Kidney and Urinary System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the ureter in the renal hilum?

  • Most posterior structure (correct)
  • Most Lateral
  • Most dilated structure
  • Most inferior structure

Which statement of the following describes the relations of kidneys?

  • The pancreas is related to the left kidney above the stomach
  • The left kidney is related to the duodenum.
  • Diaphragm is directly related to the superior part of both kidneys.
  • The kidneys are posteriorly related to quadrates lumborum. (correct)

Which of the following does not describe the capsules of the kidney?

  • Perirenal fat covers the fibrous capsule
  • Pararenal fat, renal fascia and pararenal fat support the kidney
  • Fibrous capsule surrounds the kidney and loosely applied to its outer surface (correct)
  • Renal fascia encloses the kidney and suprarenal gland

Which of the following arteries does not supply the urinary bladder?

<p>External iliac artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following anatomical structures marks the vesicle trigone?

<p>The urethra orifice at the apex of the trigone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A female patient has a tumor at the level of posterior wall of the urinary bladder. An ultrasound was performed and it seems that the tumor invades the posterior structures. Which of the following structures can be involved?

<p>Vagina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) in adults?

<p>Autosomal dominant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of nephritic syndrome?

<p>Microscopic hematuria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A child suffered from upper respiratory tract infection. Two weeks later, he presented with loin pain, edema of the face with puffiness of the eyelids. Which of the following feature will be seen in his renal biopsy?

<p>Acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a pathogenesis of glomerular diseases?

<p>Immune mediated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of minimal change disease of the glomeruli?

<p>Fusion of the foot processes of the podocytes is seen on electron microscope. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of chronic glomerulonephritis?

<p>Many glomeruli are hyalinized. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is a non-essential substance that can be excreted through the kidney?

<p>Urea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following did not fit with the functions of the kidney?

<p>Hemostatic function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Concerning endocrine functions of the kidney, which of the following is secreted and released by the kidney?

<p>Erythropoietin hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best fit with the detoxifying function of the kidney?

<p>Destroys histamine by histaminase enzyme (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the percent of cortical nephrons from total kidney nephrons?

<p>85% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of peritubular capillaries the juxtamedullary nephrons have?

<p>Two types (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following equations express the process of urine formation?

<p>Excretion= Filtration – reabsorption + secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describe the process of secretion during urine formation process?

<p>Transport of substances from peritubular capillaries to renal tubules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the process of filtration during the urine formation process?

<p>Transport of substances from renal glomerulus to renal tubules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the process of reabsorption during the urine formation process?

<p>Transport of substances from renal tubules to peritubular capillaries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best fit with the glomerular filtration barrier?

<p>Formed of three layers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs causes diabetes insipidus?

<p>Lithium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs does not induce crystallization in the kidney?

<p>Lithium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs should be avoided when aminoglycosides are used?

<p>Loop diuretics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathogens is the commonest cause of cystitis?

<p>E. coli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures allow adherence of uropathogens to receptors on uroepithelial cells?

<p>Pilli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following findings suggests urinary tract infection with Proteus?

<p>Alkaline urine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes podocytes?

<p>Visceral epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the nature of the glomerulus?

<p>Capillary tuft (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures describes the renal pyramid and its associated cortex?

<p>Lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the interstitial cells located in matrix between glomerular capillaries?

<p>Mesangial cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the site of the podocytes?

<p>The epithelial lining of the bowman's capsule. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the projection of the medulla into the renal cortex?

<p>Medullary ray (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the origin of the urinary system development?

<p>Intermediate mesoderm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the region in which the first kidney develops during the pronephros period?

<p>Cervical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the site of the mesonephros development?

<p>Thoracic and upper lumbar regions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the followings is the time at which the metanephros appears?

<p>5th month (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is derived from the ureteric bud?

<p>Renal pelvis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures arises from the metanephric mesoderm?

<p>Bowman's capsule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements describes the urorectal septum?

<p>Divides anorectal canal from urogenital sinus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the cause of bifid ureter?

<p>Premature division of the ureteric bud (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is not derived from the urogenital sinus?

<p>Trigone of the urinary bladder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A newborn baby presents with fluid draining from the umbilicus onto the skin. Testing of the fluid identifies it as urine. What is the most likely diagnosis?

<p>Urachal fistula (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of active transport through the kidney?

<p>Transport required energy either direct or indirect. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is inversely proportional to the rate of diffusion through the kidney?

<p>The thickness of the membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport in the kidney represents the sodium-potassium pump?

<p>Active transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best fits with the free movement of the solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane from the compartment of lower concentration to the compartment of higher concentration of the solute?

<p>Osmosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms describes glucose is reabsorption in the early segment of proximal convoluted tubules?

<p>Secondary active cotransport. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does not contribute to the countercurrent system of the kidney?

<p>Proximal convoluted tubule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correlates with the medullary blood flow?

<p>Very sluggish flow rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the descending limb of the vasa recta?

<p>NaCl and urea diffuse inside it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best fits with the loop diuretic, furosemide?

<p>It inhibits cotransport of Na+, K+, and Cl in the ascending limb of LHs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of urine concentration?

<p>Depend on osmolarity of the medullary interstitium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nephron regions show increased calcium reabsorption under effect of parathormone hormone?

<p>DCT (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describe type B intercalated cells in late distal tubule and collecting duct?

<p>Secretes bicarbonate in the tubular lumen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Position of ureter in renal hilum

The ureter is situated most posteriorly among the structures present in the renal hilum.

Posterior relation of kidneys

The kidneys are positioned posterior to the quadratus lumborum muscle.

Fibrous capsule of kidney

The fibrous capsule of the kidney is a thin outer covering that's loosely attached to the kidney's surface.

Arteries supplying the bladder

The superior vesical arteries, inferior vesical arteries, and obturator arteries supply blood to the urinary bladder.

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Urethral opening and the trigone

The urethral opening marks the apex of the trigone, a triangular region within the bladder.

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Tumor involvement in posterior bladder wall

A tumor in the posterior bladder wall can potentially involve the vagina due to their proximity.

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Inheritance pattern of Adult PKD

Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.

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Microscopic hematuria in nephritic syndrome

Nephritic syndrome is characterized by microscopic hematuria, a sign of damage to the glomerular filtering system.

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Glomerulonephritis after infection

Acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis is a type of inflammation that occurs quickly within the glomeruli, often following an infection.

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Immune-mediated glomerular diseases

Immune-mediated reactions play a significant role in causing various glomerular diseases.

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Podocyte foot process fusion in minimal change disease

Fusion of podocyte foot processes, which are finger-like projections, is a characteristic feature seen under electron microscopy in minimal change disease.

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Hyalinized glomeruli in chronic glomerulonephritis

Many glomeruli become hyalinized in chronic glomerulonephritis, a process where they harden and lose their normal function.

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Urea excretion by the kidneys

Urea, a waste product produced by the body, is not essential for survival and can be excreted through the kidneys.

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Kidney functions

The kidneys play a role in regulating arterial blood pressure, but they are not directly involved in hemostasis, the process of stopping bleeding.

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Hormone secreted by kidneys

Erythropoietin, a hormone produced by the kidneys, stimulates the production of red blood cells.

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Detoxifying function of kidneys

The kidneys have the ability to destroy histamine, a chemical involved in allergic reactions, through the enzyme histaminase.

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Percentage of cortical nephrons

Cortical nephrons, the most common type of nephron, make up about 85% of the total nephrons in the kidneys.

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Types of capillaries in juxtamedullary nephrons

Juxtamedullary nephrons have two types of peritubular capillaries: the vasa recta and the peritubular capillaries.

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Equation for urine formation

Urine formation involves filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Excretion = Filtration - Reabsorption + Secretion.

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Process of secretion

Secretion involves the transport of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules.

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Process of filtration

Filtration is the process by which substances move from the renal glomerulus into the renal tubules.

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Process of reabsorption

Reabsorption involves the movement of substances from the renal tubules back into the peritubular capillaries.

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Layers of the glomerular filtration barrier

The glomerular filtration barrier is composed of three layers: the glomerular endothelium, the basement membrane, and the podocytes.

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Drug causing diabetes insipidus

Lithium, a medication used for certain mental health conditions, can disrupt the production of ADH, leading to diabetes insipidus.

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Drugs causing kidney crystallization

Methotrexate, sulfonamides, and triamterene are drugs that can contribute to crystallization in the kidney.

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Drug combinations to avoid

Loop diuretics should be avoided when aminoglycosides are used because loop diuretics can worsen the risk of kidney damage caused by aminoglycosides.

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Common cause of cystitis

E. coli is a common cause of cystitis, an inflammation of the bladder.

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Bacterial adherence to cells in urinary tract

Pilli are hair-like structures on the surface of some bacteria that allow them to adhere to cells in the urinary tract.

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Urease-positive bacteria and urine pH

Proteus bacteria produce urease, an enzyme that breaks down urea into ammonia, making urine more alkaline.

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Podocytes and their location

Podocytes are specialized cells that line the inner layer of Bowman's capsule, playing a crucial role in filtering blood.

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Glomerulus and its function

The glomerulus is a network of capillaries within the Bowman's capsule where filtration occurs.

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Renal lobe components

A renal lobe consists of a renal pyramid and its associated cortex.

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Mesangial cell location

Mesangial cells are located in the matrix between glomerular capillaries, playing a role in regulating blood flow and filtration.

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Podocyte location

Podocytes are located on the epithelial lining of Bowman's capsule, forming a key part of the filtration barrier.

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Medullary rays and their function

Medullary rays are projections of the medulla into the renal cortex, contributing to the structure of the kidney.

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Origin of urinary system

The urinary system develops from the intermediate mesoderm.

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Site of pronephros development

The pronephros, the first stage of kidney development, forms in the cervical region.

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Site of mesonephros development

The mesonephros, a transitional kidney, develops in the thoracic and upper lumbar regions.

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Development of the metanephros

The metanephros, the permanent kidney, appears around the 5th month of fetal development.

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Structures derived from the ureteric bud

The ureteric bud, a branch from the mesonephric duct, gives rise to the renal pelvis, calyces, and collecting ducts.

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Structures derived from the metanephric mesoderm

The metanephric mesoderm gives rise to the nephrons, the functional units of the kidney.

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Urorectal septum and its function

The urorectal septum separates the anorectal canal from the urogenital sinus during development.

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Cause of bifid ureter

Bifid ureter occurs due to a premature division of the ureteric bud.

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Origin of the bladder trigone

The trigone of the bladder is not derived from the urogenital sinus but rather from mesoderm, making it distinct from the rest of the bladder epithelium.

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Urachal fistula

A urachal fistula indicates a connection between the bladder and the umbilicus, allowing urine to drain from the umbilicus.

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Active transport

Active transport requires energy, either directly or indirectly, to move substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient.

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Membrane thickness and diffusion rate

Membrane thickness is inversely proportional to the rate of diffusion, meaning a thicker membrane slows down diffusion.

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Sodium-potassium pump and active transport

The sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport, where energy is used to move sodium and potassium ions across a membrane against their concentration gradients.

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Osmosis

Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules, like water, through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

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Glucose reabsorption mechanism

Glucose reabsorption in the early part of the proximal convoluted tubule occurs through secondary active cotransport, a process involving the cotransport of sodium and glucose.

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Structures involved in countercurrent system

The loop of Henle, vasa recta, and medullary collecting ducts contribute to the countercurrent system of the kidney, which helps in concentrating urine.

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Medullary blood flow

Medullary blood flow is very sluggish, which helps to maintain the concentration gradient necessary for urine concentration.

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Descending limb of vasa recta

The descending limb of the vasa recta allows NaCl and urea to diffuse inside it, contributing to the concentration gradient.

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Mechanism of furosemide

Furosemide, a loop diuretic, inhibits the cotransport of Na+, K+, and Cl- in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, increasing urine output.

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Urine concentration mechanism

Urine concentration is dependent on the osmolarity, or concentration of solutes, in the medullary interstitium.

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Calcium reabsorption under parathormone

Parathormone hormone increases calcium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule.

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Type B intercalated cells

Type B intercalated cells, found in the late distal tubule and collecting duct, secrete bicarbonate into the tubular lumen, helping to buffer acid loads.

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Hormone controlling urine volume

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) controls the final adjustment of urine volume by regulating water reabsorption in the collecting ducts.

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Hormone controlling electrolyte balance

Aldosterone hormone regulates electrolyte balance in urine by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the collecting ducts.

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Urea reabsorption in PCT

About 40-50% of the filtered urea is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule by passive diffusion, contributing to the formation of concentrated urine.

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Function of ADH

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, promoting the formation of concentrated urine.

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Function of renin

Renin, an enzyme produced by the kidneys, plays a key role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) by converting angiotensinogen into angiotensin I.

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Stimulus for RAAS

Hypotension, or low blood pressure, stimulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which helps to raise blood pressure.

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Study Notes

Kidney and Urinary System Questions and Answers

  • Ureter in renal hilum: Most posterior structure
  • Kidney relations: The kidneys are posteriorly related to the quadratus lumborum muscle.
  • Kidney capsule description: Renal fascia encloses the kidney and suprarenal gland. Pararenal fat supports the kidneys along with renal fascia. Fibrous capsule surrounds the kidney loosely.
  • Urinary bladder blood supply: The external iliac artery does not supply the urinary bladder.
  • Vesicle trigone: The urethra orifice at the apex of the trigone marks the vesicle trigone.
  • Posterior urinary bladder tumor: The vagina, rectum, and prostate may be involved.
  • Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD): Autosomal dominant in adults.
  • Nephritic syndrome feature: Microscopic hematuria
  • Child with glomerulonephritis: Acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis is a feature of the renal biopsy of a child with glomerulonephritis.

Additional Kidney and Urinary System Information

  • Kidney Function (Non-Essential Subst.): Urea, a non-essential substance, is excreted through the kidney.
  • Detoxification function: The kidneys destroy histamine using histaminase enzyme.
  • Cortical Nephrons: 85% of total kidney nephrons are cortical nephrons.
  • Juxtamedullary Nephrons: Juxtamedullary nephrons have two types of peritubular capillaries.
  • Urine Formation: Filtration - reabsorption + secretion = excretion (Key equation)
  • Secretion Process: Transport of substances from peritubular capillaries to renal tubules
  • Filtration Process: Transport of substances from renal glomerulus to renal tubules.
  • Reabsorption Process: Transport of substances from renal tubules to peritubular capillaries.
  • Diabetes Insipidus Drugs: Lithium is a drug that causes diabetes insipidus.
  • Crystallization in kidneys: Avoid sulfonamides when using aminoglycosides. Methotrexate, lithium, and triamterene may induce crystallization.
  • Cystitis Causative Agent: E. coli is a common cause.
  • Urinary Tract Infection: Proteus is associated with acidic urine.

Additional Kidney and Urinary System Information

  • Podocytes: Visceral epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule (a structure that surrounds the glomerulus important in filtration)
  • Glomerulus: Capillary tuft
  • Renal Pyramid and Cortex: Lobe
  • Interstitial Cells: Mesangial cells
  • Ureter Development: Intermediate mesoderm
  • Pronephros Period Location: Cervical region
  • Mesonephros Development Site: Lumbar and sacral regions
  • Metanephros Appearance Time: 5th month.
  • Ureteric Bud Origin: Renal pelvis
  • Metanephric Mesoderm Structure: Collecting system.
  • Urorectal Septum: Divides the anorectal canal from the urogenital sinus.
  • Bifid Ureter Cause: Formation of two ureteric buds
  • Renal Autoregulation Failure: Inhibition of prostaglandin production causes failure of renal autoregulation with NSAIDs.
  • Urinary Bladder Epithelium: The transitional epithelium is found in the epithelium of the bladder.
  • Urinary Tract Infections: Proteus is connected with acidic urine
  • Glomerular Pathology: Acute glomerulonephritis
  • Renal Cell Carcinoma Type: Adenocarcinoma arising from tubular epithelium
  • Renal Cell Carcinoma age: Occurs often in the age of 60 - 70

Additional Kidney and Urinary System Information

  • Causes of Renal Failure: Urine stasis, cigarette smoking, atrophies of renal calyces, hypoplasia of kidneys.
  • Renal Cell Carcinoma Descriptions: Embryonic, from primitive cells, transitional cell, adenocarcinomas (from tubular epithelium or glomerular tufts)
  • Urinary Bladder Cancer: transitional cell carcinoma
  • Glomerulonephritis: Often indicative of impetigo, a bacterial skin infection

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Test your knowledge on the kidney and urinary system with this quiz. Explore topics such as renal anatomy, blood supply, and common diseases like Polycystic Kidney Disease. Perfect for medical students or anyone interested in understanding urinary health.

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