Biology Chapter: Waste Excretion and Balance
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Questions and Answers

What primarily dictates the filtration process in the glomerulus?

  • Temperature differences
  • Chemical properties of solutes
  • Size of the molecules
  • Pressure differences (correct)

Which of the following substances is NOT typically filtered into Bowman's capsule?

  • Amino acids
  • Glucose
  • Urea
  • Platelets (correct)

What role does the active transport mechanism play in reabsorption?

  • It pumps glucose into the urine
  • It pumps Na+ ions across the membrane (correct)
  • It permits unrestricted ion flow
  • It allows passive diffusion of water

During reabsorption, what happens to glucose when it is present in excess?

<p>It remains in the urine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does water reabsorption primarily occur in the nephron?

<p>Diffusion following solute concentration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the ascending portion of the Loop of Henle?

<p>It pumps out Na+ ions actively (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of active transport in the distal tubule?

<p>Transports hydrogen ions into urine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the nephron when the solute concentration in the blood is higher than in the nephron?

<p>Water diffuses out of the nephron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when excess protein is converted to carbohydrates, resulting in the formation of ammonia?

<p>Deamination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which waste product is formed by the liver when it combines ammonia with carbon dioxide?

<p>Urea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine formation?

<p>Nephron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the kidney contains the Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus?

<p>Cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the formation of urine, which step involves the transfer of essential solutes and water back into the bloodstream?

<p>Reabsorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the urgency for urination when the bladder is full?

<p>Message sent to the brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures do the renal arteries branch from to supply blood to the kidneys?

<p>Aorta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nephron is directly involved in the filtration process?

<p>Bowman’s capsule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to urine after it is formed in the kidneys?

<p>It is stored in the bladder until excretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is uric acid a byproduct of?

<p>Nucleic acid breakdown (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the process of converting excess protein to carbs, forming an amino group in the process?

<p>Deamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the hollow tube that joins the kidney with the ureter?

<p>Renal pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The blood that leaves the glomerulus enters a vein.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are actively transported across the membrane during reabsorption? (Select all that apply).

<p>Glucose (A), Amino acids (C), Sodium ions (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hormone ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)?

<p>ADH acts on the collecting duct to increase water reabsorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland releases ADH into the bloodstream?

<p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the hormone that has a similar overall effect to ADH, but acts on the distal tubule and the collecting duct to increase the active transport of Na+ back into the blood?

<p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Deamination

The transformation of excess protein into carbohydrates, producing an amino group as a byproduct.

Ammonia

A highly toxic compound formed during deamination, which is then converted into urea by the liver.

Urea

A less toxic compound formed from ammonia and carbon dioxide by the liver, and excreted by the kidneys.

Uric Acid

A waste product formed during the breakdown of nucleic acids, excreted by the kidneys.

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Urine Formation

The process by which the kidneys filter blood, removing waste products and excess water.

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Filtration

The initial step of urine formation, where filtered blood components enter the Bowman's capsule.

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Reabsorption

The process in urine formation where useful substances like water and solutes are reabsorbed back into the blood.

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Secretion

The final step in urine formation where waste products and excess substances are transported from the blood into the nephron.

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Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney where urine formation takes place.

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Glomerulus

A ball of capillaries within the nephron where filtration occurs.

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Active Transport in Reabsorption

The movement of sodium ions (Na+) across the membrane of the nephron, followed by negative ions like chloride (Cl-) and bicarbonate (HCO3-). This helps maintain a balance of electrolytes in the body.

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Loop of Henle

The part of the nephron where water is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. This is primarily due to the concentration gradient created by the active transport of Na+ ions in the ascending limb of the loop.

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Passive Transport in Reabsorption

The part of the nephron where fluid moves from the nephron to the bloodstream by passive transport, driven by differences in solute concentration. The high concentration of solutes in the blood draws water from the nephron.

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Solute Concentration

The concentration of dissolved substances in a solution. A solution with a high concentration of solutes has a higher osmotic pressure, attracting water towards it.

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Osmosis

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

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Renal Vein

Returns blood from the kidney

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Bladder

Stores Urine

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Ureter

Small tube leading from the Kidney to the bladder

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Urethra

Small tube leading from the bladder, out of the body

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What are the three jobs of the Kidney?

Three Jobs of the Kidney

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Renal Cortex

The outside layer of the Kidney

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Renal Medulla

The inner layer of the Kidney

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Renal Pelvis

Hollow chamber for the collection of urine released from the nephron

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Afferent Arteriole

feeds blood into the glomerulus

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Efferent Arteriole

carries blood as it exits the glomerulus

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Bowman's Capsule

the filtrate that leaves the glomerulus enters this

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Proximal

term that means "closer"

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Distal

term that means "farther away"

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Proximal tubule

where are nutrients reabsorbed in the nephron?

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Distal tubule and collecting duct

what structures can the body regulate to change permeability and reabsorption?

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Passive transport

Movement from high to low concentration. Does not require energy

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Active transport

Movement from low to high concentration. Requires ATP

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Water

The descending loop of Henle is permeable to what?

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Sodium ions (Na+)

The ascending loop of Henle is permeable to what?

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Water

What follows salt if it can?

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What is secreted into the nephron?

These are secreted into the nephron

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Osmoreceptors

special nerve receptors that measure osmotic balance

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Where are osmoreceptors located?

where are the osmoreceptors located?

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What causes thirst?

what causes the sensation of thirst?

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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

this is released when the body is dehydrated

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Renin

This is the first thing released when blood pressure is low

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What does ADH affect?

ADH affects the reabsorbtion of what? And where?

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What does Aldosterone affect?

Aldosterone affects the reabsorbtion of what? And where?

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Bicarbonate ions

important buffer in the body that is replenished in the kidney

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Kidney stones

caused by buildup of mineral solutes from the blood.

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What are the two effects of angiotensin?

The two effects of angiotensin

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Study Notes

Waste Excretion and Internal Equilibrium

  • Waste products are eliminated from the body, maintaining internal equilibrium.
  • The liver processes toxins (e.g., alcohol) into less harmful substances and sends them to the kidneys for excretion.
  • Kidneys receive various waste products, including excess protein, that are metabolized.
  • Water balance is essential for maintaining internal equilibrium.

Waste Products

  • Kidneys receive substantial amounts of waste.
  • Excess protein is converted into carbohydrates through a process called deamination, creating ammonia.
  • Ammonia, being very toxic, is converted by the liver into urea and sent to the kidneys.
  • Uric acid is produced during the breakdown of nucleic acids and also sent to the kidneys.
  • CO2 is also a waste product, combined with ammonia by the liver, to form urea.

Water Balance

  • Kidneys are essential for maintaining water balance.
  • Water is more important than food; daily water loss must be replenished.
  • Improper water balance can be fatal within three days.
  • Water is critical for blood circulation.

Anatomy of the Urinary System

  • The kidneys filter waste from the blood.
  • Blood enters the kidneys through renal arteries.
  • The kidneys hold up to 25% of the body's blood at any given time.
  • Filtered waste is sent to the bladder via the ureters.
  • Urine is stored in the bladder until it becomes full.
  • A nerve impulse signals the brain when the bladder is full, resulting in urination.
  • Relaxation of the sphincter allows urine flow.

Anatomy of the Kidney

  • The outer layer of the kidney is the cortex, followed by the medulla.
  • A hollow tube connects the kidney to the ureter – the renal pelvis.
  • Functional units of the kidney are nephrons.
  • Renal arteries supply blood to the kidney.
  • Renal veins carry blood away.

Anatomy of the Nephron

  • The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
  • Blood is supplied by afferent arteries.
  • Afferent arteries branch into capillary beds called glomeruli.
  • Blood leaving the glomerulus enters another capillary bed called peritubular capillaries
  • These then merge with the renal vein.
  • The glomerulus is surrounded by Bowman's capsule, which becomes the proximal tubule.
  • The proximal tubule leads to the Loop of Henle, which then leads to the distal tubule.
  • These tubules eventually lead to the collecting duct.

Formation of Urine

  • Urine formation has three primary steps: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
  • Filtration involves fluid from blood moving to Bowman's capsule, which has smaller pores compared to capillaries, preventing larger cells, platelets, and proteins from passing.
  • Reabsorption involves transferring "good" substances (water and solutes) back into the bloodstream to maintain balance.
  • Secretion is the transport of materials from the blood into the nephron tubules to balance blood conditions.
  • Components like water, Salt (sodium chloride), Glucose, Amino acids, Hydrogen ions, and urea filter through the glomerulus.

Hormones That Affect Renal Function

  • ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone):
    • Produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland.
    • Increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts.
    • Controls urine concentration.
    • Release is triggered by high blood osmotic pressure.
  • Aldosterone:
    • Released by the adrenal glands.
    • Increases active transport of sodium (Na+) in distal and collecting tubules, promoting water retention.
    • Regulates fluid volume and blood pressure.

2. Aldosterone

  • Works similarly to ADH, but has key differences.
  • Released by adrenal glands.
  • Acts on distal and collecting ducts.
  • Increases active transport of sodium (Na+), promoting water retention.
  • Water follows sodium due to concentration gradients.

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Waste Excretion and Internal Equilibrium Topic 12.1 PDF

Description

Explore the intricacies of waste excretion and internal equilibrium in this quiz based on biology principles. Learn about the roles of the liver and kidneys in processing toxins and maintaining water balance. Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the urinary system and its importance in human health.

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