Questions and Answers
Adults have a normal albumin range of 3-21 _mol/l (0.2-1.3 mg%)
g/l
Albumin constitutes about 60% of total serum protein and is produced entirely in the _
liver
The normal urine color is pale yellow, which can range from dark to light depending on the _ of the urine.
dilution
Abnormal urine colors include red when urine contains blood or RBCs and _ in case of increasing bilirubin.
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Presence of sugar in urine appears in patients suffering from _
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The measurement of serum or plasma ______ is an important test of kidney function.
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Urea is the main waste product of ______ breakdown.
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Causes of hypoglycaemia include severe malnutrition, kwashiorkor, and certain ______.
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Bilirubin is formed from the breakdown of ______ and other haem-containing proteins.
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Normal range for urea in adults is 3.3-7.7 ______/l.
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Study Notes
Creatinine
- Creatinine testing is crucial for assessing kidney function.
- Increased serum creatinine indicates potential kidney issues: glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, and renal disease.
- Non-renal factors causing elevated creatinine levels: strenuous exercise and certain drugs like salicylates.
- Decreased creatinine levels may signal muscle-wasting diseases.
- Normal creatinine range:
- Males: 60-130 µmol/L (0.7-1.4 mg%)
- Females: 40-110 µmol/L (0.4-1.2 mg%)
Urea
- Urea is the primary waste from protein metabolism, synthesized in the liver via the Krebs urea cycle.
- Elevated urea levels can result from damaged kidney function and non-renal factors such as dehydration, diuretic use, and gastrointestinal blood loss.
- Decreased urea levels are associated with pregnancy, malnutrition, AIDS, severe liver disease, and water overload.
- Normal urea range:
- Adults: 3.3-7.7 mmol/L (20-46 mg%)
- Infants: 1.3-5.8 mmol/L (8-35 mg%)
Glucose
- Increased glucose levels often indicate diabetes mellitus, pancreatic disease, or endocrine disorders like thyrotoxicosis and Cushing's syndrome.
- Causes of decreased glucose (hypoglycemia) include severe malnutrition, kwashiorkor, severe liver disease, excessive alcohol, insulin-secreting tumors, Addison's disease, and certain medications.
- Normal glucose range:
- Adults - Fasting: 3.6-6.4 mmol/L, Random: 3.3-7.4 mmol/L
- Children - Fasting: 2.4-5.3 mmol/L
- Newborns: 1.1-4.4 mmol/L
Bilirubin
- Bilirubin results from the breakdown of erythrocytes and other heme-containing proteins.
- Increased bilirubin levels may arise from:
- Hemolytic conditions (haemolytic jaundice)
- Severe falciparum malaria
- Sickle cell disease crises
- Conditions resulting in hemolysis, like G6PD deficiency and hereditary spherocytosis.
- Normal bilirubin range:
- Adults: 3-21 µmol/L (0.2-1.3 mg%)
- Newborns: 8-67 µmol/L (0.5-4.0 mg%)
Albumin
- Albumin is synthesized in the liver and accounts for about 60% of total serum protein.
- Increased albumin levels may result from diarrhea or prolonged vomiting.
- Decreased albumin levels can occur due to pregnancy, low protein intake (protein-energy malnutrition), and malabsorption diseases like chronic pancreatitis or celiac disease.
- Normal albumin range: approximately 30-45 g/L.
Urine Analysis
-
Physical Examination:
- Normal urine color is pale yellow; variations are based on urine concentration. Abnormal colors include red (blood presence) and brown (indicating bilirubin).
- Normal pH is slightly acidic; alkaline urine may indicate urinary tract infection (UTI).
- Specific gravity measures dissolved particles in urine.
- Normal urine volume ranges from 50 to 1500 ml per day. Increased volume may signal diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.
-
Chemical Examination:
- Presence of sugar indicates diabetes.
- Protein presence may suggest renal issues or UTI.
- Bilirubin indicates liver or hemolytic diseases.
- Acetone appears in cases of fat metabolism, commonly seen in diabetes.
- Nitrates may indicate kidney infections or UTI.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key biomarkers such as creatinine, urea, and glucose in assessing kidney function. This quiz will challenge you on normal levels, conditions affecting these biomarkers, and their clinical significance. Ideal for medical students and healthcare professionals.
