Kidneys and Waste Excretion
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Questions and Answers

What type of substances can pass through the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule?

  • Platelets
  • Plasma proteins
  • Red blood cells
  • Glucose (correct)

    • What percentage of fluid that flows through the kidneys is typically reabsorbed?

  • 25% is reabsorbed
  • 1% becomes urine (correct)
  • 50% is reclaimed
  • 10% is excreted

    • Which of the following processes predominantly occurs in the Loop of Henle?

  • Secretion of uric acid
  • Active transport of glucose
  • Filtration of blood cells
  • Reabsorption of water (correct)

    • How does the concentration of solutes in the blood compare to that in the nephron after powerful reabsorption?

    <p>Blood concentration is higher (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport involves energy expenditure to move Na+ across the membrane?

    <p>Active transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of kidney function, what substance is primarily secreted into the urine by the cells in the distal tubule?

    <p>HCO3- (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to water during the passive transport process in the nephron?

    <p>It is reabsorbed by diffusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the ascending portion of the Loop of Henle play in renal function?

    <p>Pumps Na+ ions into the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of converting excess protein into carbohydrates called?

    <p>Deamination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is formed in the liver by combining CO2 with ammonia?

    <p>Urea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidneys in relation to water?

    <p>To control the body’s water balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure surrounds the glomerulus in the nephron?

    <p>Bowman's capsule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which step of urine formation does the transfer of beneficial substances back to the blood occur?

    <p>Reabsorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nephron is primarily located in the cortex of the kidney?

    <p>Proximal tubule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the small blood vessels called that supply the nephron with blood?

    <p>Afferent arterioles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for filtering waste from the blood?

    <p>Bowman's capsule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point does urine become urgent to expel from the bladder?

    <p>When the bladder becomes too full (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is uric acid a byproduct of?

    <p>Nucleic acid breakdown (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Filtration

    The process where substances are filtered from the blood into the nephron.

    Reabsorption

    The process where useful substances like water, glucose, and amino acids are reabsorbed back into the blood from the nephron.

    Active Transport in Reabsorption

    A type of reabsorption where energy is used to move substances across the membrane.

    Passive Transport in Reabsorption

    A type of reabsorption where substances move passively across the membrane, following the concentration gradient.

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    Loop of Henle

    The part of the nephron where the concentration of sodium ions is increased in the surrounding tissue, causing water to move out of the descending loop of Henle by osmosis.

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    Secretion

    The process where substances are actively transported from the blood into the nephron.

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    Secretion: Blood & Tissue

    Sodium ions (Na+), Chloride ions (Cl-) and Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) are actively transported from the nephron into the blood and surrounding tissue.

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    Secretion: Nephron

    Potassium ions (K+) and Hydrogen ions (H+) are actively transported from the blood into the nephron.

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    Deamination

    The process by which the liver converts excess protein into carbohydrates, resulting in the formation of an amino group.

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    Ammonia

    A highly toxic substance produced during deamination. It is converted into urea by the liver.

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    Urea

    A compound formed by the liver by combining carbon dioxide and ammonia. It is less toxic than ammonia and excreted by the kidneys.

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    Uric acid

    A waste product formed during the breakdown of nucleic acids. Excreted by the kidneys.

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    Glomerulus

    A network of capillaries inside the kidney's nephron. They filter blood and form urine.

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    Bowman's capsule

    A cup-shaped structure surrounding the glomerulus in the nephron.

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    Kidney tubule

    A long, twisted tube in the nephron that plays a vital role in reabsorption and secretion.

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    Study Notes

    Waste Excretion and Internal Equilibrium

    • Waste products include carbon dioxide (CO2) but also other toxins
    • The liver transforms toxins (e.g., alcohol) into less harmful substances and sends them to the kidneys for excretion
    • Kidneys receive tons of various substances
    • Excess protein is converted to carbohydrates forming ammonia, a toxic substance
    • The liver combines CO2 and ammonia to form urea, which is sent to the kidneys
    • Uric acid forms during the breakdown of nucleic acids and is also sent to the kidneys

    Water Balance

    • Kidneys are responsible for controlling water balance
    • Water is more crucial than food; daily water loss must be replaced
    • Without water replenishment, death can occur within 3 days
    • Water is vital for blood circulation

    Anatomy of the Urinary System

    • The urinary system includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
    • Renal arteries supply blood to the kidneys
    • Kidneys hold up to 25% of the body's blood
    • Waste is filtered by the kidneys and sent to the bladder via ureters
    • Urine stays in the bladder until it becomes full
    • A message is sent to the brain when the bladder is full causing a need to urinate
    • The urinary sphincter relaxes allowing urine to flow into the urethra

    Anatomy of the Kidney

    • Outer layer is the cortex; inner layer is the medulla
    • A hollow tube connects the kidney to the ureter, this is called the renal pelvis
    • Functional units of the kidney are nephrons

    Anatomy of the Nephron

    • Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney
    • Blood is supplied to the nephrons by afferent arteries
    • Afferent arteries branch into capillary beds called glomeruli
    • Blood leaving the glomerulus becomes the efferent arterioles
    • Efferent arterioles branch into peritubular capillaries
    • The glomerulus is surrounded by Bowman's capsule and becomes the proximal tubule
    • The proximal tubule evolves into the Loop of Henle, then the distal tubule, then the collecting duct

    Formation of Urine

    • Three steps: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
    • Filtration involves high pressure in the glomerulus pushing water and dissolved substances into the Bowman's capsule
    • Reabsorption returns useful materials (e.g., glucose) from the filtrate back into the blood
    • Secretion moves substances from the blood into the nephron filtrate

    Hormones That Affect Renal Function

    • ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is released by the pituitary gland
    • ADH acts on the collecting ducts to increase water reabsorption
    • Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect changes in osmotic pressure
    • Aldosterone, released by adrenal glands, increases sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule

    Diuretics

    • Diuretics block ADH release, which leads to increased urine output

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    Related Documents

    Waste Excretion and Internal Equilibrium Topic 12.1 PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential functions of the kidneys in waste excretion and maintaining internal equilibrium. This quiz covers topics such as the transformation of toxins by the liver, water balance, and the anatomy of the urinary system. Test your knowledge on how the body manages waste and water efficiently.

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