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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the kidneys?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of a nephron?
What shape does the urinary bladder typically have?
What surrounds the neck of the urinary bladder to prevent leakage of urine?
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Where does urine enter the urinary bladder?
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What is the average length of the male urethra?
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Which part of the male urethra is the longest?
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What is the role of erythropoietin produced by the kidneys?
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What is the role of collecting ducts in the kidney's structure?
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Which of the following accurately describes the structure of the male urethra?
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What anatomical feature of the urinary bladder is responsible for receiving the openings of the ureters?
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What distinguishes the female urethra from the male urethra in terms of structure?
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Which component of the nephron is primarily involved in the filtration of blood?
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How does the structure of the kidneys contribute to maintaining fluid balance?
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What is the primary difference between the roles of the proximal convoluted tubule and the distal convoluted tubule?
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Where does the urine from the kidneys first collect before moving to the ureters?
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Describe the composition of a nephron in the kidney.
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What is the primary function of the ureters?
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Explain the structure of the urinary bladder.
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What is the role of the internal urethral sphincter?
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Differentiate between the male and female urethra in terms of length.
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What anatomical features are present in the male urethra?
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What structures come together to form the renal pelvis?
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Identify the location where the urethra begins in both males and females.
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What is the anatomical significance of the nephron in the kidneys?
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How do the structures of the urinary bladder contribute to its function?
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What role does the collecting duct play in the nephron's structure?
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Explain the difference between the internal and external urethral sphincters.
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Describe the primary pathways urine takes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
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What are the key differences in the lengths of the urethra between genders?
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How does the structure of the kidney contribute to its function in maintaining electrolyte balance?
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In what way does the loop of Henle aid in urine concentration?
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Study Notes
Kidney
- Bean-shaped organs located on both sides of the vertebral column below the ribs.
- Each kidney contains about one million nephrons, the functional unit of the kidney.
- Each nephron consists of a glomerulus and tubules.
- Tubules are divided into: proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct.
- Collecting ducts merge to form minor calyces, which further merge to form major calyces, ultimately forming the renal pelvis.
- Functions of the kidneys:
- Remove waste products from blood.
- Produce erythropoietin, stimulating bone marrow to produce red blood cells.
- Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance of blood.
Ureter
- Fibro-muscular tubes, approximately 25 cm long, that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Urinary Bladder
- A hollow muscular organ that stores urine.
- Located in the pelvic cavity behind the symphysis pubis.
- Pyramidal in shape with:
- Apex (directed anteriorly).
- Base (directed posteriorly) with a trigone, which receives openings of the ureters.
- Neck (inferior angle) surrounded by an involuntary sphincter (internal urethral sphincter) preventing urine leakage.
Urethra
- Begins at the neck of the urinary bladder.
- Length varies between males and females:
- Male urethra is 20 cm long, divided into prostatic (1.5 inch), membranous (0.5 inch), and penile (6 inches) parts.
- Female urethra is 4 cm long.
- Termination:
- In males: tip of the glans penis.
- In females: vestibule in front of the vaginal orifice.
- Surrounded by an external urethral sphincter (voluntary).
Kidney
- Bean-shaped organ located on both sides of the vertebral column, below the ribs
- Contains approximately one million nephrons, which are the functional units of the kidney
- Each nephron consists of a glomerulus and tubules
- Tubules are divided into:
- Proximal convoluted tubule
- Loop of Henle
- Distal convoluted tubule
- Collecting duct
- Collecting ducts merge to form minor calyces, which then merge to form major calyces, ultimately forming the renal pelvis
- Functions:
- Remove waste products from blood
- Produce erythropoietin, which stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells
- Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance of blood
Ureter
- Fibro-muscular tube, approximately 25 cm long, that carries urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Urinary Bladder
- Hollow, muscular organ that stores urine
- Located in the pelvic cavity, behind the symphysis pubis
- Pyramidal-shaped:
- Apex directed anteriorly
- Base directed posteriorly
- The base's inner surface contains the trigone, which receives the openings of the ureters
- Neck (inferior angle) of the urinary bladder is surrounded by the involuntary internal urethral sphincter, preventing urine leakage
Urethra
- Begins at the neck of the urinary bladder
- Length:
- Male urethra is 20 cm long and divided into three parts:
- Prostatic (1.5 inches)
- Membranous (0.5 inches)
- Penile (6 inches)
- Female urethra is 4 cm long
- Male urethra is 20 cm long and divided into three parts:
- Termination:
- Males: tip of the glans penis
- Females: vestibule in front of the vaginal orifice
- Surrounded by the voluntary external urethral sphincter
Kidney
- Bean-shaped organ located on either side of the vertebral column, below the ribs.
- Contains approximately one million nephrons, the functional units of the kidney.
- Each nephron consists of a glomerulus and tubules.
- The tubules are divided into the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct.
- Collecting ducts merge to form minor calyces, which then combine to form major calyces, ultimately forming the renal pelvis.
- Functions include removing waste products from blood, producing erythropoietin (stimulates bone marrow to produce RBCs), and maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance in the blood.
Ureter
- A fibro-muscular tube approximately 25 cm long.
- Carries urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Urinary Bladder
- A hollow muscular organ responsible for storing urine.
- Located in the pelvic cavity behind the symphysis pubis.
- Pyramidal in shape with an apex (directed anteriorly) and a base (directed posteriorly).
- The base contains the trigone, which receives openings from the ureters.
- The neck (inferior angle) of the bladder is surrounded by an involuntary sphincter (internal urethral sphincter) to prevent urine leakage.
Urethra
- Begins at the neck of the urinary bladder.
- Male urethra: 20 cm long, divided into prostatic (1.5 inches), membranous (0.5 inches), and penile (6 inches) portions.
- Female urethra: 4 cm long.
- Terminates at the:
- Tip of the glans penis in males.
- Vestibule in front of the vaginal orifice in females.
- Surrounded by the external urethral sphincter (voluntary).
Kidney
- Bean-shaped organ located on both sides of the vertebral column below the ribs.
- Contains approximately one million nephrons, the functional units of the kidney.
- Each nephron is composed of a glomerulus and tubules.
- The tubule is further divided into the:
- Proximal convoluted tubule
- Loop of Henle
- Distal convoluted tubule
- Collecting duct
- Collecting ducts merge to form minor calyces, which then combine to form major calyces.
- Major calyces eventually converge to form the renal pelvis.
Kidney Functions
- Removes waste products from the blood.
- Produces erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells.
- Maintains fluid and electrolyte balance in the blood.
Ureter
- 25 cm long fibro-muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Urinary Bladder
- A hollow, muscular organ that stores urine.
- Located in the pelvic cavity behind the symphysis pubis.
- Pyramidal in shape, with:
- An apex directed anteriorly.
- A base directed posteriorly.
- The inner surface of the base is the trigone, which receives openings from the ureters.
- The neck, or inferior angle, of the urinary bladder is surrounded by an involuntary sphincter (internal urethral sphincter) that prevents urine leakage.
Urethra
- Begins at the neck of the urinary bladder.
- Length varies by sex:
- Male urethra: 20 cm, divided into:
- Prostatic: 1.5 inches
- Membranous: 0.5 inches
- Penile: 6 inches
- Female urethra: 4 cm
- Male urethra: 20 cm, divided into:
- Termination:
- Male: Tip of the glans penis.
- Female: Vestibule, in front of the vaginal orifice.
- Surrounded by the external urethral sphincter (voluntary).
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