Kidney Function and Disorders Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the normal range for plasma potassium concentration?

  • 3.0-3.5 millimoles
  • 2.5-3.0 millimoles
  • 5.0-5.5 millimoles
  • 3.5-5 millimoles (correct)

    • What is the normal range for intracellular potassium concentration?

  • 120-130 millimoles
  • 100-120 millimoles
  • 135-145 millimoles (correct)
  • 150-160 millimoles

    • What is the normal urine osmolality in response to hypernatremia?

  • 1000-1200 mOsm/kg (correct)
  • 1200-1400 mOsm/kg
  • 500-700 mOsm/kg
  • 700-900 mOsm/kg

    • What is the pH range compatible with survival?

    <p>6.8 to 7.8 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of hydrogen concentration compatible with survival?

    <p>16 to 120 nanoequivalents per liter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum urine pH?

    <p>4.5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many milliequivalents of hydrogen do the kidneys excrete per day?

    <p>50-100 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many millimoles of CO2 are produced daily?

    <p>15,000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many milliequivalents of non-carbonic acid are produced daily?

    <p>50-100 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average daily dietary potassium intake?

    <p>80-120 millimoles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal GFR range?

    <p>80-120 mL/min (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal GFR for young adults?

    <p>120 mL/min/1.73m² (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal urine output?

    <p>0.5 mL/kg/hour (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of BUN?

    <p>6 to 20 mg/dL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increase in serum creatinine within 48 hours is a criteria for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?

    <p>0.3 mg/dl (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage increase in serum creatinine compared to baseline within 7 hours is a criteria for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?

    <p>50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What urine volume for 6 hours is a criteria for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?

    <p>Less than 0.5 ml/kg/hr (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total body weight do the combined weight of both kidneys represent?

    <p>0.5% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidneys span from which vertebrae?

    <p>12th thoracic to 3rd lumbar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cardiac output do the kidneys receive?

    <p>20% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate normal Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) using creatinine clearance for males?

    <p>120 +/- 25 mL/min (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of serum creatinine concentration?

    <p>0.8 to 1.3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the filtered load is reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?

    <p>67% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of urine osmolality for diluted urine?

    <p>50-100 mOsm/kg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the filtered load remains to be excreted as urine?

    <p>0.4% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Kidney Function and Disorders

    • Kidney Weight: The combined weight of both kidneys represents approximately 0.5% of total body weight.

    • Kidney Location: Kidneys span from the 12th thoracic to the 3rd lumbar vertebrae.

    • Kidney Blood Flow: Kidneys receive approximately 20% of cardiac output.

    • Nephron Count: Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons.

    • Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR):

      • Male: Normal GFR is 120 +/- 25 mL/min using creatinine clearance.
      • Female: Normal GFR is 95 +/- 20 mL/min using creatinine clearance.

    • Serum Creatinine: Normal range is 0.8 to 1.3 mg/dL.

    • Serum Osmolality: Normal range is 280-290 mOsm/kg.

    • Urine Osmolality:

      • Diluted Urine: 50-100 mOsm/kg
      • Concentrated Urine: 900-1200 mOsm/kg

    • Tubular Reabsorption:

      • Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): 67% of filtered load is reabsorbed.
      • Thick Ascending Loop of Henle: 25% of filtered load is reabsorbed.
      • Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT): 5% of filtered load is reabsorbed.
      • Collecting Tubule: 3% of filtered load is reabsorbed.
      • Urine Production: 0.4% of filtered load remains as urine.

    • Electrolyte Intake/Excretion:

      • Sodium: Normal daily intake and excretion is 80-250 mEq/day. Normal plasma concentration is 135-145 mEq/L.
      • Potassium: Normal plasma concentration is 3.5-5.0 millimoles. Normal intracellular potassium concentration is 135-145 millimoles. Average dietary potassium intake is 80-120 millimoles per day.

    Kidney Function and Acid-Base Balance

    • Hydrogen Ion Excretion: Kidneys excrete 50-100 milliequivalents of hydrogen ions per day.
    • Acid-Base Range: 6.8 to 7.8 pH range compatible with survival. 16 to 120 nanoequivalents per liter hydrogen concentration range is compatible with survival.
    • Minimum Urine pH: 4.5.
    • CO₂ Production: Approximately 15,000 millimoles of CO2 are produced daily.
    • Non-carbonic Acid Production: Approximately 50-100 milliequivalents of non-carbonic acids are produced daily.

    Kidney Function and Volume Balance

    • Normal Urine Output: 0.5 mL/kg/hour.
    • Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): Normal range is 6-20 mg/dL.
    • Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Criteria:
      • Serum Creatinine: Increase of 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours. 50% increase in serum creatinine compared to baseline within 7 hours.
      • Urine Output: Less than 0.5 mL/kg/hr for 6 hours.

    Kidney Function and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

    • Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Stages: GFR determines CKD stage
      • Stage 1 CKD: GFR >90 mL/min/1.73m²
      • Stage 2 CKD: GFR 60-89 mL/min/1.73m²
      • Stage 3 CKD: GFR 30-59 mL/min/1.73m²
      • Stage 4 CKD: GFR 15-29 mL/min/1.73m²
      • Stage 5 CKD: GFR <15 mL/min/1.73m²

    Kidney Function and Fluid Balance

    • Body Fluid Compartments:
      • Intracellular Fluid (ICF): 2/3 of total body water.
      • Extracellular Fluid (ECF): 1/3 of total body water.
        • Intravascular Fluid: 1/4 of ECF.
        • Interstitial Fluid: 3/4 of ECF.

    Electrolyte Disorders

    • Hyponatremia: Plasma sodium concentration below 135 mEq/L. Urine osmolality below 100 mOsm/kg in primary polydipsia. Urine sodium usually above 40 mEq/L in SIADH.
    • Hypernatremia: Plasma sodium concentration above 145–147 mEq/L.
    • Ideal Body Weight (IBW):
      • Male: 50 kg + 2.3 kg for each inch over 5 feet.
      • Female: 45.5 kg + 2.3 kg for each inch over 5 feet.
    • Adjusted Body Weight (AdjBW): IBW + 0.4 x (TBW-IBW)

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on kidney functions, including their anatomy, blood flow, filtration rates, and common disorders. This quiz covers important physiological details and operational metrics of kidney health. Perfect for medical students and health professionals!

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