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Questions and Answers
What is the primary location where kidney stones are formed?
What is the main cause of high concentration of metabolic products in glomerular filtrate?
What is the effect of bacterial infection on urine pH?
What is the primary characteristic of calcium oxalate stones?
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What is the percentage of kidney stones that contain calcium salts?
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What is the condition associated with uric acid stones?
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What is the characteristic of uric acid stones in terms of size and texture?
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What is the characteristic of uric acid stones in terms of radiopacity?
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What is the primary component of most kidney stones?
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What is a common underlying cause of high concentration of metabolic products in glomerular filtrate?
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What is the effect of urinary stagnation on kidney stone formation?
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What is the typical appearance of calcium oxalate stones?
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What is the typical pH of urine in which uric acid stones form?
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What is the typical size and texture of uric acid stones?
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What is the characteristic of calcium salt stones in terms of radiopacity?
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What is the effect of increased urinary calcium excretion on kidney stone formation?
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What is the typical appearance of calcium phosphate stones?
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What is the effect of bacterial infection on urine pH?
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Study Notes
Kidney Stones
- Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, are formed in the renal tubules, ureter, or bladder.
- Composed of metabolic products present in glomerular filtrate, which are in high concentration, near or above maximum solubility.
Conditions Causing Kidney Stone Formation
- High concentration of metabolic products in glomerular filtrate due to:
- Low urinary volume (with normal renal function) due to restricted fluid intake
- Increased fluid loss from the body
- Increased excretion of metabolic products forming stones
- High plasma volume (high filtrate level)
- Low tubular reabsorption from filtrate
- Changes in urine pH due to:
- Bacterial infection
- Precipitation of salts at different pH
- Urinary stagnation due to:
- Obstruction of urinary flow
Types of Kidney Stones
- Calcium salts (80% of kidney stones contain calcium)
- Uric acid (about 8% of renal stones)
- Mg ammonium PO4
- Cystine
- Other (xanthine, etc.)
Calcium Salt Stones
- Depend on urine pH and availability of oxalate
- General appearance: white, hard, radioopaque
- Calcium PO4: staghorn in renal pelvis (large)
- Calcium oxalate: present in ureter (small)
- Causes:
- Hypercalciuria (increased urinary calcium excretion)
- Men: > 7.5 mmols/day
- Women > 6.2 mmols/day
- May or may not be due to hypercalcemia
Uric Acid Stones
- Form in acidic urine
- General appearance: small, friable, yellowish
- May form staghorn
- Radiolucent (plain x-rays cannot detect)
- Visualized by ultrasound or i.v
Kidney Stones
- Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, are formed in the renal tubules, ureter, or bladder.
- Composed of metabolic products present in glomerular filtrate, which are in high concentration, near or above maximum solubility.
Conditions Causing Kidney Stone Formation
- High concentration of metabolic products in glomerular filtrate due to:
- Low urinary volume (with normal renal function) due to restricted fluid intake
- Increased fluid loss from the body
- Increased excretion of metabolic products forming stones
- High plasma volume (high filtrate level)
- Low tubular reabsorption from filtrate
- Changes in urine pH due to:
- Bacterial infection
- Precipitation of salts at different pH
- Urinary stagnation due to:
- Obstruction of urinary flow
Types of Kidney Stones
- Calcium salts (80% of kidney stones contain calcium)
- Uric acid (about 8% of renal stones)
- Mg ammonium PO4
- Cystine
- Other (xanthine, etc.)
Calcium Salt Stones
- Depend on urine pH and availability of oxalate
- General appearance: white, hard, radioopaque
- Calcium PO4: staghorn in renal pelvis (large)
- Calcium oxalate: present in ureter (small)
- Causes:
- Hypercalciuria (increased urinary calcium excretion)
- Men: > 7.5 mmols/day
- Women > 6.2 mmols/day
- May or may not be due to hypercalcemia
Uric Acid Stones
- Form in acidic urine
- General appearance: small, friable, yellowish
- May form staghorn
- Radiolucent (plain x-rays cannot detect)
- Visualized by ultrasound or i.v
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Description
Learn about the formation of kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, and the conditions that contribute to their development. This quiz covers the role of metabolic products, urine pH, and other factors in kidney stone formation.
