Kinesiology 2: Hip Joint Pathomechanics
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the abductor muscles during weight-bearing activities?

  • They facilitate rotation of the femur.
  • They aid in flexing the hip joint.
  • They stabilize the pelvis and weight above it. (correct)
  • They promote extension of the knee joint.

Where do the abductor muscles attach to provide stability to the pelvis?

  • From the femur to the distal lumbar vertebrae.
  • From the sacrum to the tibia.
  • From the femur to the pelvis. (correct)
  • From the pelvis to the greater trochanter.

What happens when the abductor muscles on the support side contract?

  • They increase the range of motion of the knee.
  • They help maintain pelvic stability. (correct)
  • They assist in lateral flexion of the spine.
  • They cause the pelvis to tilt excessively.

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for the abductor muscles?

<p>They create a pulling force from the femur to the pelvis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of weak abductor muscles on the support side?

<p>Decreased stability and potential pelvic tilt. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What position do the hips typically assume when an individual squats to lift something from the floor?

<p>Hips slightly abducted (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve injury is associated with adductor weakness?

<p>Obturator nerve injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely consequence of weakness in the adductor muscles?

<p>Limited stabilization of the hip joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is adductor weakness considered uncommon?

<p>It is not frequently associated with significant injuries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios could potentially lead to adductor weakness?

<p>An accident resulting in obturator nerve damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of the adductor brevis regarding its function?

<p>It has one of the largest adduction moment arms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which position can the adductor brevis effectively perform hip adduction?

<p>In any position of hip flexion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the adductor brevis is false?

<p>It solely contributes to hip flexion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle group does the adductor brevis belong to?

<p>Adductor muscles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the adductor brevis play in hip movement?

<p>Enables hip adduction across various positions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of tightness in the adductor muscles?

<p>Adaptive changes in non-stretched muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the nature of adductor muscle tightness?

<p>It often results from muscle routine adaptations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of not stretching frequently?

<p>Development of tightness in certain muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of muscles is specifically mentioned as commonly experiencing tightness?

<p>Adductors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'adaptive changes' in muscles refer to?

<p>Physical modifications that occur from inactivity or lack of stretching (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the presumed effect of loss in muscle bulk as indicated in the content?

<p>Diminished balance and stair climbing difficulty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following outcomes is associated with age-related muscle loss?

<p>Diminished balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does loss of strength relate to muscle bulk and aging?

<p>It may contribute to functional declines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding age-related muscle changes?

<p>Diminished strength may lead to difficulty in stair climbing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change is indicated to accompany age-related functional declines?

<p>Loss in muscle bulk and strength (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the technique where an individual rests in maximum hyperextension to utilize ligament support?

<p>Hanging on the ligaments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of resting in maximum hyperextension?

<p>To prevent additional backward bending (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the effect of passive support from ligaments during maximum hyperextension?

<p>It prevents undesirable movements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which position is an individual likely to benefit from ligament support?

<p>Maximum hyperextension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of not utilizing ligament support during hyperextension?

<p>Risk of overextending the back (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pelvic Stability

Maintaining a stable pelvis to support the upper body.

Abductor Muscles

Muscles that pull the leg away from the body (abduct).

Support Side

The side of the body bearing weight.

Femur

The thigh bone.

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Pelvic attachments

Parts of a muscle connected to the pelvic region.

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Adductor brevis function

The adductor brevis muscle is a major muscle for hip adduction, capable of doing it regardless of the hip's bend.

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Adductor brevis

One of the thigh's muscles primarily responsible for hip adduction.

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Hip adduction

Movement that brings the leg toward the midline of the body.

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Adductor brevis location

Part of the thigh's adductor group; between other adductor muscles.

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Adductor muscle function

Group of muscles in the thigh that adduct the hip.

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Squatting: Hip Position

When squatting to lift something, the hips are typically slightly abducted, meaning the thighs are moved slightly away from the midline of the body.

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Adductor Weakness Cause

Weakness in the adductor muscles, which pull the legs together, is not common and often stems from damage to the obturator nerve.

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What are Adductors?

Adductor muscles are the group of muscles responsible for drawing the legs towards the midline of the body.

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What is Abduction?

Abduction is the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.

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Obturator Nerve Injury

Damage to the obturator nerve can lead to weakness in the adductor muscles.

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Adductor Tightness

A common condition where the muscles on the inside of the thighs are tight, often due to lack of stretching.

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Adaptive Changes

Modifications in muscles that occur in response to repeated use or lack of use.

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Routine Stretching

Regularly stretching muscles to maintain flexibility and prevent tightness.

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Why are adductors tight?

Adductor tightness is often caused by a lack of regular stretching, leading to adaptive changes in the muscles.

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Impact of Tight Adductors

Tight adductors can limit movement, cause pain, and affect balance and coordination.

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Muscle Bulk Loss

Decrease in the size of muscles, often accompanied by a reduction in strength.

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Functional Decline

A decrease in a person's ability to perform everyday activities, such as walking or climbing stairs.

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Stair Climbing Difficulty

A common functional decline associated with aging, where individuals find it harder to climb stairs.

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Diminished Balance

A reduced ability to maintain stability and coordination.

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Muscle Loss and Strength

The loss of muscle bulk often leads to a decrease in muscle strength, impacting functional abilities.

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Hyperextension

A position where a joint is extended beyond its normal range of motion.

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Ligament Support

The use of ligaments to help stabilize a joint, especially during hyperextension.

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Hanging on the Ligaments

A technique where an individual relies on ligament support to prevent further backward bending.

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Passive Support

Support provided by tissues like ligaments, rather than muscular effort.

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Backward Bending

Movement that moves a joint past its normal extension limit.

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Study Notes

Presenter Information

  • Karim Ghuiba, lecturer of physical therapy at Cairo-Galala University
  • Doctor of Physical Therapy from New York, USA
  • Lecture date: 10/9/2024

Kinesiology 2 - Fall 2024

  • Course offered at Galala University
  • Focuses on the pathomechanics of the hip joint

Lecture 2: Pathomechanics of the Hip Joint

  • Focuses on the muscles of the hip joint

Muscles of the Hip Joint

  • Psoas Major: A strong hip flexor
    • Smaller moment arm for flexion than other hip flexors
    • Large physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA)
    • Center of mass is posterior to the hip joint, creating extension moment
      • Muscle produces flexion moment to counteract this
    • Better aligned to apply compressive loads to the lumbar spine, not for flexion/extension
      • Assists in stabilizing the spine
  • Iliacus: A large hip flexor, equal or greater than PCSA of psoas major
    • Acts similarly to the psoas major, active during sit-ups and curl-ups
    • Supports hip in upright standing to prevent HAT weight from hyperextending the hip
  • Psoas Minor: A trunk muscle, not a hip flexor, sometimes absent (~40% of population)
    • Smaller and weaker than the psoas major
  • Gluteus Maximus: A major hip extensor, large muscle forming most of the buttocks
    • Elicits activity in hamstrings and adductor magnus while ascending stairs
    • Activity during single-stance wall squats and mini-squats
    • More active during forceful hip extension from extended or hyperextended positions
  • Hip Abductors (Gluteus Medius & Minimus): Important during weight-bearing activities
    • Gluteus Medius: hip abductor that can rotate the hip medially or laterally, depending on fibers
    • Gluteus Minimus: another strong hip abductor that medially rotates the hip and potentially helps protect the hip capsule during movement

Effects of Weakness

  • Psoas Major: Weakness decreases hip flexion strength, causing difficulties with tasks like lifting limbs in/out of the bathtub and climbing stairs
  • Iliacus: Weakness decreases hip flexion strength and can lead to hyperextension of the hip
  • Gluteus Maximus: Weakness causes decreased hip extension and lateral rotation, and can result in a "gluteus maximus lurch" during gait.
  • Hip Abductors (Gluteus Medius & Minimus):
    • Weakness leads to a significant decrease in hip abduction strength
    • Instability and abducted gait in single-limb support -Pelvis drops on the unsupported side during weight-bearing activities

Effects of Tightness

  • Psoas Major: Tightness restricts hip extension and trunk side-bending flexibility. Increased lumbar extension (lordosis)
  • Iliacus: Tightness results in anterior pelvic tilt and hyperextension of the lumbar spine
  • Gluteus Maximus: Tightness limits hip range of motion (ROM) in flexion, medial rotation and possibly adduction
  • Hip Abductors (Gluteus Medius & Minimus): Tightness limits ROM in adduction and possibly lateral rotation, often associated with arthritis.

Hip Adductors

  • Pectineus: consistent actions of flexion and adduction, active in medial rotation
  • Adductor Brevis: large adduction moment, active in medial rotation during hip flexion
  • Adductor Longus: exhibits consistent medial rotation moment, more consistent role in hip flexion and adduction than rotation
  • Adductor Magnus: large muscle, substantial hip adduction ability

Functional Roles of Muscles

  • Adductors stabilize the pelvis during weight shifting between limbs in gait and during squatting.

Lateral Rotators

  • Piriformis
  • Obturator Internus
  • Superior and Inferior Gemelli
  • Quadratus Femoris
  • Obturator Externus

General

  • Weakness and Tightness of Lateral Rotators Difficult to isolate
  • Medial Rotators No muscle dedicated to medial rotation

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Kinesiology 2 Fall2024 Lecture 2 Pathomechanics of the hip joint PDF

Description

This quiz covers the second lecture of Kinesiology 2 focusing on the pathomechanics of the hip joint. It explores the roles and functions of key muscles involved such as the Psoas Major and Iliacus. Test your knowledge on their mechanics and contributions to hip joint movement.

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