Podcast
Questions and Answers
What reflects a theory's strength when a hypothesis is confirmed?
What reflects a theory's strength when a hypothesis is confirmed?
- The theory may still be disproven.
- The theory's validity is enhanced. (correct)
- The theory is definitively accepted.
- The theory is proven true.
Which measurement level allows for the calculation of a mean?
Which measurement level allows for the calculation of a mean?
- Categorical
- Ordinal
- Nominal
- Interval (correct)
What can disconfirming a hypothesis imply about the related theory?
What can disconfirming a hypothesis imply about the related theory?
- The theory is proven true.
- The theory is definitely incorrect.
- The theory is weak but might still hold. (correct)
- The disconfirmation has no significance.
What is a characteristic of ordinal data?
What is a characteristic of ordinal data?
Why is there no absolute scientific proof?
Why is there no absolute scientific proof?
What distinguishes ratio data from interval data?
What distinguishes ratio data from interval data?
In which type of data is it proper to summarize using mode only?
In which type of data is it proper to summarize using mode only?
What does the phrase 'absence of evidence is not evidence of absence' imply?
What does the phrase 'absence of evidence is not evidence of absence' imply?
What is one characteristic of a good hypothesis?
What is one characteristic of a good hypothesis?
What relationship do theories and hypotheses typically exhibit?
What relationship do theories and hypotheses typically exhibit?
In the hypotheticodeductive method, what follows the formulation of a hypothesis?
In the hypotheticodeductive method, what follows the formulation of a hypothesis?
How can a hypothesis be derived from a theory?
How can a hypothesis be derived from a theory?
Which statement about a-theoretical hypotheses is true?
Which statement about a-theoretical hypotheses is true?
What denotes a positive hypothesis statement?
What denotes a positive hypothesis statement?
What is the role of existing evidence in the development of a hypothesis?
What is the role of existing evidence in the development of a hypothesis?
What is the primary purpose of the hypotheticodeductive method in research?
What is the primary purpose of the hypotheticodeductive method in research?
What percentage of data falls within 2 standard deviations of the mean according to the Empirical Rule?
What percentage of data falls within 2 standard deviations of the mean according to the Empirical Rule?
What does positive skew indicate about the distribution of data?
What does positive skew indicate about the distribution of data?
How are kurtotic distributions characterized?
How are kurtotic distributions characterized?
Which of the following best describes outliers in a data set?
Which of the following best describes outliers in a data set?
What is a primary benefit of using electronic databases for literature searching?
What is a primary benefit of using electronic databases for literature searching?
What type of graphical summary is best suited for comparing multiple measurements of the same variable?
What type of graphical summary is best suited for comparing multiple measurements of the same variable?
What does it mean if a distribution is described as mesokurtotic?
What does it mean if a distribution is described as mesokurtotic?
Which of the following databases is known for providing access to full PDFs of articles?
Which of the following databases is known for providing access to full PDFs of articles?
Which Boolean operator would you use to include two search terms in a query?
Which Boolean operator would you use to include two search terms in a query?
When identifying outliers based on standard deviations, a value that is greater than how many standard deviations from the mean may be considered an outlier?
When identifying outliers based on standard deviations, a value that is greater than how many standard deviations from the mean may be considered an outlier?
In contrast to bar graphs, histograms are used to compare which of the following?
In contrast to bar graphs, histograms are used to compare which of the following?
What is a suggested approach when refining your literature search?
What is a suggested approach when refining your literature search?
Using quotation marks in a literature search is intended to achieve which of the following?
Using quotation marks in a literature search is intended to achieve which of the following?
What can be accomplished by using literature searches effectively?
What can be accomplished by using literature searches effectively?
Which of the following resources would NOT typically be used for conducting a literature search?
Which of the following resources would NOT typically be used for conducting a literature search?
The use of parentheses in a search query primarily serves what purpose?
The use of parentheses in a search query primarily serves what purpose?
What distinguishes empirical research reports from review articles?
What distinguishes empirical research reports from review articles?
Which type of journal publication requires authors to pay a fee without a peer-review process?
Which type of journal publication requires authors to pay a fee without a peer-review process?
What is a common feature of professional journals?
What is a common feature of professional journals?
What characterizes a scholarly book?
What characterizes a scholarly book?
Which statement is true regarding the peer review process in professional journals?
Which statement is true regarding the peer review process in professional journals?
What best describes closed access/traditional journals?
What best describes closed access/traditional journals?
What is the primary purpose of a monograph in scholarly literature?
What is the primary purpose of a monograph in scholarly literature?
Why is it considered problematic if a publication lacks a peer-review process?
Why is it considered problematic if a publication lacks a peer-review process?
What does statistical significance indicate about observed effects?
What does statistical significance indicate about observed effects?
What can occur if the sample size (N) is large enough in a study?
What can occur if the sample size (N) is large enough in a study?
What does the alpha level (α) represent in hypothesis testing?
What does the alpha level (α) represent in hypothesis testing?
When do you reject the null hypothesis based on the p-value?
When do you reject the null hypothesis based on the p-value?
What is indicated by a high power (β) in a study?
What is indicated by a high power (β) in a study?
How is beta (β) related to power in statistical testing?
How is beta (β) related to power in statistical testing?
Which situation describes a Type I error?
Which situation describes a Type I error?
What does practical significance assess?
What does practical significance assess?
Flashcards
Professional Journal
Professional Journal
A periodical that publishes original research articles, often undergoing rigorous peer review by experts in the field.
Double-blind Peer Review
Double-blind Peer Review
A process where both the authors and reviewers are anonymous to ensure unbiased evaluation and critical feedback.
Empirical Research Report
Empirical Research Report
A type of journal article that presents original research, including a research question, background information, methods, results, and conclusions.
Review Article
Review Article
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Hypothesis
Hypothesis
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Closed Access Journal
Closed Access Journal
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Open Access Journal
Open Access Journal
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Theory
Theory
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Predatory Publisher
Predatory Publisher
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Hypothetico-Deductive Method
Hypothetico-Deductive Method
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Testable Hypothesis
Testable Hypothesis
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Scholarly Book
Scholarly Book
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Falsifiable Hypothesis
Falsifiable Hypothesis
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Logical Hypothesis
Logical Hypothesis
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Positive Hypothesis
Positive Hypothesis
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Relationship between Theory and Hypothesis
Relationship between Theory and Hypothesis
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Empirical Rule
Empirical Rule
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Skewness
Skewness
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Positive Skew
Positive Skew
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Negative Skew
Negative Skew
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Kurtosis
Kurtosis
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Platykurtotic
Platykurtotic
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Leptokurtotic
Leptokurtotic
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Outliers
Outliers
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Statistical Significance
Statistical Significance
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Practical Significance
Practical Significance
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Alpha (α)
Alpha (α)
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P-value
P-value
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Rejecting the Null Hypothesis
Rejecting the Null Hypothesis
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Power (β)
Power (β)
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Type I Error
Type I Error
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Type II Error
Type II Error
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What are the best resources for literature searches?
What are the best resources for literature searches?
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What is the purpose of using Boolean logic in literature searches?
What is the purpose of using Boolean logic in literature searches?
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What are some key uses of literature searches in research?
What are some key uses of literature searches in research?
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What is the significance of using quotes in a search query?
What is the significance of using quotes in a search query?
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What is the purpose of using parenthesis in a search query?
What is the purpose of using parenthesis in a search query?
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How does the 'AND' operator function in a search query?
How does the 'AND' operator function in a search query?
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How does the 'OR' operator function in a search query?
How does the 'OR' operator function in a search query?
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How does the 'NOT' operator function in a search query?
How does the 'NOT' operator function in a search query?
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What is the difference between confirming and disconfirming a hypothesis?
What is the difference between confirming and disconfirming a hypothesis?
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What is the meaning of 'Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence'?
What is the meaning of 'Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence'?
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Nominal Data
Nominal Data
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Ordinal Data
Ordinal Data
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Interval Data
Interval Data
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Ratio Data
Ratio Data
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What are the levels of measurement?
What are the levels of measurement?
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How can you practically determine the level of measurement for a variable?
How can you practically determine the level of measurement for a variable?
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Study Notes
KIN 2032 Final - Research Methods
- Goals of Science:
- Describe: Achieved through careful observation of behaviors or events.
- Predict: Achieved after sufficient observation of systematically related behaviors or events.
- Explain: Achieved by determining the causes of behaviors or events.
- Basic vs. Applied Research:
- Basic Research: Conducted to understand a behavior or event without a practical application.
- Applied Research: Conducted to address a practical problem.
- Model of Scientific Research:
- Non-linear (cyclic) process.
- Literature reviews drive future research questions.
- Good research requires a well-defined research question.
- Inspiration for research questions can come from various sources (e.g., clinical experience, theory, unanswered questions in professional literature).
- Reviewing research literature (published research in a field) aids in formulating research questions.
- Review can clarify if a research question has been answered and its potential value.
- Professional Journals:
- Publish original research articles.
- Often require double-blind peer review (external reviewers provide feedback while authors are blinded).
- Publication types include empirical research reports and review articles.
- Publications are often through closed access (subscriptions) or open access models (with or without peer review).
- Scholarly Books:
- Written for researchers, typically by researchers and practitioners.
- Monographic or edited-volume format.
- Peer review similar to professional journals.
- Literature Search:
- Use various tools (e.g. journal websites, electronic databases) for literature search.
- Databases (e.g. PubMed, Google Scholar, CINAHL, Scopus)
- Research Questions:
- Develop good research questions with clear objectives and aims using clinical experience, theories, and professional literature.
- Questions should clearly indicate what variables are studied and their purpose.
- Who?
- Identify target population: The characteristics of the study participants needed for good research design. How will they be sampled from the population of interest?
- Why?
- Investigate the importance of the research question What prior research has been done on this area?
- What?
- What variables are studied? How will these be measured?
- How?
- Research methods (or procedures). How will the research be done? What are the independent and dependent variable?
- Evaluating Research Questions:
- Interest (answer is in doubt, fills gap in literature, important implications).
- Feasibility (considering time, money, resources, and knowledge).
- Developing a Hypothesis:
- Theories: coherent explanations or interpretations of phenomena.
- Hypothesis: specific predictions about a new phenomenon derived from the theory.
- Hypotheses are often derived from theories and used to test these theories.
- Theories and hypotheses have if-then relationships. Hypotheses can also be created from a research question.
- Theory testing (hypothetico-deductive method): start with phenomena, and/or use/construct a theory, and form/test a hypothesis.
- Lecture 2 - Designing a Research Study:
- Variables and Operational Definitions: Importance of defining variables to measure them accurately.
- Variables are both qualitative (categories) and quantitative (measurable numbers).
- Operational definition: Define the variable in measurable terms to prevent ambiguity.
- Sampling: Selecting a subset of a population of interest to study (e.g., all COVID-19 contracted individuals).
- Lecture 3 - Theory Testing:
- Characteristics of a good hypothesis (testable, falsifiable, logical, positive).
- Lecture 7 - Measurement:
- Measurement: Assigning a number to a characteristic of an object for comparison.
- Types of measurements (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio)
- Examples: e.g., height, weight (numerical) - quantitative data; major (categories).
- Lecture 9 - Analyzing Data:
- Descriptive statistics (mean, median, mode, standard deviation).
- Inferential statistics for drawing population conclusions from samples.
- Data presented in tables, line graphs.
- Lecture 10 - Types and Levels of Research:
- Survey research.
- Conducting a survey and designing survey questions.
- Good and bad survey questions (e.g., double barreled, leading questions).
- Qualitative research.
- Non-experimental research, including case reports, case series, case control, cohort studies.
- Lecture 11- Non-Experimental Research:
- Types of non-experimental designs
- Conducting a survey.
- Lecture 12 - Observational Research:
- Qualitative research design.
- Types and measures of observational research.
- Lecture 13- Survey Research:
- Definition and types of surveys
- Planning and conducting a good survey
- Formatting surveys.
- Lecture 14 -One Group Designs:
- One-group pretest-posttest design: a single group tested before and after a treatment.
- One-group posttest-only design: measuring a single group after a treatment.
- Other designs that lack controls (e.g. non-equivalent groups designs).
- Lecture 15 - Correlation:
- Correlation: analyzing relationships between variables using statistical techniques.
- Statistical tests (t-tests, ANOVA).
- Interpreting correlation coefficients.
- Lecture 16 - Hypothesis Testing:
- Setting up a null and alternative hypothesis.
- Statistical significance and rejection/acceptance criteria.
- Directional/Nondirectional hypotheses. Type I/Type II errors.
- Lecture 17 - Significance Testing:
- Statistical power (probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis).
- Factors affecting power and sample size.
- Additional Notes:
- Ethics in research, including beneficence, respect for persons, and justice along with important research issues.
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Description
Test your understanding of research methods in KIN 2032. This quiz covers the goals of science, the differences between basic and applied research, and the model of scientific research. Sharpen your skills in identifying research questions and the process of scientific inquiry.
