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Questions and Answers
What happens to the mechanical advantage when the moment arm is shorter during elbow flexion with the biceps muscle?
What happens to the mechanical advantage when the moment arm is shorter during elbow flexion with the biceps muscle?
At what optimal length of contracting muscle fiber can strength be effectively expressed?
At what optimal length of contracting muscle fiber can strength be effectively expressed?
What is defined as the ability to exert maximum force against a resistance?
What is defined as the ability to exert maximum force against a resistance?
How does the external load affect the velocity of shortening during muscle contractions?
How does the external load affect the velocity of shortening during muscle contractions?
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Which term describes strength expressed relative to body mass?
Which term describes strength expressed relative to body mass?
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What does the relationship between muscle actions and force indicate about lengthening contractions?
What does the relationship between muscle actions and force indicate about lengthening contractions?
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What type of muscular contraction occurs without any change in muscle length?
What type of muscular contraction occurs without any change in muscle length?
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Which factor is NOT mentioned as affecting muscular strength expression?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as affecting muscular strength expression?
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Which type of contraction involves visible joint movement?
Which type of contraction involves visible joint movement?
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What is the primary standard measure mentioned for assessing strength, speed, endurance, and power?
What is the primary standard measure mentioned for assessing strength, speed, endurance, and power?
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What type of strength is measured by one repetition maximum (1 RM)?
What type of strength is measured by one repetition maximum (1 RM)?
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During which type of muscle contraction does the relationship suggest that greater force results in slower velocity?
During which type of muscle contraction does the relationship suggest that greater force results in slower velocity?
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What is the relationship between joint angle and strength according to the content?
What is the relationship between joint angle and strength according to the content?
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Which of the following terms describes a force generated during muscle shortening?
Which of the following terms describes a force generated during muscle shortening?
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What is the primary factor affecting muscular endurance during activities?
What is the primary factor affecting muscular endurance during activities?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of static (isometric) contractions?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of static (isometric) contractions?
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Which type of isokinetic testing involves the athlete determining their own speed?
Which type of isokinetic testing involves the athlete determining their own speed?
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What is the primary purpose of performing a warm-up before 1-RM maximum testing?
What is the primary purpose of performing a warm-up before 1-RM maximum testing?
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What is the typical weight increment when increasing weight for the 1-RM attempt?
What is the typical weight increment when increasing weight for the 1-RM attempt?
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How is 1-RM calculated when a client performs 8 repetitions of 100 lbs?
How is 1-RM calculated when a client performs 8 repetitions of 100 lbs?
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Which of the following is NOT a method for predicting 1-RM?
Which of the following is NOT a method for predicting 1-RM?
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What is one reason for estimating or predicting 1-RM instead of performing a maximal lift?
What is one reason for estimating or predicting 1-RM instead of performing a maximal lift?
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Which of the following is true regarding eccentric and concentric testing in strength assessments?
Which of the following is true regarding eccentric and concentric testing in strength assessments?
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What does the term 'conservative increase' refer to in the context of 1-RM testing?
What does the term 'conservative increase' refer to in the context of 1-RM testing?
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What percentage of 1RM does Montana perform her resistance training at?
What percentage of 1RM does Montana perform her resistance training at?
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What is the maximum predicted 1RM for Montana's leg press based on her performance?
What is the maximum predicted 1RM for Montana's leg press based on her performance?
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At what age range does the highest percentage decline in muscle strength occur?
At what age range does the highest percentage decline in muscle strength occur?
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Which of the following is a consideration for true 1-RM testing?
Which of the following is a consideration for true 1-RM testing?
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What is sarcopenia primarily associated with?
What is sarcopenia primarily associated with?
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What is the significant percentage of muscle strength loss that occurs between ages 50-70?
What is the significant percentage of muscle strength loss that occurs between ages 50-70?
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Which factor is NOT included in the considerations for true 1-RM testing?
Which factor is NOT included in the considerations for true 1-RM testing?
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Which study is mentioned in relation to the accuracy of prediction equations for determining 1RM bench press in women?
Which study is mentioned in relation to the accuracy of prediction equations for determining 1RM bench press in women?
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What was the hazard ratio associated with a 5 kg lower grip strength for all cause mortality?
What was the hazard ratio associated with a 5 kg lower grip strength for all cause mortality?
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Which specific causes of mortality had hazard ratios higher than 1.20 associated with decreased grip strength?
Which specific causes of mortality had hazard ratios higher than 1.20 associated with decreased grip strength?
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How does grip strength correlate with cardiovascular disease mortality compared to systolic blood pressure (SBP)?
How does grip strength correlate with cardiovascular disease mortality compared to systolic blood pressure (SBP)?
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In the general population, how is a higher handgrip value at baseline linked to mortality risk?
In the general population, how is a higher handgrip value at baseline linked to mortality risk?
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Which of the following error factors is NOT mentioned in relation to musculoskeletal testing?
Which of the following error factors is NOT mentioned in relation to musculoskeletal testing?
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What type of muscle action is NOT included in the types of muscle action listed?
What type of muscle action is NOT included in the types of muscle action listed?
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Which relationship has been suggested about grip strength and its role compared to total physical activity (PA)?
Which relationship has been suggested about grip strength and its role compared to total physical activity (PA)?
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What is the ideal sarcomere length for generating maximal tension according to the principles stated?
What is the ideal sarcomere length for generating maximal tension according to the principles stated?
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What is the predicted 1RM for Montana's chest press based on her performance?
What is the predicted 1RM for Montana's chest press based on her performance?
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What percentage of muscle strength loss occurs between ages 70-80?
What percentage of muscle strength loss occurs between ages 70-80?
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Which factor is relevant to true 1-RM testing considerations?
Which factor is relevant to true 1-RM testing considerations?
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What is the primary concern associated with fatigue during 1-RM testing?
What is the primary concern associated with fatigue during 1-RM testing?
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What is the predicted 1RM for Montana's leg press based on her maximum lifts?
What is the predicted 1RM for Montana's leg press based on her maximum lifts?
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What does muscular endurance primarily measure?
What does muscular endurance primarily measure?
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What best describes sarcopenia?
What best describes sarcopenia?
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Which of the following types of contractions does NOT involve a change in muscle length?
Which of the following types of contractions does NOT involve a change in muscle length?
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What does the age-mediated decline in muscle strength amount to by the 9th decade?
What does the age-mediated decline in muscle strength amount to by the 9th decade?
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What is one major risk factor for determining appropriate resistance levels in clients?
What is one major risk factor for determining appropriate resistance levels in clients?
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How is absolute strength best defined?
How is absolute strength best defined?
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Which factor does NOT affect musculoskeletal performance?
Which factor does NOT affect musculoskeletal performance?
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What describes isokinetic resistance training?
What describes isokinetic resistance training?
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What is the relationship between concentric contractions and force generation?
What is the relationship between concentric contractions and force generation?
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What is the primary difference between relative and absolute strength?
What is the primary difference between relative and absolute strength?
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In dynamic contractions, what characterizes isoinertial resistance?
In dynamic contractions, what characterizes isoinertial resistance?
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What is the hazard ratio for cause-specific mortality from all respiratory diseases per 5 kg lower grip strength?
What is the hazard ratio for cause-specific mortality from all respiratory diseases per 5 kg lower grip strength?
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In the studies referenced, how does grip strength relate to cardiovascular disease mortality compared to systolic blood pressure (SBP)?
In the studies referenced, how does grip strength relate to cardiovascular disease mortality compared to systolic blood pressure (SBP)?
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What was the relative risk (RR) of mortality with higher handgrip values at baseline in the general population?
What was the relative risk (RR) of mortality with higher handgrip values at baseline in the general population?
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What is NOT mentioned as a source of error in musculoskeletal testing?
What is NOT mentioned as a source of error in musculoskeletal testing?
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Which type of muscle action is described as static and does not result in any joint movement?
Which type of muscle action is described as static and does not result in any joint movement?
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What is the approximate sample size used to determine the relationship between grip strength and mortality risk in the general population?
What is the approximate sample size used to determine the relationship between grip strength and mortality risk in the general population?
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According to the studies mentioned, which cancer type has a reported hazard ratio of 1.17 associated with lower grip strength?
According to the studies mentioned, which cancer type has a reported hazard ratio of 1.17 associated with lower grip strength?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding grip strength and overall muscle health?
Which of the following statements is true regarding grip strength and overall muscle health?
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What is the purpose of performing a warm-up before 1-RM maximum testing?
What is the purpose of performing a warm-up before 1-RM maximum testing?
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Which of the following describes the process of estimating 1-RM rather than performing a maximal lift?
Which of the following describes the process of estimating 1-RM rather than performing a maximal lift?
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What is one method for predicting 1-RM mentioned in the guide?
What is one method for predicting 1-RM mentioned in the guide?
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How can the actual 1-RM be calculated based on repetitions and weight lifted?
How can the actual 1-RM be calculated based on repetitions and weight lifted?
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What is a typical weight increment advised when increasing weight for the 1-RM attempt?
What is a typical weight increment advised when increasing weight for the 1-RM attempt?
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What does 'conservative increase' mean in the context of 1-RM testing?
What does 'conservative increase' mean in the context of 1-RM testing?
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What is represented by performing eccentric and concentric testing in strength assessments?
What is represented by performing eccentric and concentric testing in strength assessments?
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Why is muscular endurance related to muscular strength?
Why is muscular endurance related to muscular strength?
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How does a shorter moment arm affect mechanical advantage during elbow flexion?
How does a shorter moment arm affect mechanical advantage during elbow flexion?
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What is the optimal length of a contracting muscle fiber for effective strength expression?
What is the optimal length of a contracting muscle fiber for effective strength expression?
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Which factor best explains the relationship between muscle actions and force during shortening contractions?
Which factor best explains the relationship between muscle actions and force during shortening contractions?
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What specific aspect of strength assessment is indicated as the 'gold standard'?
What specific aspect of strength assessment is indicated as the 'gold standard'?
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During which type of contraction does the relationship state that increased external load results in higher velocity?
During which type of contraction does the relationship state that increased external load results in higher velocity?
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Which mechanical factor most significantly affects the expression of muscular strength?
Which mechanical factor most significantly affects the expression of muscular strength?
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What is the primary reason for estimating or predicting 1-RM instead of performing a maximal lift?
What is the primary reason for estimating or predicting 1-RM instead of performing a maximal lift?
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What does the term 'joint specificity' refer to in strength training assessments?
What does the term 'joint specificity' refer to in strength training assessments?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course title: KIN 3110 | Advanced Fitness Assessment
- Instructor: Robert Gumieak, PhD.
- Institution: University of Guelph-Humber
Plan for the Day
- Review of the previous class/lab
- Reading material overview
- Musculoskeletal fitness
- Key questions:
- Types of musculoskeletal fitness to be discussed
- Differences between types
- Types of muscle contractions
- Factors affecting musculoskeletal performance
- Impact on musculoskeletal performance
Health and Fitness Components of Muscle
-
Muscular Strength:
- Ability to exert maximum force against resistance
- Absolute strength: maximum force in a single, all-out effort (1 Repetition Maximum, 1RM)
- Relative strength: strength relative to body mass or lean mass
- Considerations: muscle action/contraction, contraction velocity, muscle length, joint angle, physiological/biochemical factors
-
Muscular Endurance:
- Ability to produce submaximal force against external resistance or to sustain force in specific posture
Comparison of 2 People
- One person with 1000N absolute strength, the other with 500N
- The person with lower absolute strength can perform more repetitions with the same relative load.
Muscular Strength and Endurance: Contraction Type
-
Static (Isometric - ISO):
- Force against resistance without changing muscle length
-
Dynamic (Isotonic, Isoinertial):
- Force generated while shortening (concentric) or lengthening (eccentric) the muscle.
Isokinetic Contraction
- Constant speed throughout the entire range of motion
- Can be at variable or predetermined pace.
- Can be at certain joint angles (isometric).
Optimal Length of Contracting Muscle Fiber
- Optimal length for muscle contraction is approximately ±20% of resting sarcomere length.
"Strength" is Based on Joint Angle
- The strength output of a muscle varies according to joint angles.
Relationship Between Muscle Actions and Force (Load)
- Greater the force exerted, the more gradual the speed of muscle shortening becomes.
- Greater the force, the faster a muscle lengthens
Health and Fitness Components of Muscle
- Difficulty in measuring all components of fitness (e.g., fitness assessments of flexibility and mobility are difficult).
- Measurements done specific to each joint and/or type of contraction.
- Different type of expressions of strength
What Effects Strength? (Mechanical factors affecting the expression of muscular strength).
Predicting 1RM - Equations
- 1RM can be predicted without performing a maximal lift
- Calculation using established equations and repetition maximum test
Steps for 1-RM Maximum Testing.
- Warm up clients with 5-10 Repetition Maximum with 40-60% of estimated 1RM
- Perform mobility/stretching Exercise
- Increase resistance conservatively until failure and record last successful lift.
Age-Related Decline in Muscle Mass
- Muscle mass decreases with age (sarcopenia)
- Strength decreases, notably between ages 50 and 70 and again 70-80
- Loss of muscle strength is associated with health risks
Isometric Testing and Health
- Lower grip strength is associated with higher mortality for all causes, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and cancer.
- Higher handgrip strength is associated with reduced mortality risk
Sources of Error in MSK Testing
-
Client factors:
- Novice vs experienced
- Sleep, drugs, medications
- Motivation/encouragement
- Adequate rest between trials
- Normative or pre/post comparison
-
Technician skill:
- Proper lifting/spotting techniques
- Correct errors
- Grip type (pronated, supinated)
- Wide vs narrow grip
-
Environmental factors:
- Room temperature & humidity
- Quiet room
- Diurnal variations (time of day)
Summary
- Muscle action types: concentric, eccentric, isometric (static).
- Strength as a function of joint angle and velocity
- Maximal tension is maximized at ideal overlap between thick and thin filaments (100% length)
- Force generated decreases when velocity increases during concentric action and increases during eccentric action.
- Strength values should be relative values (per kilogram of body weight) when comparing individuals
Review Questions (Practice Questions for the next class)
- Components of muscular fitness?
- Barrier to isokinetic testing for measuring strength?
- Handgrip test uses what to measure muscle strength?
- Which movement phase increases/decreases muscle length?
- Difference between isokinetic and isotonic contraction?
- Which contraction type is commonly used in fitness assessment?
Next Class
- Topic: Flexibility and Mobility
- Chapter 7-8, and Appendix C
- Resources on CourseLink
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Description
Test your knowledge on musculoskeletal fitness concepts in this quiz for KIN 3110. Topics include muscular strength, endurance, types of muscle contractions, and the factors affecting performance. Prepare to demonstrate your understanding of key health and fitness components discussed in the course.
