Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which muscle primarily assists in stabilizing the pelvis when the ipsilateral limb is weight-bearing?
Which muscle primarily assists in stabilizing the pelvis when the ipsilateral limb is weight-bearing?
- Gluteus maximus
- Gluteus medius (correct)
- Tensor of fascia lata
- Gluteus minimus (correct)
Which of the following muscles is involved in the extension of the hip joint from a flexed position?
Which of the following muscles is involved in the extension of the hip joint from a flexed position?
- Tensor of fascia lata
- Gluteus maximus (correct)
- Obturator internus
- Gluteus medius
What is the primary insertion point for the gluteus maximus muscle?
What is the primary insertion point for the gluteus maximus muscle?
- Lateral surface of the greater trochanter of the femur
- Lateral condyle of the tibia
- Iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity (correct)
- Anterior surface of the greater trochanter
Which muscle is primarily responsible for abduction and medial rotation of the hip joint?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for abduction and medial rotation of the hip joint?
Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the deep layer of gluteal muscles?
Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the deep layer of gluteal muscles?
What is the insertion point of the ischiofemoral ligament?
What is the insertion point of the ischiofemoral ligament?
Which ligament becomes tense during hip adduction?
Which ligament becomes tense during hip adduction?
How do the ligaments behave during hip flexion?
How do the ligaments behave during hip flexion?
During medial rotation of the hip, which ligament tenses while others relax?
During medial rotation of the hip, which ligament tenses while others relax?
What role do the ligaments play during hip extension?
What role do the ligaments play during hip extension?
Which muscle of the anterior thigh originates from the iliac crest and iliac fossa?
Which muscle of the anterior thigh originates from the iliac crest and iliac fossa?
What is the primary function of the quadriceps femoris group?
What is the primary function of the quadriceps femoris group?
Which of the following muscles contributes to lateral rotation of the thigh?
Which of the following muscles contributes to lateral rotation of the thigh?
Which muscle is responsible for flexing the thigh and laterally rotating it at the hip joint?
Which muscle is responsible for flexing the thigh and laterally rotating it at the hip joint?
The psoas major muscle inserts at which anatomical location?
The psoas major muscle inserts at which anatomical location?
Which statement correctly describes the adductor magnus muscle?
Which statement correctly describes the adductor magnus muscle?
What is the primary action of the rectus femoris in addition to its main function?
What is the primary action of the rectus femoris in addition to its main function?
Which muscle primarily functions to flex the trunk and provide ipsilateral flexion?
Which muscle primarily functions to flex the trunk and provide ipsilateral flexion?
The gracilis muscle primarily performs which of the following actions?
The gracilis muscle primarily performs which of the following actions?
Which muscle originates from the body and inferior ramus of the pubis?
Which muscle originates from the body and inferior ramus of the pubis?
Which muscle includes fibers that act as an antagonist to the iliacus in hip flexion?
Which muscle includes fibers that act as an antagonist to the iliacus in hip flexion?
The vastus medialis is primarily responsible for which action?
The vastus medialis is primarily responsible for which action?
Which statement about the iliopsoas group is incorrect?
Which statement about the iliopsoas group is incorrect?
What happens to the ligaments during hip extension?
What happens to the ligaments during hip extension?
What is the role of the ischiofemoral ligament during medial rotation of the hip?
What is the role of the ischiofemoral ligament during medial rotation of the hip?
Which ligament is primarily responsible for tension during hip adduction?
Which ligament is primarily responsible for tension during hip adduction?
What occurs during lateral rotation of the hip in terms of ligament tension?
What occurs during lateral rotation of the hip in terms of ligament tension?
In the erect position, how do the ligaments of the hip behave?
In the erect position, how do the ligaments of the hip behave?
Which muscle primarily assists in medial rotation of the hip joint?
Which muscle primarily assists in medial rotation of the hip joint?
Which of the following muscles originates from the iliotibial tract?
Which of the following muscles originates from the iliotibial tract?
What is a key characteristic of the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus?
What is a key characteristic of the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for hip extension when starting from a seated position?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for hip extension when starting from a seated position?
What action is NOT associated with the gluteus minimus?
What action is NOT associated with the gluteus minimus?
Which of the following muscles is primarily responsible for flexing and laterally rotating the thigh at the hip joint?
Which of the following muscles is primarily responsible for flexing and laterally rotating the thigh at the hip joint?
Which muscle acts as a weak extensor of the thigh due to its hamstring part?
Which muscle acts as a weak extensor of the thigh due to its hamstring part?
Which muscle of the anterior thigh stabilizes the hip joint while aiding in hip flexion?
Which muscle of the anterior thigh stabilizes the hip joint while aiding in hip flexion?
What is the primary function of the gracilis muscle?
What is the primary function of the gracilis muscle?
Which of the following muscles originates from the iliac crest and helps in stabilizing the trunk?
Which of the following muscles originates from the iliac crest and helps in stabilizing the trunk?
What is the role of the quadriceps femoris muscle group?
What is the role of the quadriceps femoris muscle group?
Which muscle has a function that includes lateral rotation of the hip?
Which muscle has a function that includes lateral rotation of the hip?
Which statement is true regarding the iliopsoas group?
Which statement is true regarding the iliopsoas group?
Which muscle in the medial compartment assists in flexing the thigh to some extent?
Which muscle in the medial compartment assists in flexing the thigh to some extent?
What is the primary action of the vastus lateralis muscle?
What is the primary action of the vastus lateralis muscle?
Which of the following actions is performed by the iliopsoas group?
Which of the following actions is performed by the iliopsoas group?
Which muscle is involved in weakly flexing and adducting the hip?
Which muscle is involved in weakly flexing and adducting the hip?
What role does the gluteus maximus play in the movements of the hip?
What role does the gluteus maximus play in the movements of the hip?
What is the primary function of the lesser trochanter of the femur?
What is the primary function of the lesser trochanter of the femur?
What is the angle formed between the femoral neck and shaft in adults?
What is the angle formed between the femoral neck and shaft in adults?
What anatomical structure primarily contributes to the vascular supply of the femoral head?
What anatomical structure primarily contributes to the vascular supply of the femoral head?
Which type of fibers comprise the hip capsule?
Which type of fibers comprise the hip capsule?
Where is the iliofemoral ligament attached?
Where is the iliofemoral ligament attached?
What characteristic distinguishes the greater trochanter?
What characteristic distinguishes the greater trochanter?
What is the role of the ligaments attached to the hip joint?
What is the role of the ligaments attached to the hip joint?
Which ligament becomes tense primarily during hip adduction?
Which ligament becomes tense primarily during hip adduction?
What anatomical feature serves as a site where the neck and shaft of the femur join?
What anatomical feature serves as a site where the neck and shaft of the femur join?
How do the longitudinal and circular fibers of the hip capsule contribute to its function?
How do the longitudinal and circular fibers of the hip capsule contribute to its function?
Which part of the hip bone contributes to the superior aspect of the acetabulum?
Which part of the hip bone contributes to the superior aspect of the acetabulum?
What is the primary function of the iliac fossa on the ilium?
What is the primary function of the iliac fossa on the ilium?
Which feature of the ischium contributes to the formation of the acetabulum?
Which feature of the ischium contributes to the formation of the acetabulum?
What articulates with the fovea of the femur's head?
What articulates with the fovea of the femur's head?
Which component is NOT part of the hip bone?
Which component is NOT part of the hip bone?
Which structure marks the superior end of the greater sciatic notch on the ilium?
Which structure marks the superior end of the greater sciatic notch on the ilium?
What is the shape of the acetabular labrum?
What is the shape of the acetabular labrum?
Which anatomical position does the acetabulum primarily direct?
Which anatomical position does the acetabulum primarily direct?
The pubic crest provides attachment for which type of muscles?
The pubic crest provides attachment for which type of muscles?
Which of the following structures forms the inferomedial boundary of the obturator foramen?
Which of the following structures forms the inferomedial boundary of the obturator foramen?
What feature is described as the rough bony projection at the junction of the ischium's body and ramus?
What feature is described as the rough bony projection at the junction of the ischium's body and ramus?
What is the approximate length of the femur in relation to a person's height?
What is the approximate length of the femur in relation to a person's height?
Which component of the femur supports the head and connects to the shaft?
Which component of the femur supports the head and connects to the shaft?
What is the form of the head of the femur in terms of its surface?
What is the form of the head of the femur in terms of its surface?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the gluteal region muscles?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the gluteal region muscles?
How many degrees of freedom does the hip joint have?
How many degrees of freedom does the hip joint have?
What limits the range of hip flexion when the knee is extended?
What limits the range of hip flexion when the knee is extended?
What is the consequence of a knee being flexed on hip extension?
What is the consequence of a knee being flexed on hip extension?
What occurs during hip abduction in practical terms?
What occurs during hip abduction in practical terms?
Which muscle is considered a lateral rotator of the hip joint?
Which muscle is considered a lateral rotator of the hip joint?
Which statement about hip extension is correct?
Which statement about hip extension is correct?
Which muscle originates from the ischial tuberosity and is involved in flexing the leg?
Which muscle originates from the ischial tuberosity and is involved in flexing the leg?
What is the main limitation of hip abduction?
What is the main limitation of hip abduction?
Which range is typical for lateral rotation of the hip when the knee is fully extended?
Which range is typical for lateral rotation of the hip when the knee is fully extended?
What happens during medial rotation of the hip?
What happens during medial rotation of the hip?
Which of the following conditions does NOT affect hip flexion range?
Which of the following conditions does NOT affect hip flexion range?
What anatomical position is associated with maximum hip abduction?
What anatomical position is associated with maximum hip abduction?
What affects the role of lateral and medial rotation at the hip joint?
What affects the role of lateral and medial rotation at the hip joint?
Flashcards
Gluteus maximus function
Gluteus maximus function
Extends the hip joint, extends the trunk, assists lateral rotation, helps rise from sitting.
Gluteus medius function
Gluteus medius function
Abducts and extends the hip joint, stabilizes pelvis during weight-bearing.
Gluteus minimus function
Gluteus minimus function
Abducts and extends the hip joint, stabilizes pelvis during weight-bearing.
Tensor fasciae latae function
Tensor fasciae latae function
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Deep gluteal muscles
Deep gluteal muscles
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Pectineus muscle function
Pectineus muscle function
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Iliopsoas function
Iliopsoas function
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Psoas major origin
Psoas major origin
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Sartorius muscle action
Sartorius muscle action
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Quadriceps femoris function
Quadriceps femoris function
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Rectus femoris origin
Rectus femoris origin
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Adductor brevis function
Adductor brevis function
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Adductor longus function
Adductor longus function
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Adductor magnus function
Adductor magnus function
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Gracilis function
Gracilis function
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Obturator externus function
Obturator externus function
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Gluteus medius and minimus function
Gluteus medius and minimus function
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Ischiofemoral ligament attachment
Ischiofemoral ligament attachment
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Ligaments during hip extension
Ligaments during hip extension
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Ligaments during hip flexion
Ligaments during hip flexion
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Ligaments during lateral rotation
Ligaments during lateral rotation
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Ligaments during medial rotation
Ligaments during medial rotation
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Femoral Neck Angle
Femoral Neck Angle
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Femoral Neck Anteversion
Femoral Neck Anteversion
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What is the ligamentum teres?
What is the ligamentum teres?
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What is the iliofemoral ligament?
What is the iliofemoral ligament?
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What is the pubofemoral ligament?
What is the pubofemoral ligament?
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What is the ischiofemoral ligament?
What is the ischiofemoral ligament?
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What is the hip joint?
What is the hip joint?
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Hip Capsule
Hip Capsule
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Hip Capsule Insertion
Hip Capsule Insertion
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Hip Ligament Function
Hip Ligament Function
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What are the two functional components of the lower limb?
What are the two functional components of the lower limb?
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What does the pelvic girdle connect?
What does the pelvic girdle connect?
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What are the key components of the pelvic girdle?
What are the key components of the pelvic girdle?
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What are the three primary bones of the hip bone?
What are the three primary bones of the hip bone?
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What is the largest part of the hip bone?
What is the largest part of the hip bone?
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What important feature does the ilium contribute?
What important feature does the ilium contribute?
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What is the ischium?
What is the ischium?
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What does the ischium contribute to?
What does the ischium contribute to?
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What is the pubis?
What is the pubis?
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What is the acetabulum?
What is the acetabulum?
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What components form the acetabulum?
What components form the acetabulum?
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What is the femoral head?
What is the femoral head?
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What are the greater and lesser trochanters?
What are the greater and lesser trochanters?
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What is the function of the acetabular labrum?
What is the function of the acetabular labrum?
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What is the femur?
What is the femur?
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Hip Ligaments During Extension
Hip Ligaments During Extension
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Hip Ligaments During Flexion
Hip Ligaments During Flexion
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Hip Ligaments During Lateral Rotation
Hip Ligaments During Lateral Rotation
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Hip Ligaments During Medial Rotation
Hip Ligaments During Medial Rotation
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Ischiofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
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Ischiofemoral ligament function (adduction)
Ischiofemoral ligament function (adduction)
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Ischiofemoral ligament function (abduction)
Ischiofemoral ligament function (abduction)
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Anterior thigh muscles
Anterior thigh muscles
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Pectineus muscle
Pectineus muscle
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Iliopsoas muscle
Iliopsoas muscle
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Psoas major
Psoas major
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Iliacus muscle
Iliacus muscle
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Quadriceps femoris muscle
Quadriceps femoris muscle
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Rectus femoris muscle action
Rectus femoris muscle action
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Adductor muscle group
Adductor muscle group
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Adductor magnus muscle
Adductor magnus muscle
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Gracilis muscle action
Gracilis muscle action
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Obturator externus muscle
Obturator externus muscle
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Deep Gluteal Muscle Function
Deep Gluteal Muscle Function
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Piriformis Muscle
Piriformis Muscle
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Superior and Inferior Gemelli Muscles
Superior and Inferior Gemelli Muscles
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Quadratus Femoris Muscle
Quadratus Femoris Muscle
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Hip Joint Axes
Hip Joint Axes
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Hip Joint Movements
Hip Joint Movements
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Hip Flexion
Hip Flexion
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Hip Extension
Hip Extension
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Hip Abduction
Hip Abduction
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Hip Adduction
Hip Adduction
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Hip Rotation
Hip Rotation
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Hip Joint Stability
Hip Joint Stability
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Study Notes
Lower Limb 1
- The skeleton of the lower limb is divided into two functional components: the pelvic girdle and the bones of the free lower limbs.
- The pelvic girdle attaches the free lower limb to the axial skeleton.
- It consists of paired hip bones, connected in front at the pubic symphysis and behind by the sacrum.
- The mature hip bone is formed by the fusion of three primary bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Ilium
- The ilium forms the largest part of the hip bone and contributes the superior part of the acetabulum.
- It has a thick medial portion for weight bearing (the body) and a thin, wing-like, posterolateral portion, the ala, which provides broad surfaces for muscle attachment.
- The body of the ilium forms the acetabulum.
- Anteriorly, the ilium has anterior superior and anterior inferior iliac spines, providing attachment for ligaments and tendons.
- The iliac crest, a long curved and thickened superior border of the ala, extends posteriorly, terminating at the posterior superior iliac spine.
- The posterior inferior iliac spine marks the superior end of the greater sciatic notch.
- Medially, each ala has a large, smooth depression, the iliac fossa, providing proximal attachment for the iliacus muscle.
Ischium
- The ischium forms the posteroinferior part of the hip bone.
- The superior part of the body of the ischium fuses with the pubis and ilium, forming the posteroinferior aspect of the acetabulum.
- The ramus of the ischium, together with the inferior ramus of the pubis, forms the ischiopubic ramus, which constitutes the inferomedial boundary of the obturator foramen.
- The posterior border of the ischium forms the inferior margin of the greater sciatic notch.
- The rough bony projection at the junction of the inferior end of the body of the ischium and its ramus is the large ischial tuberosity.
Pubis
- The pubis forms the anteromedial part of the hip bone; it contributes the anterior part of the acetabulum.
- It provides proximal attachment for muscles of the medial thigh.
- The pubis is divided into a flattened medial body and superior and inferior rami projecting laterally from the body.
- Medially, the symphysial surface of the pubis articulates with the corresponding contralateral pubis, forming the pubic symphysis.
- The anterosuperior border of the united bodies and symphysis forms the pubic crest, providing attachment for abdominal muscles.
- Small projections at the lateral ends of this crest, the pubic tubercles, are important landmarks of the inguinal regions.
- The tubercles provide attachment for the main part of the inguinal ligament, enabling indirect muscle attachment.
- The posterior margin of the superior ramus of the pubis is a sharp raised edge, the pecten pubis, which forms part of the pelvic rim.
The Hip: Acetabulum
- The acetabulum is a large cup-shaped cavity or socket on the lateral side of the hip bone.
- It articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint.
- All three primary bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis) contribute to the formation of the acetabulum.
- The margin of the acetabulum is incomplete at the acetabular notch, creating a fossa resembling a cup with a piece missing.
- The rough depression in the floor of the acetabulum, extending superiorly from the acetabular notch, is the acetabular fossa.
- The acetabular labrum is a fibrocartilaginous ring inserted into the acetabular rim; it deepens the acetabulum and fills the gap in the acetabular rim.
- The acetabulum is directed laterally, inferiorly, and anteriorly.
- The acetabular axis forms an angle of 30° to 40° with the horizontal plane.
- The anterior orientation of the acetabulum is an angle of 15° to 20° with the frontal plane.
The Hip: Femur
- The femur is the longest and heaviest bone in the body.
- It transmits body weight from the hip bone to the tibia when a person is standing.
- Its length is approximately a quarter of the person's height.
- The femur consists of a midshaft and two epiphyseal ends (superior/proximal and inferior/distal).
- The superior (proximal) end consists of a head, neck, and two trochanters (greater and lesser).
- The round head of the femur has a spherical form and is coated with articular cartilage except for a depression called the fovea.
- The ligament of the head connects the head to the acetabulum.
- The neck is trapezoidal, with the narrow end supporting the head and the broader base continuous with the shaft.
- The greater trochanter is a large, irregular, quadrilateral eminence, directed laterally and slightly posteriorly.
- The lesser trochanter is a conical eminence projecting from the lower and back part of the femur neck.
- The greater trochanter provides attachment and leverage for abductors and rotators of the thigh.
- The lesser trochanter gives insertion to the tendon of the psoas major and the iliacus.
- The intertrochanteric line (or crest) indicates where the neck and shaft meet.
- The axis of the femoral neck is obliquely set and runs superiorly, medially, and anteriorly.
- In the adult, it forms an obtuse angle of 120-125° with the femoral shaft and an acute angle of 10° to 30° on the frontal plane
- The femur head forms an angle of 120-125° with the midshaft.
- Femoral neck anteversion is a degree of rotation.
The Hip: Ligamentum Teres
- The ligamentum teres (round ligament of the femur) is a flattened fibrous band.
- Its apex is inserted into the antero-superior part of the fovea capitis femoris, and its base is attached by two bands, one either side of the acetabular notch.
- The ligament plays a trivial mechanical role.
- It contributes to the vascular supply of the femoral head.
- The posterior branch of the obturator artery sends off a tiny branch, the artery of ligamentum teres.
The Hip: The Hip Joint
- The hip is a synovial (enarthrotic) joint formed by the acetabulum and the proximal epiphysis of the femur.
- It is a very stable joint due to its configuration, the capsule, and the ligaments.
The Hip: The Hip Capsule
- The capsule is shaped like a cylindrical sleeve, running from the iliac bone to the upper end of the femur.
- It is made up of two distinct fibers: longitudinal fibers and circular fibers.
- Medially, the capsular ligament is inserted into the acetabular rim, the transverse ligament, and the peripheral surface of the labrum.
- Laterally, the capsule is not inserted into the edges of the articular cartilage but at the base of the neck.
- The capsule is strengthened by powerful ligaments (anterior and posteriorly).
The Hip: The Hip Ligaments
- Details of the iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, and ischiofemoral ligament are provided
- Role of the ligaments in flexion and extension
- Role of the ligaments in lateral rotation and medial rotation
- Role of the ligaments in adduction and abduction
Muscles: Anterior Thigh Muscles
- The flexors of the hip are listed (Psoas major, Psoas minor, Iliacus, Sartorius); and also the extensors of the knee, (Quadriceps femoris, Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius).
- Detailed description of each muscle is provided.
Muscles: Medial Thigh Muscles
- The adductor group consists of the adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, and obturator externus.
Muscles: Gluteal Region
- Muscles of the gluteal region (superficial and deep layers) are described: Gluteus maximus, Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus, Tensor fasciae latae (described individually, with origin, insertion points, and actions.
Muscles: Posterior Thigh
- Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, and Biceps femoris are detailed, with their actions.
Types and Degrees of Range of Motion (ROM)
- Description of the hip joint (ball-and-socket), axes, degrees of freedom, and descriptions of the ranges of motion for each of the movements (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, lateral rotation and medial rotation).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the muscles and ligaments involved in hip joint anatomy and their functions. This quiz covers key elements such as stabilization, movements, and specific muscle characteristics related to the hip. Perfect for students of anatomy or those interested in human biomechanics.
