematic chains involve a series of rigid links interconnected by joints, categorized as open or closed.
• Open kinematic chains allow individual joint movement independently, while closed chains create a fixed system requiring simultaneous movement at multiple joints.
• Knee flexion in a closed kinematic chain is accompanied by hip flexion and ankle dorsiflexion; in an open chain, it may occur independently.

Learning Outcomes

• Explain various kinematic chains and the different types of movements they exhibit.
• Describe arthrokinematics and osteokinematics of upper and lower limb joints along with axial skeleton joints.
• Expound on linear and rotational motions.
• Understand the range of motion (ROM) limitations and factors influencing a joint's movement capabilities.
• Define normal and pathological ROM with their associated causes.

Kinematic Chain

• Kinematic chains, in the engineering sense, are composed of a series of rigid links that are interconnected by a series of pin-centered joints.
• The kinematic chain can be open or closed. In an open kinematic chain, one joint can move independently of others in the chain.
• When one end of the chain remains fixed, it creates a closed system or closed kinematic chain.
• Movement at one joint in a closed chain automatically creates movement in other joints in the chain.

Arthrokinematics & Osteokinematics

• Arthrokinematics refers to the specific movements of joint surfaces relative to each other during a primary motion.
• Osteokinematics refers to the movement of the bones in space
• Joint surface shapes (e.g., convex or concave) influence the combined rolling and sliding motion during movement.

Range of Motion (ROM)

• The normal range of motion (ROM) of a joint is determined by factors such as joint surface shape, joint capsule, ligaments, muscle bulk, and surrounding musculotendinous and bony structures.
• Some joints have no bony restrictions, limiting ROM through soft tissue structures (e.g., knee).
• Other joints have defined bony restrictions (e.g., humeroulnar joint at elbow).
• End-feel is the sensation experienced by the examiner during passive movements at each joint.
• Pathological ROM results when motion exceeds or fails to reach normal anatomic limits; leading to hypermobility or hypomobility. A contracture (shortening of soft tissues) is a cause of hypomobility.

Ranges of Motion Summary

• Summarized details regarding the range of joint motions for the shoulder.

• A summary of joint movement limitations and factors for the hip, presented in degree measurements.

• A summary of joint movement limitations and factors for the elbow, presented in degree measurements.

• A summary of joint movement limitations and factors for the wrist, presented in degree measurements.

• A summary of joint movement limitations and factors for the knee, presented in degree measurements.

Shoulder Complex

• The shoulder complex includes the glenohumeral joint.
• A synovial joint allowing mobility at the expense of stability.

Shoulder Girdle Muscles

• Multiple muscles contribute to upper limb movement: including trapezius, serratus anterior and many more.
• Summarizes muscles and their associated functions in a concise manner, providing a comprehensive understanding of their roles.

Elbow Complex

• The elbow is a hinge joint.
• Summarizes muscles and their associated actions for elbow flexion and extension, in a clear, concise way.

Wrist Motion & Kinematics

• Describes the motions at the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints, occurring concurrently during flexion/extension movements, resulting in a total range of motion of approximately 85 degrees in each direction.
• Identifies the arthrokinematic mechanisms (sliding and rolling) at the relevant joints.
• Defines the axis of wrist flexion/extension as the transverse axis of the capitate.

Knee Joint

• Provides a detailed description of the bony structures important to the knee joint.

• Detailing different aspects of the knee joint, including the bones, ligaments, and related structures.

Screw Home Mechanism

• Describes the rotational movement between the tibia and femur at the end of knee extension and the tightening of the cruciate ligaments to lock the knee, for an optimal stability posture.
• The mechanism is a crucial factor in maintaining the overall stability and integrity of the knee joint.

Foot and Ankle Anatomy

• Describes the osseous structure of the foot.

• Discusses the anatomical components of the ankle and foot, including the tarsal, metatarsal, and phalangeal bones, alongside the relevant articulations.

Foot Arches

• Provides detailed description on the longitudinal, lateral, and transverse arches of the foot, including their bony components, supporting structures, functions, and their contributions to efficient foot loading.

Spine Anatomy

• Describes the structural components of the spine.

Intervertebral Disc Structure

• Details the structure and components that create vertebral mobility, including nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, and vertebral end plate.

Spinal Ligaments and Capsule

• Details the composition and role of spinal ligaments and capsule, emphasizing the variability between spinal regions.

Spinal Motion and Stability

• Discusses the degrees of freedom in spinal motion and factors influencing spinal stability.

Face Joint Significance

• Emphasizes the significance of facet joint orientation in achieving spinal motions via directional characteristics within different regions of the spine.

Coupling of Motions

• Defines how obligatory spinal motions(translations and rotations) accompany the primary movement. Key movements within each axis or plane associated with the force producing the principal (primary) movement.

instantaneous axis of rotation

• Discusses the concept of an instantaneous axis of rotation as the axis perpendicular to the plane of motion that passes through points within or outside the body, remaining static during the movement.

Cervical Spine

• Details the significance, characteristics, and range of motions specifically applicable to the cervical spine.

Thoracic Spine

• Describes the significance, characteristics, and range of motions associated with the thoracic spine.

Lumbopelvic Rhythm and Motion

• Provides a detailed description on the motion and stability mechanisms of the lumbopelvic region of the spine.

Pelvic and Femoral Joint Movement

• Describes how femoral and pelvic motions depend upon functional capabilities of lumbar spine regions.

Hip Stabilization

• Explains how hip stabilization relates to anatomical structures surrounding the hip joint.

Knee and Spinal Stability and Articulations

• Provides descriptions of the knee and other joints in the body's musculo-skeletal structure, pertaining to stability and articulation.